바킨(馬琴) 일기를 통해 본 19세기 에도의 화재 - 분세이 대화재(文政の大火)를 중심으로 -

홍성준 일본어문학회 2023 일본어문학 Vol.100 No.-

Edo suffered a number of fire accidents, and the city was even called ‘a city of fires’. The frequent occurrences of fires in Edo are due to dense wooden buildings and the weather conditions unique to Japan. Another factor is that Edo hosted a large number of populations and fire sparks were easily spread over the neighbourhood. We can confirm the damages of these fire accidents and the rescue operations based on many public documents as well as various types of literary materials including novels, essays, and diaries. These materials are quite useful for understanding the situations of the time in a precise manner because they vividly tell us about the fire accidents that people at the time actually suffered and also tell us how the people around them thought about the fires and acted. In particular, Kyokutei Bakin, a representative writer in the late Edo period, described the great fire of Bunsei in his diary, and this literary material provides supplementary information about the fires in Edo. In the present article, I survey the facts relating to the great fire of Bunsei through Bakin’s diary, revealing some anecdotes pertaining to his acquaintances (especially, merchants and those who worked in publishing companies) who suffered the great fire and the ways in which Bakin comforted them.

일제강점기 부산지역 화재발생과 부산소방조의 활동 -1920~1930년대를 중심으로-

김상욱 ( Kim Sang-wook ) 부산광역시사편찬위원회 2019 항도부산 Vol.38 No.-

As ports were open in 1876, Busan grew to be one of the best trade ports and the second best city in Korea. The population of Busan increased and the town expanded, which caused a number of fires to break out. Japanese people who resided in Busan had much more financial damages due to fires in 1920s than Korean. They were engaged in diverse manufacturing business areas including rice polishing and food industry. Therefore, their damages due to fire also increased. As damages caused by fire increased, the Busan Fire Fighting Service were active to deal with it. First, its organization was reorganized. The Busan Fire Fighting Service expanded the fire fighting equipment and reorganized the organization into five departments under the headquarter. Standing fire fighters were arranged for each of departments. However, the executive officers accumulated wealth by illegal means in the process of expanding fire fighting equipment with fees Busan people donated to celebrate its beginning ceremony. It led to resignation and arrest of the officers of the fire fighting service and provided a chance to change the personnel system of the service. Second, fire prevention drills to respond to fire was reinforced. The prevention activity was designed to control fire. The beginning ceremony was an important event of the service that was held in the beginning of a new year. The fire fighting service pledged to be positively engaged in its activity through the beginning ceremony. The fire fighters exercised drills using motor pumps on spring and fall fire drills. On the Fire-fighting day that was exercised every winter, fire precaution campaign was exercised. When a fire broke out, the Busan Fire Fighting Service quickly controlled it. The Busan Fire Fighting Service detected fire using watchtower supervision system, public telephones and fire alarms. When a fire was found, standing fire fighters turned out to control it on the motor pump. Then, its activity was usually made in residence of Japanese people and updated equipment was arranged there.

화재하중에 따른 구획화재 실험 연구

권오상,김흥열 한국화재소방학회 2017 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.31 No.6

In Korea, performance-based fire safety designs are being discussed to deal with the various risks of fire in complex anddiverse types of structure. However, performance-based fire safety designs are not actively employed because it is difficult toestimate the fire characteristics related to the various factors in buildings. In this study, real scale fire tests were conductedbased on fire severity levels and fire loads provided in He New Zealand Building Code, in order to use the results asguidelines and fundamental data for performance-based designs. In the real scale fire tests conducted in a 10MW full-scalecalorimeter, wood cribs were placed in a 2.4(L)×3.6(W)×2.4(H)m mock-up of a compartment which had one 0.8(L)×2.0(H)opening for different fire loads and heating was continued until all of the wood cribs were burned down. The heat releaserate started to increase rapidly 90 seconds after the wood cribs caught fire. In the test with a fire load level 1, the maximumheat release rate of 4743.4 kW was reached at 244 second. In the test with fire load level 2, a maximum heat release rateof 5050.9 kW was reached at 497 second. In the test with fire load level 3, a maximum heat release rate of 4446.9 kWwas reached at 677 second. 국내에서는 복잡해지고 다양해지고 있는 건축물에서의 화재위험에 대응하기 위해 성능기반 화재안전 설계가 논의되고 있지만, 건축물에서의 다양한 인자들에 의한 화재특성의 에측의 어려움으로 인하여 성능기반 화재안전 설계의 도입이 제한되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 뉴질랜드에서 제시하고 있는 화재위험도별 화재하중 값의 실대형 화재실험을 통해 성능기반 설계 도입을 위한 기준 방향 설정 및 기초 자료로 사용하고자 하였다. 실대형 화재실험은 10 MW급의 실대형 칼로리미터에서 0.8(L)×2.0(H) m의 단일 개구부를 포함하고 있는 2.4(L)×3.6(W)×2.4(H) m 크기의 시험체틀의 내부에 목재 크립을 화재하중에 따라 배치시켜, 목재 크립이 전소할 때 까지 진행하였다. 화재실험에서 열방출률의 변화는 목재 크립에 화염이 착화 된 후 외부로 출화되는 약 90초 이후부터 급격히 증가하였으며, 위험도 레벨1에서는 최대 4743.4 kW의 열발출률이 실험시작 후 244 초에 측정되었고 위험도 레벨 2에서는 5050.9 kW의 최대열방출률이 497 초에 측정되었다. 또한 위험도 레벨 3에서는 최대 열방출률이 4446.9 kW로 실험시작 677 초에 측정되었다.

