Johanson 방법을 응용한 연령추정

이원준,김병국,김재형,임회순,이금숙,최홍란,Lee, Won-Joon,Kim, Byung-Gook,Kim, Jae-Hyung,Lim, Hoi-Soon,Lee, Guem-Sug,Choi, Hong-Ran 대한안면통증구강내과학회 2005 Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain Vol.30 No.2

Age estimation is fundamental and important in personal identification with forensic medicine and dentistry. Recently, a lot of studies using various part of the body have been done for age estimation. Age estimation with teeth is the most significant method comparing ones with other part of the body. Gustafson method and Johanson method using postmortem teeth have been authorized in accuracy and systemization and used domestically and internationally. The verification of the accuracy in above methods had been tried many times but it is still rare in Korea. Fifty-nine teeth(incisors, canine, premolars and molars) which were extracted due to periodontal diseases or orthodontic problem were collected. Present study is to 1) compare the accuracy of estimated age in applying Gustafson method and Johanson method to the teeth in Korea, 2) compare and analyze the correlation with results using Gustafson method and Johanson method by age, gender, maxilla - mandible and anterior - premolar - molar. Teeth were embedded in resin and sliced and then examined each one using Gustafson method and Johanson method. The results are as follows: 1. Actual age was a significant difference in estimated age by Johanson method. Actual age was a significant correlation in estimated age by Gustafson method and modified Johanson method. Modified Johanson method was more significant than Gustafson method. 2. In estimated age by Gustafson method, Johanson method and modified Johanson method, there was no significance with actual age by location and gender. 3. In estimated age by Gustafson method, Johanson method and modified Johanson method, there was significance with actual age by age group. Finally, Gustafson method and Johanson method can be used in Korea. To make more accurate verification, however, it needs more specimen and postmortem teeth. Johanson equation proposed by himself has to be developed by further studies.

Estimation of Compressive Strength of Reinforced Concrete Structure Using Impact Testing Method and Rebound Hardness Method

홍성욱,김승훈,이용택,정재원,이창용,박찬우 대한건축학회 2018 Architectural research Vol.20 No.4

The nondestructive test is widely used in the field of diagnosis and maintenance to evaluate the degree of damaging of structures caused by aging, and the demand for this test method is expected to continue increasing. However, there is a lack of standards related to the nondestructive test, and South Korea is relying heavily on developed nations for original technologies related to diagnosis. It is an urgent task to establish a nondestructive test method appropriate for the circumstance of South Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze estimated error of compressive strength in single-story structures comprised of vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete members using the impact testing method and rebound hardness method, which are nondestructive test methods, and to review on-site applicability of these methods. Based on compressive strength of the structures estimated, overall mean error was 21.2% for the impact testing method and 15.6% for the rebound hardness method. The necessity of a reliable diagnostic method based on compound nondestructive test methods to increase accuracy of estimation was confirmed.

Estimation of Marine Traffic Volume Considering Ship Speed

Yu-Min Kwon 해양환경안전학회 2018 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구에서는 선박의 속력을 고려한 해상교통량 평가 방법을 제안하였으며, 이를 선박의 속력을 고려하지 않은 기존의 방법 과 비교하였다. 평가를 위하여 평택·당진항 10일간의 GICOMS 자료를 본 연구에 적용하였다. 그 결과 제안된 방법으로 평가된 환산교통량은 기존의 평가 방법에 비해 4.41(±0.99)배 증가하거나, 0.59(±0.04)배 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 제안된 평가 방법을 적용한 각 시간대별 평균 해상교통혼잡도는 기존의 평가 방법 결과에 비해 1.43(±0.10)배 높게 나타났으며, 각 시간대별 최대 해상교통혼잡도는 1.62(±0.34)배 높게 나타났다. 해상교통혼잡도 최대 평가 결과인 피크타임 해상교통혼잡도는 선박의 속력 분포로 인하여 기존의 평가 방법과 다르게 평가됨을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 선박의 속력은 실용교통용량 평가 시 중요 값으로 적용되기 때문에 해상교통량을 평가할 때 선박의 속력 을 고려하여야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study proposes marine traffic volume estimation method considering ship speed, a factor excluded from the existing method. Ten days of GICOMS marine traffic data from Pyeongtaek and Dangjin ports was applied to this study. As a result, converted traffic volume with the proposed estimation method showed an increase of 4.41 (± 0.99) times or decrease of 0.59 (± 0.04) at most, compared with the existing estimation method. Average marine traffic congestion for each time applying the proposed estimation method showed an increase of 1.43 (± 0.10) compared with the existing estimation method. The maximum marine traffic congestion for each time was 1.62 (± 0.34) times higher compared with the existing estimation method. Marine traffic peak time, defined as the highest point of marine traffic congestion, was evaluated to be different from that of the existing method because of distribution of vessel speed. In conclusion, considering ship speed is necessary when estimating marine traffic volume to produce a practical estimate of marine traffic capacity.

