기후변화와 환경정의 지속가능한 -지구의 미래를 위한 선순환구조의 모색-

이은기 ( Eun Kee Lee ) 한국환경법학회 2012 환경법연구 Vol.34 No.3

Environmental justice theory began from the civil movement for environmental justice in the US in 1970s. It is different from environmental racism or environmental equity, but is regarded to include these two concepts. Although it is an non-official definition, a report of US EPA defines that “environmental justice is fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, ethnicity, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies”. Generally, one of the clear themes in environmental justice is the procedural justice that focuses on the fairness in the decision-making process, and the distributive justice that focuses on the norm of resource distribution. In that context, it is very persuasive that environmental justice is a concept combined with utilitarianism, contractarianism and egalitarianism. Accordingly, international environmental justice includes procedural justice for fairness of the decision-making process and the distributive justice for the norm of equal resource distribution. The reaction case against depletion of the Ozone layer was regarded as a successful case where industrialized countries of the North and developing countries of the South acknowledged they were victims of depletion of Ozone layer regardless of its severity and responded the discussion led by the US. Industrialized countries provided fund and technology, while developing countries cooperated for substitute material development. Such a case that overcame environmental crisis by international cooperation can be a good example in terms of distributive justice against the climate change. Mutual cooperation may be realized by distributive justice between developed and developing countries which fits for environmental justice. Environmental justice can be added to the operation of GHG(especially Carbon) Emission Trading Scheme, which was devised to overcome the climate change under the Kyoto mechanism. As a means, relatively different price can be introduced in the trading of the GHGs. In other words, the advanced countries pay for more expensive to compensate the past responsibilities, and the semi-developed countries or developing countries pay relatively lower price for GHGs. It is not easy to resolve the relation between adaption of climate change and environmental justice in terms of proper function and virtuous cycle. Rather, these two concepts seem to be contradictory to each other. However, such conflicting or inconvenient relation must not be maintained and is meaningless against solidarity of human being for overcoming climate change. Now these two concepts should be transferred to virtuous cycle and complementary relation from mutually exclusive relationship.

토양오염사건과 환경정의

김성배 ( Sung Bae Kim ) 한국환경법학회 2013 환경법연구 Vol.35 No.2

Environmental justice is not a new concept but is pursuing a justice which is the heart of legal subject in environmental matter. In this viewpoint, environmental justice is not a strange theory nor a progressive idea which is not a appropriate for legal practice. It is true that modern environment justice movement had rooted in racial discrimination argument and racial segregation. In brief, Environmental justice is the combination of environment and justice. Justice has not only future-oriented notion but also progressing process and corrective notion (reflection of the past). If there has been injustice condition upon environmental well, there must be a correction process and measure first. In other words, if there are suffers from environmental damage, there must be a proper remedial process. In the view of judicial policy, environmental justice must be taken into account when court resolves environmental case not only constitutional court but also district court. Recent Constitutional decisions, however, never consider environmental justice issues. Environmental justice is one part of legal justice so that one can conclude that Korea Constitutional court`s decisions are contrary to Justice and betray common sense. In land contamination case, prompt removement of hazardous material is necessary for suffers who has lived near the contaminated site. Whoever has proper status of cleaning up the mass has to bear the responsibility first. In modern democratic society, the legislative has broader discretionary power especially related with the restriction of property right unless deprivation of property right whole. Constitutional court has maintain outdate legal theory of the protection of reliance in public law area. Constitutional court misunderstand state-responsibility and act-liability in land contamination case. However, liability in land contamination case is based in absolute, strict liability. Consitutional court should correct her mistake by herself in the feature litigation and has to admit legal liability of land contamination case Korean legal system is not harsh but narrow in the comparative legal studies.

환경정의 개념의 한계와 대안적 개념화

박재묵(Jae-Mook Park) 한국환경사회학회 2006 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.10 No.2

