Non-exhaust particulate pollution in Asian countries: A comprehensive review of sources, composition, and health effects

Anamika Roy,Mamun Mandal,Sujit Das,Manoj Kumar,Robert Popek,Amit Awasthi,Balendu Shekher Giri,Kartick Chandra Mondal,Abhijit Sarkar 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.29 No.3

Recent regulations on exhaust emissions have led to an increase in non-exhaust emissions, which now surpasses exhaust emissions. Non-exhaust emissions are mainly generated from brake and tire particle abrasion, road wear, and re-suspended road dust. In Asia, non-exhaust emissions have increased significantly over the past 50 years, resulting in almost 92% of the population breathing polluted air, which accounts for 70% of air pollution related-deaths. Most Asian countries with poor air quality are developing or underdeveloped. Taking this into consideration, the current study aims to shed light on particulate pollution from non-exhaust emissions in the Asian context to assess the current status and its health consequences and provides technological solutions. The study is based on an in-depth analysis of existing reviews and research concerning non-exhaust emissions and their health impacts in Asia to pinpoint knowledge gaps. The study found that particulate pollutants had exceeded WHOs standards in many Asian countries, bringing deleterious health consequences among children and the elderly. The findings underscore the significance of future researchers efforts to devise solutions that curtail non-exhaust emissions, ultimately reducing air pollution, augmenting air quality, fostering better health outcomes, and paving way for a more sustainable future before it is too late.

IDLE PERFORMANCE OF AN SI ENGINE WITH VARIATIONS IN ENGINE CONTROL PARAMETERS

Kim, D.S.,Cho, Y.S. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.7

Emission reduction in the cold start period of SI engines is crucial to meet stringent emission regulations such as SULEV Emissoin reduction is the starting point of the study in the which the variable valve timing (VVT) technology may be one promising method to minimize cold start emissions while maintaining engine performance. This is because it is possible to change valve overlap and residual gas fraction during cold start and idle operations. Our previous study showed that spark timing is another important factor for reducing cold-start emissions since it affects warm-up time of close-coupled catalysts (CCC) by changing exhaust gas temperature. However, even though these factors may be favorable for reduction of emissions, they may deteriorate combustion stability in these operating conditions. This means that the two variables should be optimized for best exhaust emissions and engine stability. This study investigated the effects of valve and spark timings in idle performance such as combustion stability and exhaust emissions. Experiments showed that valve timings significantly affected engine stability and exhaust emissions, especially CO and $NO_x$, due to change in residual gas fraction within the combustion chamber. Spark timing also affects HC emissions and exhaust gas temperature. Yet it has no significant effects on combustion stability. A control strategy of proper valve timing and spark timing is suggested in order to achieve a reduction in exhaust emissions and a stable operation of the engine in a cold start and idle operation.

IDLE PERFORMANCE OF AN SI ENGINE WITH VARIATIONS IN ENGINE CONTROL PARAMETERS

D-S KIM,Y-S CHO 한국자동차공학회 2006 International journal of automotive technology Vol.7 No.7

Emission reduction in the cold start period of SI engines is crucial to meet stringent emission regulations such as SULEV. Emissoin reduction is the starting point of the study in the which the variable valve timing (VVT) technology may be one promising method to minimize cold start emissions while maintaining engine performance. This is because it is possible to change valve overlap and residual gas fraction during cold start and idle operations. Our previous study showed that spark timing is another important factor for reducing cold-start emissions since it affects warm-up time of close-coupled catalysts (CCC) by changing exhaust gas temperature. However, even though these factors may be favorable for reduction of emissions, they may deteriorate combustion stability in these operating conditions. This means that the two variables should be optimized for best exhaust emissions and engine stability. This study investigated the effects of valve and spark timings in idle performance such as combustion stability and exhaust emissions. Experiments showed that valve timings significantly affected engine stability and exhaust emissions, especially CO and NOx, due to change in residual gas fraction within the combustion chamber. Spark timing also affects HC emissions and exhaust gas temperature. Yet it has no significant effects on combustion stability. A control strategy of proper valve timing and spark timing is suggested in order to achieve a reduction in exhaust emissions and a stable operation of the engine in a cold start and idle operation.

배출가스의 Engine-Out과 Tail-Out의 Time delay에 관한 고찰

박윤희(Yunhui Park),정종현(Chonghyeon Cheong) 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2012 No.11

Nowadays, exhaust emissions is a key issue which can be often seen in mass media due to environment problem in the world. It is already known that exhaust emissions and increased- CO2 are the reason to cause the global warming. For these reasons, the regulations for exhaust emissions from vehicles have become much more stringent in recent years. These more stringent regulations request vehicle manufacturers to develop new emission control equipment and more precised analysis technologies for exhaust emissions. There are some factors related to analyzing exhaust emissions such as engine component and EMS(Engine Management System) and Catalyst Convertor. These can be affected to develop for reducing exhaust emission. The measuring points are engine-out and tail-out which can be used to analyzing time-delay during FTP-75 mode. Above these bases, this paper will discuss the time delay effect according to engine-out, tail-out and catalyst convertor for improvements which will require further improvements in emissions. So, this test can be used to determine more detailed exhaust emissions analysis when measuring tail-out emissions.