An Estimation Method of Representative Humanoids for Digital Human Simulation

Kihyo Jung 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.3

Objective: The present study developed an estimation method of boundary zone representative humanoids(hereafter, EBZ method) using descriptive statistics on the design target population. Background: The boundary zone method(hereafter, BZ method) generates representative humanoids at a boundary zone that statistically accommodates a designated percent of the design target population; however, the BZ method has a practical limitation because it requires a large scale anthropometric database on the design target population. Method: The EBZ method developed in the present study consisted of 3 steps. In the first step, the boundary zone of accommodating a designated percent(e.g., 90%) is formed under the assumption of normal distributions for anthropometric sizes. In the second step, cases that fall within the boundary zone are estimated using descriptive statistics(mean, standard deviation, and covariance) on the design target population. In the last step, K-mean cluster analysis is conducted for the cases, and representative humanoids are selected from each of clusters. Results: Evaluation results showed that mean accommodation percent of the EBZ method was 90.9%(range: 90.8~91.1%) which is similar to the target percent(90%). In addition, standard deviation of accommodation percent for 100 repetitions was 0.1%. Lastly, the number of representative humanoids generated by the EBZ method(n = 20) was similar to the BZ method(n = 16). Conclusion: The EBZ method can generate representative humanoids which accommodate a designated percent of the design target population using descriptive statistics. Application: The EBZ method can be utilized in the generation of humanoids for ergonomic design and evaluation of products when the large scale anthropometric database on the design target population is not existed.

수치해석과 연계한 지하구조물의 확률론적 신뢰성 평가를 위한 점추정법의 적용성에 관한 비교 연구

박도현(Dohyun Park),김형목(Hyung-Mok Kim),류동우(Dong-Woo Ryu),최병희(Byung-Hee Choi),한공창(Kong-Chang Han) 한국암반공학회 2012 터널과지하공간 Vol.22 No.2

점추정법은 exact probabilistic method로 간주되는 Monte Carlo simulation에 비해 계산의 정확도는 다소 떨어지지만, 성능함수의 통계 모멘트를 분석하기 위한 샘플링 수를 크게 줄일 수 있는 해석 과정에서의 간편함과 비교적 정확한 통계 모멘트의 계산으로 인해 지반 및 암반공학에서의 확률론적 신뢰성 평가에 자주 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 Rosenblueth와 Zhou & Nowak의 점추정법과 Monte Carlo simulation의 계산 결과를 비교 분석하여 점추정법의 정확도와 적용성을 조사하였다. 비교 분석은 해석적 해가 주어진 탄성 지반내 원형터널의 라이닝 지보 문제를 대상으로 하였다. 분석 결과, 해석적 해가 비선형 함수임에도 불구하고, 점추정법과 Monte Carlo simulation에 의해 계산된 통계 모멘트가 평균 약 1-2%의 오차를 보여 수치해석과 연계한 지하구조물의 확률론적 신뢰성 평가를 위한 점추정법의 적용성을 확인하였다. Point estimate method has a less accuracy than Monte Carlo simulation that is usually considered as an exact probabilistic method, but this method still remains popular in probability-based reliability assessment in geotechnical and rock engineering, because it significantly reduce the number of sampling points and produces the statistical moments of a performance function in a reasonable accuracy. In the present study, we investigated the accuracy and applicability of point estimate methods proposed by Rosenblueth and Zhou & Nowak by comparing the results of these two methods with those of Monte Carlo simulations. The comparison was carried out for the problem of a lined circular tunnel in an elastic medium where an closed-form analytical solution is given. The comparison results showed that despite the non-linearity of the analytical solution, the statistical moments calculated by the point estimate methods and the Monte Carlo simulations agreed well with an average error of roughly 1-2%. This average error demonstrates the applicability of the two point estimate methods for the probabilistic reliability assessment of underground structures in combination with numerical analysis.