화재시나리오에 따른 복층터널 중간슬래브의 화재손상도 평가

조규환,안재권,안재홍,여인환 한국방재학회 2019 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.19 No.5

The diagnosis of fire damage on structural members should be objective and reliable because it is the key criterion for selecting the proper repair/rehabilitation method. In this study, the fire damage of the middle slab in a double-deck tunnel is analyzed according to the fire scenario, to identify the seriousness of the fire on the structural members of the tunnel. The experiment demonstrated that the RWS fire scenario, under the assumption that the fire was caused by an oil tanker in a tunnel, has two to three times higher falling rate of the concrete cover as compared with the ISO fire scenario. In addition, in the former fire scenario, the temperature of the specimen exceeded the ITA-recommended limiting temperatures of materials (Concrete: 380 ℃, Reinforcement: 250 ℃). Furthermore, the experimental investigation on the load-bearing capacity of fire-exposed slabs showed that their initial flexural stiffness and maximum resistance significantly deteriorated after experiencing the fire. This result indicates that it is urgent to prepare measures in the system and research sector for the tunnel-fire-resistance design. 구조부재 손상도에 대한 진단은 적절한 보수/보강공법 선택을 위한 판단의 기준이 되므로 객관적이면서도 신뢰도가 높아야한다. 본 연구에서는 화재시나리오에 따른 복층터널 중간슬래브의 손상도를 분석하여, 화재가 터널 구조부재에 미치는 심각성을 확인하고자 하였다. 실험 결과, 터널 내 유조차량 화재를 가정하고 있는 RWS 화재시나리오가 ISO 화재시나리오에 비해 콘크리트 박락이 약 2∼3배 이상 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 실험체 온도 또한 ITA에서 권장하고 있는 재료별 한계온도(콘크리트 380 ℃, 철근 250 ℃)를 모두 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 화재 노출된 슬래브의 내력 변화를 검토한 결과, 초기강성 및 최대내력이 노출 전 슬래브에 비해 상당히 저하됨을 확인한 바, 터널 내화설계에 대한 제도 및 연구 부문에서의 대책마련이 시급한 것으로 사료된다.

The Impact of Building Types on Fire Damage by Month

이규진 한국건축시공학회 2019 한국건축시공학회지 Vol.19 No.6

Statistics show that while the number of fires has decreased over the last decade, losses of human life andeconomic property due to fire have increased. Moreover, the number of large-scale fires that have occurred in recentyears has resulted in heightened public anxiety. This study aims to identify a specific period of the year mostvulnerable to fire, and fire trends, such as damage of fire to humans, to the economy, and different building types. Forthis purpose, we analyzed human and economic damages using statistics related to fire from 2007 to 2017 and provideda monthly distribution of fire damages both to humans and to the economy by building type. We also identified therelationship between the human damage and the economy damage, and compared the economic losses per casualty bybuilding type. The human damage in residential buildings occupied the highest portion, whereas the economic damageof industrial buildings represented more than a half of all economic damage due to fire. The economic damage percasualty was shown highest for industrial buildings and has also increased rapidly in recent years.