환경정의(environmental iustice)의 문제는 지난 25년간 사회과학적 환경 연구자들의 가장 중요한 관심사 중 하나였다. 이 논문은 미국에서 생성된 '주류' 환경정의론의 환경정의 개념이 갖고 있는 한계와 이를 극복하기 위한 다른 학자들의 시도들을 검토하고, 환경정의 개념의 세련화를 위해 향후 어떤 추가적인 재개념화 노력이 필요한가를 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 미국에서 환경정의의 담론이 등장하고 제도화되는 과정을 간략하게 정리하고 환경정의의 주요 개념과 그 유형론을 고찰하였다. '주류' 학자들의 환경정의 개념이 갖는 한계로는 ① 인종 및(또는) 계급 변수에 대한 과도한 집착, ② 지역사회의 물신화, ③ 분배적 정의와 절차적 정의에 대한 과도한 강조가 지적되었다. 또한 대안적 개념화의 성과로는 ① 보호받을 권리 주체의 확장과 ② 생산적 정의, 실질적 정의, 승인적 정의 등의 도입을 통한 정의 개념의 확장을 들 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 대안적 개념화 작업로 여전히 해결되어야 할 문제점을 안고 있다. 개념의 불명료성, 환경정의 유형간의 관계의 불명료성, 낮은 정책적 실행가능성 등이 해결되어야 할 주요 문제들이다. For the last twenty five years and more environmental justice has arguably been one of the most important concerns in social scientific environmental study. This article is focused on examining the limitations of the concepts of environmental justice inherent in 'mainstream' American discourse on environmental justice and the achievements of new attempts to overcome these conceptual limitations and discussing the direction of reconceptualization endeavors for elaborating the concepts of environmental justice. For these purposes, we reviewed the processes of emergence and institutionalization of environmental justice discoUtses and basic concepts and typology of environmental justice fat a start. Three major limitations of 'mainstream' scholars' concepts of environmental justice have been identified; they are excessive attachment to racial and class discrimination, relfication of community and overemphasis on distributional and procedural justice. In attempts to overcome these limitations many scholars have been trying to reconceptualize environmental justice. Alternative conceptualtzation has been accomplished along two lines. One is extension of subjects to be protected and the other is invention of new types or meanings of environmental justice. New types or meanings of justice are productive justice, substantial and recognition justice. For all these achievements alternative conceptualization leaves behind not a few problems to be solved. Major problems are conceptual ambiguities in new types of justice, ambiguities in the relation(distinction) of types of justice, and low level of policy implementation of newly proposed environmental Justice.

환경영향평가 환경정의 항목개발을 위한 기초연구

이상윤 ( Sangyun Lee ),박지현 ( Jihyeon Park ) 한국환경연구원 2018 한국환경정책평가연구원 기초연구보고서 Vol.2018 No.-

This study explores the possibility evaluating impacts on environmental justice with respect to Environmental Impact Assessment. The scope of this study limits to suggesting the direction to include environmental justice in the Environmental Impact Assessment instead of maturing detailed guidelines. Environmental Justice movement triggered by the public in the United States contributed to institutionalizing environmental justice. Department of Environmental Justice in the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Clinton’s Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice laid a foundation for environmental justice. Various studies pertaining to environmental justice have carried out in Korea and provided many valuable indicators such as environmental burdens, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic characteristics, regional factors, procedural elements. Those indicators could be used to develop the broad direction of evaluating impacts on environmental justice. United States had developed very specific guidelines with respect to how to evaluate both distributive and procedural justice in Environmental Impact Assessment while other countries tend to neglect the distributive justice element. In England, impacts on environmental justice is predicted through sustainability appraisal, but application is limited. By analyzing environmental impact statements in United States, it is found that assessment was conducted in accordance with directives on environmental justice assessment, and we are impressed by the fact that even abstract concepts have been evaluated and reflected in environmental impact statements. We suggest detailed guidelines should be developed in the following areas: designating impact area, identifying vulnerable population when it comes to environmental justice, the scope of spatial analysis from a distributive justice perspective, and public participation relevant process, applying various social research methods in public participation process, resolving asymmetry regarding information and stakeholders from a procedural justice perspective. We also suggest how to assess balance between environmental burdens and economic impacts, how to provide capacity building of local non-government organization to resolve local matters, establishing necessary socioeconomic data for small geographic units, developing methods to evaluate impacts on environmental justice in accordance with the project cycle.