해양 구조물 상부의 중량 추정 방법 연구

서성호(Seong-Ho Seo),노명일(Myung-Il Roh),엄태섭(Tae-Sub Um),신현경(Hyun-Kyung Shin) (사)한국CDE학회 2013 한국 CAD/CAM 학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.1

The weight of topside of offshore structure is a direct measure of the amount of equipment and materials that must be procured and fabricated, which has a direct bearing on project cost and schedule. In this study, the estimating method to develop the topside weight for the feasibility design phase was carried out. The weight estimating methods were surveyed by the reference and summarized their characteristics. The weight estimation methods by statistical one and volumetric density one were developed. In the statistical method, the correlation analysis and the multiple regression analysis were used for developing the weight estimating method. As a result of evaluating the developed method, the error ratio of variation between estimated weight and offshore structure’s data was about 12%. In the volumetric density method, the method to estimate the weight of topside using Bulk factor was studied. And the estimated Bulk factor was compared with the real one.

Comparative evaluation among various robust estimation methods in deformation analysis

Khaled Mohamed Zaky Hassan 대한공간정보학회 2016 Spatial Information Research Vol.24 No.4

There is different robust estimation methods used for detecting small gross errors which may be presence in geodetic observations. Some of these methods are robust M-estimators, Least Absolute Sum and Danish method. The conventional Least Squares Estimation method and these robust estimation methods have been tested and applied on a precise geodetic network designed for detecting earth’s crustal deformations using singlepoint and rigid body displacement models. The results show that, the method of least squares leads to biased, unfavorable solution and useless estimates if the singlepoint displacement does not taken into considerations in the solution’s mathematical model. In contrast, the results of robust estimation methods are attained unbiased in a single estimation step. A reliable separation of single-point displacement and the general deformation model is achieved without difficulties. The comparison of results proved that, the Danish method gave the most accurate results. It also was more sensitive to outliers which may be presence in surveying observations in case of applying single-point displacement model. The Least Absolute Sum method was very nicely reproduces the simulated deformations and does not show a contamination of the estimated positions of stable points in the case of rigid body displacement model. The results of adjustment using rigid body displacement model were not identical with the nearly correct results of single-point displacement model. So, the rigid body displacement model may be not suitable for geodetic networks.

구관절 중심 추정에 대한 적합법과 변환법의 오차분석

김진욱(JinUkKim) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.4

적합법과 변환법은 기능적방법으로 관절의 회전중심을 추정하는 방법이다. 본 연구는 적합법과 변환법 추정량의 특성을 이론적으로 그리고 실험을 통해 비교분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 적합법에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 없었던 변환법 추정량을 중심으로 통계적 특성인 기대값을 알아보고, 분산을 구하여 크래머-라오 하한과 대조를 통해 효율성을 알아보았고 적합법 추정량과 비교하였다. 또한 시뮬레이션 실험을 통해 검증해 보았다. 오차의 크기요인과 관절의 운동범위요인에 따라 두 방법에 의한 관절중심 추정값의 평균제곱오차, 편의, 그리고 분산을 통해 평가하였다. 연구결과, 변환법 추정량은 최소분산불편추정량으로 적합법에 비해 편의와 분산이 상대적으로 작아 타당도와 신뢰도에 있어 우수한 방법이다. There have been many studies on the fitting methods in various area whereas little research has been done on the transformation methods. These two methods are used in biomechanics to estimate the center of rotation in a joint. The purpose of this study is to analyze the statistical properties of transformation methods estimator and compare them to those of fitting methods estimator in a theoretical and an empirical manner. A simulation study for the response of two estimators with two factors, noise and range of motion, was performed. The results showed that the estimator of transformation methods was minimum variance unbiased estimator(MVUE) and had smaller variance and bias than the fitting method. The transformation method, therefore, is superior to the fitting method as regards validity and reliability.