소방력 배치기준 모델에 관한 연구

채진 한국정책개발학회 2023 정책개발연구 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to present standards for the deployment of fire-fighting forces such as fire suppression unit, emergency service, and rescue team based on the factors of fire service deployment standard through AHP analysis of fire policy experts. It was identified that fire administration experts considered regional characteristic most importantly in calculating effective fire-fighting capability followed by the competent population, and the jurisdictional area was considered as the third priority. As a result of the study, reference points were given based on the proportion of population(25%), area(25%), and specific fire-fighting targets(25%) to classify the fire-fighting force deployment standard of fire suppression unit into 5 levels, and presented the estimation standard of fire-fighting capability in the ratio of the number of fires(12.5%) and Firefighter Sortie(12.5%). Secondly, this study applied the number of fires that caused severe patients instead of specific criteria of fire-fighting target standard for fire service deployment standard. For fire service deployment standard, the emergency service wanted to keep the minimum of three-person occupancy rate for each paramedic because, there is a prerequisite to maintain a three-person occupancy rate in providing first aid services, and for higher agency, maximum and minimum standards were introduced for deployment personnel. Thirdly, as a result of the correlation analysis, fire service deployment standard of rescue team showed a clear correlation for all variables. This study presented based on the number of rescue operations and fire service performance to apply the same standards as the suppression unit and first aid unit. 본 연구의 목적은 소방력 배치기준에 대한 이론적 탐색과 외국의 소방력 배치기준에 대한 실태분석, 그리고 소방정책 전문가를 대상으로 AHP분석을 통해 소방력 배치기준의 요인을 바탕으로 화재진압대, 구급대, 구조대 등의 소방력 배치기준을 제시하는 데 있다. 소방행정 전문가들은 효율적 소방력 산정에 있어서 지역 특성을 1순위로 가장 중요시하였고, 다음으로 관할인구를 2순위로 중요시하였으며, 마지막으로 관할면적을 3순위로 각각 중요시하고 있음이 확인되었다. 연구의 결과 첫째, 화재진압대의 소방력 배치기준을 5등급 분류하기 위하여 인구(25%), 면적(25%), 특정소방대상물(25%)의 비중으로 그 기준점수를 부여하고, 화재발생 건수(12.5%), 소방소티(12.5%)의 비율로 소방력 산정기준을 제시하였다. 둘째, 구급대의 소방력 배치기준은 특정소방대상물 기준 대신 중증환자 발생건수를 적용하였다. 구급대는 양질의 구급서비스 제공을 위하여 3인 탑승률을 유지해야 하는 선결조건이 있으므로 소방력 배치기준은 구급대 별로 3인 탑승률을 최소한으로 유지하고자 하였고, 상위 기관에 대해서는 관할 실정에 맞추어 편성할 수 있도록 배치인력에 최대, 최소 기준을 도입하였다. 셋째, 구조대의 소방력 배치기준은 상관분석 결과 모든 변수에 대하여 뚜렷한 상관관계를 보이고 있다, 진압대, 구급대와 동일기준 적용을 위하여 구조출동 건수 및 소방소티 실적을 기준으로 제시하였다.

소방취약지역의 소방서비스 향상을 위한 의용소방대 역량 강화

변성수 ( Byun Sung-soo ),신우리 ( Shin Woo-ri ),조성 ( Cho Seong ) 한국융합과학회 2018 한국융합과학회지 Vol.7 No.3