초등학교 교사들의 환경정의에 대한 인식 연구 -세종시를 중심으로-

박형순 ( Hyung Soon Park ),남상준 ( Sang Joon Nam ) 한국지리환경교육학회 2016 한국지리환경교육학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The purposes of this study were to examine and analyze the perceptions of environmental justice among elementary school teachers and search for ways to substantialize environmental education. For those purposes, the investigator made up a questionnaire on the perceptions of environmental justice based on the three aspects of environmental justice by Agyeman. The questionnaire was distributed to all the elementary school teachers in Sejong Metropolitan Autonomous City. The study analyzed the perceptions of general environmental justice among elementary school teachers and had the following analysis results: First, they had an overall high perception level of general environmental justice concept in a descending order of substantive justice, procedural justice, and distributive justice. The female teachers had a higher perception level of environmental justice than their male counterparts; those who had a longer career did than those who had a shorter career; and those who had much interest in environments did than those who did not. Second, there were various differences in the perceptions of distributive justice among the elementary school teachers unlike the other categories. Based on the conclusions, the study offered the following implications: First, there is a need to introduce and run an in-service training program on environmental education and justice for the teachers who have a shorter career and less interest in environments in order to increase the perceptions of environmental justice. Second, follow-up study should be conducted to increase the perceptions of intra-generational environmental justice. Third, there should be plans for substantialization so that environmental education will address the dignity of animals and plants and the ecological aspects beyond the human dignity-based education. Finally, there is a need for researches on whether elementary textbooks can deal with the content on damage according to differences in information, wealth, and area.

환경정의 관점에서의 초등 사회 교과서 분석

채유정 ( Yu Jeong Chae ),남상준 ( Sang Joon Nam ) 한국지리환경교육학회 2015 한국지리환경교육학회지 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to draw the suggestion of environmental education in social studies, based on the examining the change of environmental education in social studies according to the 7th Revised Curriculum and 2007 Revised Curriculum in the perspective of environmental justice For this, this study has analyzed social studies textbooks of elementary school according to the 7th Revised Curriculum and 2007 Revised Curriculum by using ‘the aspects of Environmental Justice of Agyeman(2005),’ and ‘The 17 Principles of Environmental Justice’ as the criteria of analysis. First, as for the result of analyzing by aspects of environment justice of Agyeman, most sentences can be classified as the perspective of distributive justice in the textbooks. As for the analysis result by ‘The 17 principles of environmental justice,’ the most proportion of sentences on the environmental justice in the textbooks is the Principle 1, ‘ecosystem preservation,’ and next came the Principle 17, ‘pro-environmental lifestyle.’ As for the analysis result, the direction of environmental education in elementary social studies can be suggested as follows: First, the contents which include unequal distribution of environmental benefits and bads between human and human, or human and society should be enhanced. Second, the social phenomenon related with ignored contents which analyzed by ‘The 17 principles of environmental justice’ is occurring as environmental problem, based on it, the opportunity to deal with the various environmental problem in the perspective of environmental justice should be offered.