The effects of the combustion chamber geometry and a double-row nozzle on the diesel engine emissions

Choi, Seungmok,Shin, Seung-Hyup,Lee, Jeongwoo,Min, Kyoungdoug,Choi, Hoimyung Professional Engineering Publishing Ltd 2015 Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engin Vol. No.

<P>This paper presents how injector nozzle distributions and the combustion chamber geometry affect the emission characteristics of diesel engines. The number of nozzle holes was increased from seven to 12 by a using double-row nozzle distribution to enhance the air–fuel mixing and the spatial distribution of the spray while avoiding spray overlap. The combustion chamber geometry was modified to have a wide shallow two-step bowl, which ensured adequate spray penetration with the double-row nozzle, to observe the influence of the spray–piston interaction on the combustion and emissions. Three hardware combinations (a seven-hole single-row nozzle with a conventional piston, a 12-hole double-row nozzle with a conventional piston, and a two-step piston) were tested in a single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine under three boost and exhaust gas recirculation conditions. The injection timing was adjusted to result in a similar power by maintaining 50% of the total fuel mass fraction burned points for each hardware combination. For a conventional boost pressure (1.10 bar) and 30% exhaust gas recirculation, the 12-hole double-row nozzle with a conventional piston exhibited the best emission characteristics with a significant reduction in the particulate matter emissions. For a high boost pressure (1.30 bar) and 30% conventional exhaust gas recirculation, the nitrogen oxide emissions slightly increased and the particulate matter emissions decreased for the 12-hole double-row nozzle with a conventional piston compared with those for the seven-hole single-row nozzle. The two-step piston resulted in decreased particulate matter emissions but increased nitrogen oxide emissions under a high boost pressure. For 60% high exhaust gas recirculation, which is characterized by low-temperature combustion, the particulate matter emissions, the carbon monoxide emissions, and the total hydrocarbon emissions decreased simultaneously without an increase in the nitrogen oxide emissions using the 12-hole double-row nozzle with a two-step piston.</P>

스크러버型 EGR 시스템 디젤機關의 NO_x 및 煤煙排出物에 미치는 酸素濃度의 影響에 관한 硏究

裵明煥 慶尙大學校 工科大學 自動化및컴퓨터應用技術硏究所 1999 自動化 및 컴퓨터應用技術 Vol.6 No.1

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on the characteristics of NO_x and soot emissions under a wide range of engine load have been experimentally investigated by a water-cooled, four-cylinder, indirect injection, four cycle and marine diesel engine operating at two kinds of engine speeds. The purpose of the present study is to develop the EGR control system for reducing NO_x and soot emissions simultaneously in diesel engines. The EGR system is used to reduce NO_x emissions, and a novel diesel soot removal apparatus with a cylinder-type scrubber for the experiment system which has 6 water injector(A water injector is made up 144 nozzles with 1.0 mm in diameter) is specially designed and manufactured to reduce the soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to intake system of the engines. The intake oxygen concentration obtained by the intake air flow and the oxygen concentration in the recirculated exhaust gas, and the exhaust oxygen concentration measured in exhaust manifold are used to analyse and discuss the influences of EGR on NO_x and soot emissions. The experiments are performed at the fixed fuel injection timing of 15.3°BTDC regardless of experimental conditions. It is found that NO_x emissions are decreased and soot emissions are increased owing to the drop of intake oxygen concentration and exhaust oxygen concentration as the EGR rate rises.