연구목적: 현대의 소방환경은 기상이변으로 인한 태풍, 집중호우, 폭설과 대형 산불과 같은 기후적·지리적 특성에 따른 복잡하고 다양한 위험요인으로 인해 전문소방조직의 역할이 강조되고 있다. 또한 지방자치단체의 경제적 특성으로 인해 상시적 공조직으로 모든 재난에 대응하기에는 현실적 한계가 있다. 이에 소방취약지역의 소방력 향상을 위해 의용소방대의 역량강화가 요구되고 있다. 이 연구는 의용소방대의 역량강화 방안을 모색하는 것에 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 의용소방대 및 역량강화에 관한 이론적 논의를 통해 역량강화 요인을 도출한다. 그리고 각 역량강화요인별 의용소방대 실태를 분석하여 문제점과 이에 대한 개선방안을 모색하고자 한다. 결론: 첫째, 의용소방재조직의 효율성 및 전문성을 높이기 위해서는 반타율성을 지닌 교육훈련이 필요하다. 둘째, 소방활동현장은 특수 장비의 사용과 그에 따른 전문인력이 필요하며 이는 현재의 소방공무원만으로는 부족한 실정이다. 이에 소방현장에서의 대응력을 가질 수 있도록 하는 교육훈련이 요구된다. 셋째, 의용소방대에 대한 홍보를 통하여 이미지를 제고하고 지역사회의 인정을 받을 수 있도록 하는 방안이 필요하다. 넷째, 소방장비는 신속하고 효율적인 화재 진압 및 구조·구급을 가능하게 하고, 현장 활동에서 의용소방대원의 안전을 확보할 수 있는 중요한 요인이기 때문에 의용소방대원에게도 소방공무원과 같은 수준의 장비를 지급해야 한다. 마지막으로 의용소방대 운영과 관련한 예산을 확충하여, 출동수당 및 활동에 대한 혜택의 현실화와 적절한 보상이 이루어져야 한다. Pupose: The modern firefighting environment emphasizes the role of professional firefighting organizations due to complex and various risk factors according to climatic and geographical characteristics such as typhoon, heavy rainfall, heavy snowfall, and large scale forest fire due to extreme weather. In addition, because of the economic characteristics of local governments, there is a practical limit to cope with all disasters with regular public assistance. Thus, capacity enhancement of volunteer fire brigade is needed to improve the firefighting power for firefighting vulnerable areas. The purpose of this study is to find strategies to strengthen the capacity of volunteer fire brigade. Methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, the capacity enhancement factors are derived through the theoretical discussion on volunteer fire brigade and capacity enhancement. And this study attempts to analyze the current status of volunteer fire brigade for each capacity enhancement factor and try to find problems and a solution to these problems. Conclusion: First, to improve the efficiency and professionalism of overall volunteer fire brigade, it is necessary to provide training with a 50% heteronomy. Second, the firefighting activity site requires the use of specialized equipment and the corresponding expertise, for which the current firefighting officers are not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to provide training to be able to cope with fire scenes. Third, it is necessary to prepare strategies to promote the image of volunteer fire brigade and to get recognition from local community. Fourth, since the firefighting equipment is an important factor that enables quick and efficient fire suppression, rescue and first aid, and secures the safety of the volunteer fire brigade in the field activities, the members of volunteer fire brigade should have the same level of equipment as the regular fire officials. Lastly, the realization of benefits for turning outs and activities and compensation for them should be made appropriately by expanding budgets for operation of the volunteer fire brigade.

Physical and Mechanical Properties and Fire-endurance Characteristics of Recycled Particleboards

Jin Suk Suh,Tae Hyung Han,Joo Saeng Park,Jong Young Park 한국가구학회 2008 한국가구학회지 Vol.19 No.6

In this study, fire-retardant chemicals were melt with mixed composition ratios of dibasic ammonium phosphate and each half of boric acid and borax in hot water, in which hammer-milled chips were immersed to increase swelling of waste particleboards. Also, fire-retardant treated particles from sawn lumber chip and recycled particleboard chip were composed in ratio of 70:30 in core layer to improve boards' properties. Retention ratio of fire-retardant chemicals for the particles for face layer was high due to high specific surface area, and that of sawn lumber chips was somewhat higher than that of recycled particleboard chips. The mixture of particles from sawn lumber chips and recycled PB of 70:30 in weight ratio exceeded bending strength of 100 kgf/cm2. It seemed that the relatively greater portions of dibasic ammonium phosphate affected adversely to dimensional stability, however fire-retardants treatment resulted in distinct effect lowering formaldehyde emission such as E0 type (0.5mg/ℓ or less) in KS F 3104. In fire-retardancy, the recycled boards with a mixed ratio of dibasic ammonium phosphate to boric acid•borax (50:50 mixture) of 70% to 30% in weight satisfied fire-retardancy 3rd grade in KS F 2271, and also this composition from cone calorimeter test met same standard grade figuring total heat release of 4.6MJ/m2. In this study, fire-retardant chemicals were melt with mixed composition ratios of dibasic ammonium phosphate and each half of boric acid and borax in hot water, in which hammer-milled chips were immersed to increase swelling of waste particleboards. Also, fire-retardant treated particles from sawn lumber chip and recycled particleboard chip were composed in ratio of 70:30 in core layer to improve boards' properties. Retention ratio of fire-retardant chemicals for the particles for face layer was high due to high specific surface area, and that of sawn lumber chips was somewhat higher than that of recycled particleboard chips. The mixture of particles from sawn lumber chips and recycled PB of 70:30 in weight ratio exceeded bending strength of 100 kgf/cm2. It seemed that the relatively greater portions of dibasic ammonium phosphate affected adversely to dimensional stability, however fire-retardants treatment resulted in distinct effect lowering formaldehyde emission such as E0 type (0.5mg/ℓ or less) in KS F 3104. In fire-retardancy, the recycled boards with a mixed ratio of dibasic ammonium phosphate to boric acid•borax (50:50 mixture) of 70% to 30% in weight satisfied fire-retardancy 3rd grade in KS F 2271, and also this composition from cone calorimeter test met same standard grade figuring total heat release of 4.6MJ/m2.