환경정의 구현을 위한 건강위해성 평가 및 관리전략 도입 연구

배현주,정다운,오규림,김시진 한국환경연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Research background □ Discriminatory factors in exposure to environmentally hazardous substances and health impact ㅇ Harmful effects on health from environmentally hazardous substances occur not only from the physicochemical properties and concentrations of the substances but also from exposure levels, pathways, and receptors of the substances that affect the manifestation of health effects through the complex combination of individual and social factors. □ In order to achieve environmental justice, a system to manage harmful materials which is based on the principles of environmental justice needs to be introduced. ㅇ To utilize the principles of environmental justice in the field of environmental health, the introduction of the elements of environmental justice is urgently needed in the entire process of health risk assessment and management (health risk assessment - management planning - implementation - policy evaluation). 2. Research purpose and content □ Purpose of the research ㅇ The aim of this study is to establish an assessment system that incorporates health risks based on the principles of environmental justice and implement a management strategy that considers the elements of environmental justice. □ Detailed research content ㅇ In Chapter 2, the elements of environmental justice in risk assessment were reviewed using basic data collected from related models, research, current policies, and laws. In Chapter 3, implications were derived by researching and analyzing international systems and cases addressing the use of environmental justice elements in health risk assessment. In Chapter 4, the utilization of environmental justice-based health risk assessment was evaluated by using pilot cases through comparison and analysis with previous cases. In Chapter 5, a health risk assessment system that incorporates environmental justice elements was constructed and draft amendments to the “Environmental Public Health Law” and “Chemical Substances Control Law” were presented in order to implement the system. In addition, the establishment of a professional advisory committee for strategically managing environmental justice was proposed. Ⅱ. Definitions of Environmental Justice and Current Status in South Korea 1. Definitions of environmental justice □ Definitions of environmental justice and research on policy implementation goals ㅇ In this study, the background of the emergence of the concept ‘environmental justice’ outside South Korea was investigated, the process of full-scale discussions in South Korea was examined, and the concept of environmental justice presented by domestic and foreign researchers and international organizations was investigated and analyzed. ㅇ Article 2.2 (basic philosophy) of the Basic Environmental Policy Law clarifies the distributive, procedural, and corrective definitions of environmental justice and clearly states that environmental justice should be achieved. This study uses the definitions of environmental justice stated in the law. 2. Survey of domestic precedent research cases on environmental justice □ Literature review of domestic research cases on environmental justice and classification by subject ㅇ Domestic research on environmental justice commenced in the 2000s and has been conducted more actively in recent years. It can be divided into various categories depending on the subject, for example, concepts and theories, development and analysis of indicators, policies and law implementation, empirical analysis, and awareness-raising. ㅇ Previously, studies dealing with the concept and theory of environmental justice were primarily conducted. In recent years, however, studies that specifically apply environmental justice to the legal system or analyze the actual state of environmental justice based on data have mostly been published. 3. Domestic laws and institutions related to environmental justice □ Survey of the current status of domestic environmental laws in terms of environmental justice ㅇ Investigating the current status of environmental justice by reviewing the Basic Environmental Policy Law and other institutions regulated by individual environmental laws - The Environmental Public Health Law serves as a means of realizing the responsibility and corrective justice by demanding remedies from those causing environmental pollution. This is achieved by gathering information on health risks through the risk assessment of environmental hazards, health impact investigation in vulnerable areas, and epidemiological investigation. Through schemes such as the environmental disease prevention program for the vulnerable, corrective justice can be directly achieved. - The Environmental Pollution Damage Relief Law serves as a means of directly achieving corrective justice through the environmental pollution damage relief scheme and making claims for natural environmental restoration costs. - Through the Environmental Impact Assessment Law, distributive justice can be achieved in cases of policies and large-scale construction projects but the quantitative approach in terms of health impact has limitations in that it can be applied to certain development projects and substances, only. □ Considerations of environmentally vulnerable groups in environmental laws ㅇ Under environmental laws such as the Environmental Public Health Law and the Chemical Substances Control Law, the definitions of environmentally vulnerable groups were limited to biologically sensitive groups, areas vulnerable to environmental pollution, and occupational groups vulnerable to exposure to environmental hazards. However, through the recent revision of the Basic Environmental Policy Law, the socioeconomically vulnerable groups, groups vulnerable to climate change, future generations, and ecosystems became widely recognized and the strategies were established accordingly. 4. Elements of environmental justice □ Clear classification of the elements of environmental justice as a basic requirement to achieve the purpose of health risk assessment ㅇ Individuals: Groups more vulnerable to health damage resulting from environmentally hazardous factors that are categorized into “biological factors” and “socioeconomic factors” ㅇ Physical environment: environmental conditions in which individuals (population groups) reside and are directly related to exposure; categorized into “spatial factors” and “environmental pollution factors” ㅇ Social environment: the degree of preparation of the population groups to endure environmental change that are divided into “buffer,” which is the ability to manage before an environmental health problem occurs (pre-management), and “recovery,” which is the ability to manage after an environmental health problem occurs (follow-up management). ㅇ Health: numerical quantification of the degree of health impact by environmental factors calculated by the concentration and response function, which is the correlation between environmental factors and specific health impacts. Ⅲ. Examples of the Use of the Elements of Environmental Justice in Health Risk Assessment 1. Examples of health risk assessment in consideration of the elements of environmental justice □ European Environment Agency’s EU health risk assessment ㅇ By analyzing regional differences in air pollution, noise, heat waves, and cold waves across Europe, the correlation between social vulnerability and environmental elements was analyzed. Using the results of this analysis, specific measurement plans to respond to exposure to complex harmful factors and social vulnerability were presented and basic data to select policies in Europe were provided. □ EJSCREEN of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ㅇ The U.S. EPA uses the EJSCREEN (Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool), an environmental justice-based screening tool developed by the U.S. EPA to determine environmental and demographic characteristics across the United States and evaluate the degree of environmental justice. □ Health risk assessments around power plants in Ohio, USA ㅇ In order to establish a clean power plan in accordance with the federal government’s carbon emission reduction policy, the state of Ohio evaluates the integrated cumulative vulnerability in consideration of demographic factors, health effects, and environmental factors. 