휘발유 연료용 함산소 첨가제 종류에 따른 성능 특성 연구 Part 2. 배출가스 및 미규제 물질, 입자상 물질 특성

이민호,김기호,하종한 한국유화학회 2016 한국응용과학기술학회지 Vol.33 No.2

대기오염에 관한 관심은 국내·외에서 점진적으로 상승하고 있으며, 자동차와 연료분야 연구자 들은 청정 (친환경 대체연료) 연료와 연료품질 향상 등을 이용하여 새로운 엔진 설계, 혁신적인 후 처리 시스템 등의 많은 방법으로 차량 배기가스를 감소시키려고 노력하고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 주로 배출 가스 및 가솔린 차량의 PM 입자 배출 두 가지 이슈로 진행되고 있다. 자동차의 배출가스 및 미규제 물 질, PM (입자상 물질) 입자는 환경오염과 인체에 악영향을 주는 많은 문제를 일으키고 있다. 자동차 배 출가스의 주요 물질인 입자상 물질은 작은 입자로 구성된다. 이러한 작은 크기 때문에, 흡입된 입자는 쉽게 폐 깊숙이 침투 할 수 있다. 이 입자의 거친 표면들은 대기중에서 다른 독성 물질과 결합하기가 쉽다. 따라서 입자흡입의 위험을 증가시킨다. 함산소 연료첨가제 유형 (MTBE, 바이오 ETBE, 바이오 에 탄올, 바이오 부탄올)에 기초하여, 본 논문은 가솔린 자동차 배출가스 및 미규제 물질, 나노입자 배출에 산소함량의 영향을 토론하였다. 또한, 본 논문은 두 가지 시험모드를 사용하여 배출가스 특성을 평가하 였다. 시험모드는 FTP-75 및 HWFET 모드이었다.전체 측정항목에서 배출가스 규제 값보다 적게 배출되고 있는 것을 볼 수 있었고, 산소함량이 증가하 면서 측정항목에 따라 증감이 다름을 알 수 있었다. Concern about air pollution is gradually rising up in domestic and foreign, automotive and fuel researchers are trying to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions, through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design and innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research is proceeding by two main issues : exhaust emissions and PM particle emissions of gasoline vehicle. Exhaust emissions, non-regulated emissions and PM (particulate matter) particles of automotive are causing many problems which ambient pollution and harmful effects on the human body. The main particulate fraction of automotive exhaust emissions consists of small particles. Because of their small size, inhaled particles can easily penetrate deep into the lungs. The rough surfaces of these particles make it easier for them to combine with other toxins in the environment. Thus, the hazards of particle inhalation are increased. Based on the oxygenated fuel additive types (MTBE, Bio-ETBE, Bio-ethanol, Bio-butanol), this paper discussed the influence of oxygen contents on gasoline vehicle exhaust emissions, non-regulated emissions and nano-particle emissions. Also, this paper assessed exhaust emission characteristics at 2 type test modes . The test modes were FTP-75 and HWFET. All measurement items be verified less than the value of regulated emissions.It could be known difference increase and decrease by each measurement item depending on increase the oxygen contents.

Exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using ethanol-in-palm oil/diesel microemulsion-based biofuels

Ampira Charoensaeng,Sutha Khaodhiar,David A. Sabatini,Noulkamol Arpornpong 대한환경공학회 2018 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.23 No.3

The use of palm oil and diesel blended with ethanol, known as a microemulsion biofuel, is gaining attention as an attractive renewable fuel for engines that may serve as a replacement for fossil-based fuels. The microemulsion biofuels can be formulated from the mixture of palm oil and diesel as the oil phase; ethanol as the polar phase; methyl oleate as the surfactant; alkanols as the cosurfactants. This study investigates the influence of the three cosurfactants on fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions in a direct-injection (DI) diesel engine. The microemulsion biofuels along with neat diesel fuel, palm oil-diesel blends, and biodiesel-diesel blends were tested in a DI diesel engine at two engine loads without engine modification. The formulated microemulsion biofuels increased fuel consumption and gradually reduced the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions and exhaust gas temperature; however, there was no significant difference in their carbon monoxide (CO) emissions when compared to those of diesel. Varying the carbon chain length of the cosurfactant demonstrated that the octanol-microemulsion fuel emitted lower CO and NOx emissions than the butanol- and decanol-microemulsion fuels. Thus, the microemulsion biofuels demonstrated competitive advantages as potential fuels for diesel engines because they reduced exhaust emissions.

EXHAUST EMISSIONS AND ITS CONTROL METHODS IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES: A REVIEW

P. BRIJESH,S. SREEDHARA 한국자동차공학회 2013 International journal of automotive technology Vol.14 No.2

Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC)engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NOx and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NOx. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NOx, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI),premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.

EGRcooler PM 퇴적이 배기성능에 미치는 영향

염경민(Kyoungmin Yeom),오광철(Kwangchul Oh),이종인(Jongin Lee),고상철(Sangchul Ko),이춘범(Chunbeom Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2013 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.5

Exhaust Gas Recirculation has the advantage of being low-cost and easy to control of NOx emission. Therefore, it is most frequently used to reduce NOx. Its burden is emission and gradually increase according to strengthen . EGR cooler is mainly used on diesel engine to reduce EGR gas Temperature and increase change efficiency. Particulate Matter(PM) deposition in the EGR cooler reduces heat transfer efficiency of the cooler and increases emissions and pressure drop across the cooler. This study had performed an experiment to confirm the reduction of cooling performance by PM deposit. And confirmed the effects of PM deposit on the exhaust emission. As a result of the PM deposit 100 hours EGR cooler, the cooling performance is decreased about 25% compared to the cooling performance of Fresh cooler. Fresh cooler and Aging cooler mounted on the engine, the exhaust gas was analyzed. Aging cooler was increased compared to NOx of Fresh Cooler.