Changes in the Content of Fat- and Water-soluble Vitamins in Black Garlic at the Different Thermal Processing Steps

김지상,강옥주,권오천 한국식품과학회 2013 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.22 No.1

The purpose of this study was to measure the content of fat- and water-soluble vitamins in garlic and to assess the influence of thermal processes on garlic. The total water-soluble vitamin content increased by about 1.15-1.92 times in black garlic than that in fresh garlic. The total water-soluble vitamin content of the BG4 (70oC and 60% RH for 60 h) sample was significantly higher than that of any other sample (p<0.05). In general, the total fatsoluble vitamin content decreased with each successive thermal processing step. The total fat-soluble vitamin content of the raw garlic cloves (FG) sample was significantly higher than that of any other sample (p<0.05).

The Effects of Fat-soluble Vitamin Administration on Plasma Vitamin Status of Nursing Pigs Differ When Provided by Oral Administration or Injection

Jang, Y.D.,Lindemann, M.D.,Monegue, H.J.,Stuart, R.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.5

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of fat-soluble vitamin administration to sows or newborn pigs on plasma vitamin status. In Exp. 1 and 2, a total of 24 and 43 newborn pigs were allotted to control and vitamin treatments (vitamin $D_3$ with variable addition of vitamins A and E) orally or by i.m. injection. In Exp. 3, pigs from Exp. 2 were allotted to 2 treatments (${\alpha}$vitamins $D_3$ and E in drinking water) for 14 d postweaning. In Exp. 4, twenty-four gestating sows were used for 2 treatments (${\pm}injection$ of a vitamin $D_3$/A/E product 2 wk prepartum). In Exp. 1 and 2, when vitamin $D_3$ was administrated orally or by i.m. injection on d 1 of age, pigs had increased plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH $D_3$) concentration 10 d after administration compared with control pigs (p<0.05). The injectable administration with vitamin $D_3$ and E was able to achieve higher plasma 25-OH $D_3$ (p<0.05) and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol (p<0.05) concentrations than oral administration. At weaning, the pigs in the injection group had higher plasma 25-OH $D_3$ concentration than those in the other groups in both studies (p<0.05). In Exp. 3, water supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ and E postweaning increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations at d 14 postweaning (p<0.01). In Exp. 4, when sows were injected with the vitamin $D_3$ product prepartum, serum 25-OH $D_3$ concentrations of sows at farrowing (p<0.01), and in their progeny at birth (p<0.01) and weaning (p<0.05) were increased. These results demonstrated that fat-soluble vitamin administration to newborn pigs increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ concentration regardless of administration routes and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentration by the injectable route, and that water supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ and E to nursery pigs increased plasma 25-OH $D_3$ and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol concentrations. Additionally, injecting sows with vitamin $D_3$ prepartum increased 25-OH $D_3$ in sows and their offspring. If continued research demonstrates that the serum levels of 25-OH $D_3$ are critical in weanling pigs, a variety of means to increase those levels are available to swine producers.

수용성비타민과 지용성비타민의 가열에 대한 안정성

허정윤,황인경 한국조리과학회 2002 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.18 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate the thermal stability of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins dissolved in water and milk by various heat treatments. Vitamin samples were prepared by dissolving them in water and milk at various concentrations, and were heat treated for 30 min at 65℃, 15 sec at 85℃, 5 sec at 100℃, 121℃ at 15 min, the levels of residual vitamin were measured by using HPLC. Milk samples were fortified with vitamins before and after UHT treatment. As heating over 100℃, riboflavin in water were destructed more than 92% but fortified in milk showed less than 20% destruction, suggesting that riboflavin was protected by milk components. Also retinol heated over 100℃ was more stable in milk than in water. L-Ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol(D_3) showed a similar destruction rate in water and in fortified milk. L-ascorbic acid was easily destructed by UHT treatment. Destruction of thiamin and tocopherol was increased in fortified milk. Among four capsulated water-soluble vitamins, L-ascorbic acid was much more stable compared with powder form. Nicotinic acid and folic acid either in capsule or powder form showed a slight destruction by heat treatment. The results suggested that the fortification of unstable vitamins such as L-ascorbic acid, thiamin, tocopherol and cholecalciferol(D_3) should be made in milk after heat treatment.