브랜드 자산의 가치 및 사용료율 평가 : A지주회사 사례

권혁준,김종일 한국회계학회 2022 회계저널 Vol.31 No.1

Intangible assets such as brand, customer relationships, industrial property rights such as patents, trade secrets, data, and know-how have become a key driver for the creation of corporate value in most companies in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. A brand in a broad sense including a trademark is defined as a unique combination of design, symbols, names, etc. used to imply the nature, values and attributes contained in a product or service, and has marketing functions such as distinguishing from other products and services, indicating sources, quality assurance, etc. This study examines the process in which a holding company that owns a corporate group brand evaluates the value of brand assets and the royalty rate in order to sign a brand license agreement with a brand-using affiliate and receive brand royalties. For the evaluation of brand assets, the concept of a brand is compared with the provisions of registered trademarks under the Trademark Act, and the definition and recognition standards of intangible assets are reviewed through the relevant provisions of Korea International Financial Reporting Standards (K-IFRS) No. 1038. According to the provisions of K-IFRS No. 1038, in order to be recognized as an asset in accounting, identifiability, control of resources, existence of future economic benefits and reliability of measurement must be satisfied. For an intangible asset to be identifiable, the asset must be separable or the asset must arise from a contractual or other legal right. In addition, the power to obtain the future economic benefits flowing from the underlying resource and to restrict the access of others to those benefits must be secured. Intangible assets can be measured at fair value. In K-IFRS No. 1113, fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In principle, fair value measurement is based on the price in an active market. However, if there is no quoted price in an active market, fair value is measured using a valuation technique such as a income approach or a market approach. In the valuation of intangible assets that are difficult to find quoted prices in an active market, such as brand assets, the fair value measurement standard of K-IFRS No. 1113 must be strictly complied with to enhance objectivity. The fair value measurement using the valuation technique is evaluated through the cost method (cost approach), comparison method (market approach), and income method (income approach), and the value of brand assets is evaluated by the excess profit estimation method, which is a type of income method. The excess profit estimation method is a method of estimating the value of intangible assets as a whole, assuming that intangible assets generate profits that exceed the normal profits of the industry. The value of brand assets is estimated by estimating the contribution of brand assets among the values ​​of the entire company's intangible assets. Corporate brands such as this case have the nature of collective assets. Therefore, it is reasonable to estimate the value of intangible assets of the entire company and to estimate the value of brand assets among intangible assets. The value of the intangible assets of an entire company can be defined as the present value of profits that exceed the normal profits generated by other similar companies in the similar size and same industry. Therefore, the excess profit estimation method is applied as the valuation technique in this case in that it estimates the value of the entire company's intangible assets to meet the definition of intangible assets. The valuation technique based on the excess profit estimation method applied in this case is a method of estimating fair value using unobservable inputs (level 3 inputs) in the fair value hierarchy. Assuming the highest and best use (use of an asset that is physicall... 브랜드를 비롯한 고객관계, 특허 등의 산업재산권, 영업비밀, 데이터, 노하우 등의 무형자산은 빅테크 기업과 4차 산업혁명 시대를 맞이한 대부분의 기업에서 기업가치 창출의 핵심적인 동력으로 부상하고 있다. 상표를 포함하는 광의의 브랜드는 상품이나 서비스에 함유된 본질과 가치와 속성 등을 함축하기 위해 사용하는 독특한 디자인, 상징, 명칭 등의 결합체라고 정의되며, 타 상품 및 서비스와의 구별, 출처의 표시, 품질 보증 등의 본원적 기능과 함께 고객의 인지도와 충성도 제고 등의 마케팅 기능을 갖는다. 본 연구에서는 그룹 브랜드를 소유하는 지주회사가 브랜드 사용 계열사와 브랜드 라이선스 계약을 체결하고 브랜드 사용료를 수취하기 위해 브랜드 자산의 가치와 사용료율을 평가하는 과정을 살펴본다. 브랜드 자산의 평가를 위해 우선 브랜드의 개념을 상표법상의 등록상표등의 규정과 비교하여 살펴보고, 무형자산의 정의와 인식 기준을 한국채택국제회계기준(K-IFRS) 제1038호의 관련 규정을 통해 검토한다. 이후 K-IFRS 제1113호에 규정된 공정가치의 정의와 측정방법을 살펴본다. 가치평가기법을 적용한 공정가치 측정을 원가방식(원가접근법), 비교방식(시장접근법), 수익방식(이익접근법)을 통해 살펴보고 수익방식의 일종인 초과이윤추정법에 의해 브랜드 자산의 가치를 평가한다. 초과이윤추정법은 업종의 통상이익을 초과하는 이익을 무형자산이 창출하는 것으로 보고 기업 전체의 무형자산의 가치를 추정하는 방법이다. 기업 전체의 무형자산의 가치 중 브랜드 자산의 기여분을 추정하여 브랜드 자산의 가치를 평가한다. 공정가치 측정을 위해 복수의 가치평가기법을 사용하는 경우에는 사용한 가치평가기법 외에 다른 방식의 평가결과를 반영하여 합리성을 검토하도록 하고 있으므로, 비교방식에 의한 브랜드 사용료율을 산정한 후 초과이윤추정법과 비교한다. 지주회사 체제로 기업지배구조를 개편하는 대기업 집단이 증가하면서 지주회사의 주 수익원인 브랜드 자산의 가치평가에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다, 브랜드 등의 무형자산에 대한 관심이 증대되는 상황에서, 본 사례연구는 기존의 브랜드 자산의 가치평가기법으로 주로 사용되던 로열티 면제법과 다기간초과이익법 외에 초과이윤추정법에 의한 가치평가기법의 추정 사례를 제시했다는 점에서 무형자산 평가 및 재무제표 작성 관련 실무자와 경영자, 학계, 관련 기관 등에 시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대한다.