화재시뮬레이션 프로그램을 통한 화재조사 적합성 평가에 대한 연구

김효범,정양권,하주환,김광선 (사)한국화재감식학회 2024 한국화재감식학회 학회지 Vol.15 No.1

Fire investigation is an important activity that investigates the cause and process of fire occurrence and develops prevention and response measures. However, it takes effort and time to conduct actual fire investigation and reproduction experiments and verification is difficult. Therefore, in this study, we intend to test the reliability of fire investigation results using a fire simulation program that simulates an actual fire. As a result of comparative analysis of domestic actual fire investigation results and fire simulation simulation results, the suitability of the fire investigation to the objective investigation results was evaluated and after a verification process, the reliability of the fire investigation could be confirmed in advance and a conclusion could be drawn, so the accuracy of the fire investigation played a major role in raising the Through this study, The accuracy and efficiency of fire investigations will be improved and provide useful guidelines and system improvement data to experts and government agencies related to fire prevention and policy.

내구성 시험에 의한 초고층 건축물 선형조인트 충전시스템의 내화 성능 평가

유용호,조경숙,여인환,신현준 한국방재학회 2014 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.14 No.3

It is well known that ultra high-rise buildings are constructed to accommodate many facilities in a limited area. However, in this typeof buildings, the spread of fire to the upper floor can cause immense financial loss and casualties, compared to normal sized buildings. Hence, to prevent the loss due to the spread of fire, it is recommended that each room or space of building structures should beseparated by fire-proof barriers or fire-proof walls. The linear joint system is a key area to determine the spread of fire, so that the gapin the joint must be fully protected from fire. In Korea, it is true that the linear joint applied to practice does not take account the effectof natural thermal movement of building structures that can deteriorate the fire-proof performance of the system. Thus, in this study, aISO movement test was adopted to reflect the long term condition of the linear joint system in a real world. A new apparatus wasdeveloped and used in the tests, in order to follow the ISO code. In this study, two specimens were prepared for a comparison purpose:one is conventional specimens (specimen 1) and the other is the specimen with additional insulation (specimen 2). Mineral wooland fire-stopping spray were the conventional materials, applied to specimen 1, and glass wool was an additional material applied tospecimen 2, together with the mineral wool and fire-stopping spray. Test results showed that specimen 1 resisted fire-induced damagefor 180 min, whereas specimen 2 did for 153 min. As expected, the fire-proof performance of specimen 2 was better than specimen 1. However, the results obtained from the specimen 2 still did not satisfy the required level. This was due to the ignition of glass wool. Hence, it is required to further explore to find the other insulating materials that can increase the fire resistance time. 초고층 건축물은 좁은 평면위에 수직적으로 집합된 구조물이다. 이러한 건축물에 화재 시 수직으로의 화재확산은 엄청난 인적 물적 자원의 피해를 초래하게 된다. 이러한 화재확산을 막기 위한 방화구획의 설정은 아주 중요하며 방화구획에 틈이 발생하는 경우 화재확산의 통로가 되게 된다. 선형조인트 충전시스템은 이러한 화재확산을 막는 중요한 요소가 된다. 지금껏 선형조인트 충전시스템은 내화성능에만 초점이 맞추어져 있었으며, 건축물의 움직임 대한 내구성을 전혀 고려하지 않았다. 본 연구는 초고층 건축물의 움직임을 고려한 내구성 시험방법과 기준을 ISO 국제표준에서 도입하여 이를 적용한 시험 장치를 개발하였고, 내구성 시험과 내화시험을 실시하였다. 시험체는 암면을 선형의 틈에 채우고 상부에 fire-stop spray를 적용하는 가장 일반적인 형태의 선형조인트 충전시스템(시험체 1)과시험체 1에 단열재를 포함한 시험체(시험체 2)의 시험을 실시한 결과 시험체 1은 180분의 내화성능을 발휘하였으나, 시험체 2는 153분의 내화성능을 나타내었다. 시험체 2는 차열성능에는 문제가 없었으나 단열재 부분에 불꽃이 발생하여 차염 성능을 상실한 것으로밀도가 낮은 단열재를 통해 화재확산이 이루어져 추후 연구에서 단열재를 포함한 외벽 커튼월 시스템의 선형조인트 충전시스템에 대한 내화성능의 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.