Distribution of injected fat-soluble vitamins in plasma and tissues of nursery pigs

Jang Young Dal,Rotering Mikayla J.,Isensee Paige K.,Rinholen Kirsten A.,Boston-Denton Carli J.,Kelley Paige G.,Stuart Robert L. 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.12

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of fat-soluble vitamin injection on plasma and tissue vitamin status in nursery pigs. Methods: A total of 16 pigs (initial body weight: 7.15±1.1 kg) were allotted to 2 treatments at d 7 post-weaning. Pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet with no supplemental vitamin A and i.m. injected with 300,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, 900 IU of d-α-tocopherol and 30,000 IU of vitamin D3 with control pigs having no vitamin injection. Blood (d 0, 3, 7, and 14 post-injection) and tissue samples (liver, brain, heart, lung, and muscle; d 7 and 14 post-injection) were collected from pigs. Retinyl palmitate, retinol, and α-tocopherol concentrations were analyzed in plasma and tissues, while plasma was assayed for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3). Results: Plasma retinol and 25-OHD3 concentrations increased by the vitamin injection from d 3 to 14 post-injection (p<0.05) whereas plasma retinyl palmitate was detected only in the vitamin treatment at d 3 and 7 post-injection (115.51 and 4.97 μg/mL, respectively). Liver retinol, retinyl palmitate, and retinol+retinyl palmitate concentrations increased by retinyl palmitate injection at d 7 and 14 post-injection (p<0.05) whereas those were not detected in the other tissues. The d-α-tocopherol injection increased α-tocopherol concentrations in plasma at d 3 and 7 post-injection (p<0.05) and in liver, heart (p<0.10), and muscle (p<0.05) at d 7 post-injection. Conclusion: Fat-soluble vitamin injection increased plasma status of α-tocopherol, retinol, retinyl palmitate and 25-OHD3. As plasma levels decreased post-injection, vitamin A level in liver and vitamin E level in muscle, heart and liver increased. The α-tocopherol found in plasma after injection was distributed to various tissues but retinyl palmitate only to the liver.

비타민 복합산제에서 지용성 비타민 A, D₃, E의 효율적인 용매추출법 개발

김재명,최정업,구현옥,정갑수,이문한 한국수의공중보건학회 2005 예방수의학회지 Vol.29 No.1

지용성 비타민 A의 안전성 및 기능성에 대한 연구 (I)

이헌옥,엄애선 한양대학교 2004 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.24

In this study, we evaluated the pharmacological effects and safety of the fat-soluble vitamin A as functional food ingredients in Korea, USA and Japan. We reviewed its action and pharmacology, precaution, adverse reaction, dosage and administration based on recent studies. The results from this study would be useful to officialized some guidelines in the functional food policies and be helpful to develop functional food in the industry.

In vitro에서 지용성비타민 함유 농산부산물의 생체이용성

강근호,김영준,김상호,김지혁,강환구,김동욱,나재천,유동조 한국가금학회 2009 한국가금학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.26 No.-

This study performed to investigate bioavailability in vitro from agriculture by-products. To simulate the enteric conditions, in vitro models for digestion and absorption were used. In vitro digestion model was divided into gastric phase and intestinal phase. After digestion, samples were treated on the completely differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayer. To determine the transport of fat-soluble vitamin from foods to intestinal cells, absorption rate of fat-soluble vitamin through the intestinal epithelial cell was tested for extracted raw sample, aqueous fraction of digested sample and absorbed fraction through the Caco-2 cell were analyzed by HPLC. The green tea by-product sample showed higher vitamin E content than the other samples, whereas bioavailability was higher in the plum by-product samples better than the other samples. These results may provide useful information for the application of agriculture by-product sources on the functional food and animal feed.

Onion Supplementation Inhibits Lipid Peroxidation and Leukocyte DNA Damage due to Oxidative Stress in High Fat-cholesterol Fed Male Rats

Jae-Hee Park,Bo-Young Seo,Kyung-Hea Lee,Eunju Park 한국식품과학회 2009 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.18 No.1

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of onion, red onion, or quercetin on plasma antioxidant vitamin, lipid peroxidation, and leukocyte DNA damage in rats fed a high fat-cholesterol diet. Forty SD male rats were assigned to normal control, high fat-cholesterol diet (HF), or HF+5% onion powder, HF+5% red onion powder, or HF+0.01% quercetin. The HF diet resulted in significantly higher plasma lipid peroxidation which decreased with onion, red onion, or quercetin supplementation. Leukocyte DNA damage induced by HF diet decreased significantly in rats fed onion and red onion, while quercetin supplementation had no effect on preventing leukocyte DNA damage. H₂O₂ induced leukocyte DNA damage exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with plasma retinol and tocopherols. These results suggest that onion or red onion powder exerts a protective effect with regard to DNA damage in rats fed HF diet. However, 0.01% quercetin in pure form might not be effective at preventing DNA damage.