리커트 척도의 속성에 따른 구조방정식모형 추정방법 비교 : 모의실험 연구를 중심으로

김선미(Seonmi Kim),박찬호(Chanho Park) 한국교육평가학회 2020 교육평가연구 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 리커트 척도로 수집된 자료의 속성에 따라 구조방정식모형 분석 결과에 어떤 차이가 있는지 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 자료의 속성과 처리 방법에 따라 모형 적합도를 비교하고, 차이가 발생하는 조건을 파악하였으며, 그 결과 리커트 척도 자료를 활용한 구조방정식모형 분석을 위한 적절한 추정방법을 제안하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 모의실험 연구를 통해 리커트 척도 자료의 속성에 따른 연속형 추정 방법과 범주형 추정 방법의 모형 적합도를 비교하고 차이를 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 리커트 척도 자료의 속성과 무관하게 범주형 추정 방법의 적합도가 전반적으로 좋은 결과를 나타냈다. 둘째, 척도의 응답 반응 범주 수는 적합도에 영향을 주지 않았으며, 요인당 문항 수와 표본 크기는 적합도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 문항 수가 적어질수록, 표본 크기가 커질수록 자료의 속성에 따른 적합도 차이는 줄어들었다. 이와 같은 결과는 구조방정식모형 분석에서 범주형 추정방법을 우선적으로 사용할 것을 권장하고, 자료의 속성에 따른 적합도 차이를 줄일 수 있는 조건에 대한 구체적인 기준을 제시하고 있다. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the results of structural equation modeling analyses for Likert scale data. This study compared the model fit according to the data attributes and the estimation methods, and identified the conditions under which the difference occurred. As a result, this study proposed an appropriate estimation method for structural equation models when using the Likert scale data. simulation analyses compared the model fit of the categorical estimation method with the continuous estimation method according to the attribute of the Likert scale data using the simulated data to confirm the differences between the two methods. The result of this study is like the following. First, the fit of the categorical estimation method showed good overall results regardless of the attributes of the Likert scale data. Second, the number of response categories did not affect the goodness of fit, while both the number of items per factor and the sample size affected the fit. Third, as the number of items decreased and the sample size increased, the differences in goodness of fit decreased. Fourth, the results of the real data study confirmed the applicability of the simulation study results by showing that the model fit of the categorical method was better than that of the continuous estimation method. These results suggest that categorical estimation methods should be preferentially used in an analysis of structural equation models and also provide specific criteria for conditions that can reduce the difference in model fit according to the attributes of the data.