Pharmacokinetic Characterization of Nano-emulsion Vitamin A, D and E (LaVita) in Rats

이영주,권민,김태환,김균,정상희,장희라 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.2

ACKGROUND: Bioavailability enhancement by solubilization of lipophilic drugs in nano-emulsion has been reported and it may be useful in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. This study was performed to compare in vivo bioavailability of nano-emulsion formulation with that of the general product as control. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics assessment of Vitamin A, D and E complex of nano- emulsion formulation (LaVita), in comparison to the general product, was performed in the male rat plasma by a single oral dose at 20 mL/kg body weight (n=3/group). For nano-emulsion formulation (LaVita), Cmax of vitamin A and E in plasma were much higher and the area under the curve (AUC) of vitamin A, D and E were 14-63% higher, and the half-life of vitamin E was 2-fold longer than the general product. According to statistical analysis, each Cmax of vitamin A, D & E was significantly higher (p<0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) than that of general product. Half-life of vitamin A was significantly higher (p<0.01) and AUC of vitamin A and D were also significantly higher than the general product. CONCLUSION(s): Considering significant increment of Cmax and AUC, LaVita made of nano-emulsion could be more effective the absorption rate and extent for bioavailability of vitamin A, D & E than those of general product. ACKGROUND: Bioavailability enhancement by solubilization of lipophilic drugs in nano-emulsion has been reported and it may be useful in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. This study was performed to compare in vivo bioavailability of nano-emulsion formulation with that of the general product as control. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pharmacokinetics assessment of Vitamin A, D and E complex of nano- emulsion formulation (LaVita), in comparison to the general product, was performed in the male rat plasma by a single oral dose at 20 mL/kg body weight (n=3/group). For nano-emulsion formulation (LaVita), Cmax of vitamin A and E in plasma were much higher and the area under the curve (AUC) of vitamin A, D and E were 14-63% higher, and the half-life of vitamin E was 2-fold longer than the general product. According to statistical analysis, each Cmax of vitamin A, D & E was significantly higher (p<0.01, 0.05 and 0.01, respectively) than that of general product. Half-life of vitamin A was significantly higher (p<0.01) and AUC of vitamin A and D were also significantly higher than the general product. CONCLUSION(s): Considering significant increment of Cmax and AUC, LaVita made of nano-emulsion could be more effective the absorption rate and extent for bioavailability of vitamin A, D & E than those of general product.

Studies on Vitamin Mineral Interactions in Relation to Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulins in Buffalo Calves

Sikka, P.,Lal, D. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.6

Status of blood minerals and their absorption by neonate calves as influenced by fat soluble vitamins supplementation in their respective mothers, mineral supplementation in calves themselves has been evaluated. The objective was to know the impact of antioxidant vitamin supplementation to advance pregnant buffaloes, on enhanced acquired immunity during first few hours after birth, in relation to weight gain in buffalo calves. Advance pregnant buffaloes (n = 30) consisting of average body weight of $550{\pm}15$ kg and of 4-6 parity were fed on 25 kg green (green Jawar-Sorghum bicolor), 2-3 kg wheat straw and 3-4 kg concentrate mixture individually per day. Intramuscular injections of vitamin triplex A $D_3$ E consisting of -2,500,000 IU of vit A -Palmitate; 2,500,000 IU of vitamin $D_3$ and 1,000 IU of vit E (dl-alpha tocopherol acetate) were given per dose, a month prior to parturition, twice at 15 days interval to 15 dams. Rest of the 15 pregnant buffaloes served as negative controls. Secretion of immune proteins, immunoglobulin (Ig) enhanced by 80% in colostrum. The blood serum levels of Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg were measured from birth to 90 days in calves. A significant (p<0.05) difference between the blood serum Zn levels of calves born to vitamin supplemented and non-supplemented dams was measured and a positive correlation between blood serum Zn levels and injections of vitamins was identified. Association of Zn and Cu with passive immunity status has been identified in these calves. A significant positive correlation between Zn and Cu was also identified which showed a change under the impact of vitamin supplementation in buffaloes. The study signifies the role of micronutrients supplementation in dams prior to parturition, in calf immunity development. The study indicates significant mineral - vitamins interactions during this process.