2. Survey of the evaluation systems in consideration of environmental justice □ Development and analysis of environmental policy in the U.S. EPA in consideration of environmental justice ㅇ The U.S. EPA has prepared environmental justice guidelines to consider environmental justice issues in the policy development process and identify major considerations in environmental justice at each stage of policy development. ㅇ It also reviews the technical guidelines prepared to take environmental justice into account in the policy evaluation process and examines the elements of environmental justice being considered in the human risk assessment. Ⅳ. Domestic Pilot Application of Health Risk Assessment based on Environmental Justice 1. Pilot application of health risk assessment based on environmental justice □ Pilot application based on environmental justice and comparative review of research in vulnerable areas ㅇ The Ministry of Environment has selected vulnerable areas to the concentration of project sites and large-scale discharge facilities through the “National Research on Preparing Risk Impact Assessment on Residents in Vulnerable Areas.” In this study, the evaluation results of the vulnerable areas and the health risk assessment results in consideration of environmental justice were compared and analyzed to conduct health risk assessment based on environmental justice. □ Evaluation method of pilot application based on environmental justice ㅇ In the pilot evaluation of the study, the method of calculating the indicators of the EJSCREEEN, the U.S. EPA’s environmental justice review tool, was reviewed and applied to assess the health impact in vulnerable areas due to environmentally hazardous factors. - The EJSCREEN selected 11 environmental indicators and six population indicators and in the pilot study, six environmental indicators and five population indicators were applied to investigate the suitability and resolution of the data. 2. Results of pilot evaluation based on environmental justice □ Matrix analysis for comparison between pilot evaluation and vulnerable area evaluation results ㅇ Residents’ health impact surveys and epidemiological surveys were conducted in eight target areas. In all areas except one area, all of the environmental justice indices were higher than the average. ㅇ The first quadrant where the environmental justice indices and vulnerable area index were all above the average included 260 areas, which represents 10% of the total target areas, and showed higher scores than the national average except for the proportion of the population under age five among the five population characteristics. All indicators of environmental characteristics showed high values, with the exception of the annual average concentration of fine dust (PM2.5). ㅇ According to the result of comparison between the top 10% areas in terms of the environmental justice indicator scores and the vulnerable area index score, among the population characteristics, the areas with the higher environmental justice indices showed higher indicator scores than the areas with the higher vulnerable area index, with the exception of the multiracial population proportion and the proportion of the population under age five. The ozone concentration in summer and the proportion of dilapidated dwellings were high in areas with the high environmental justice indices. ㅇ Percentile distribution maps for Gangseo District, Busan, were prepared for each environmental justice index. - Due to the difference in the spatial resolution of each indicator, evaluation was limited to only certain target areas. However, it is possible to understand the characteristics of regional environmental justice centering on environmental justice-based evaluation and through this, the basis for developing and establishing related policies can be set. Ⅴ. Establishment of Health Risk Assessment and a Management Strategy System Based on Environmental Justice 1. Establishment of a health risk assessment system incorporating the elements of environmental justice □ Establishing an assessment system that prioritizes environmentally vulnerable groups through the introduction of the elements of environmental justice in the entire health risk management process (planning-diagnosis-assessment -utilization) ㅇ Planning stage: identifying the problem, setting the plan and scope, identifying the elements that contribute to the environmentally vulnerable group and environmental justice issues, and setting the scope of the environmental justice analysis ㅇ Diagnosis stage: identifying information for assessment, assessment scope, methodology, collecting the necessary information, integrating information, and determining data and methodology to identify the elements of environmental justice ㅇ Assessment stage: conducting analysis of environmental justice indicators that affect exposure and health impacts based on the integrated information and collecting opinions from the environmentally vulnerable population on major health and environmental impacts ㅇ Utilization stage: the stage to draw conclusions about the assessment results, presenting environmental justice issues in the final health risk assessment, and proposing methods and policies to resolve the identified issues 2. Legal amendment and system change (draft) to introduce health risk assessment based on environmental justice □ Consideration of environmental justice in existing health impact surveys and environmental impact assessments ㅇ In order to lay the foundation for environmental justice, we suggest specifying environmentally vulnerable groups taking environmental justice into account, establishing new evaluation indicators of health and environmental assessment, and revising the clauses of provision of information in the existing Environmental Public Health Law. □ Review and apply the basis for environmental justice of the off-site impact assessment and risk management planning ㅇ As an amendment to the Chemical Substances Control Law to promote environmental justice, we suggest the following: consider the demographic structure and socioeconomic indicators of vulnerable groups such as age in risk analysis; develop separate plans to protect the health of sensitive groups when responding to chemical accidents; and revise the mandatory clause of community notification to include informing of the community of whether residents’ feedback was accepted. 3. Establishment of a professional advisory committee for strategic management of environmental justice □ In order to achieve environmental justice in the policy development process, it is necessary to establish an independent and professional environmental justice advisory committee. ㅇ We suggest that the professional advisor committee should be divided into the environmental justice governance advisory group and environmental justice scientific advisory group, comprising of 20 members. - The committee will comprehensively propose issues to the Ministry of Environment that should be considered in the aspect of environmental justice and give advices accordingly in the development and implementation of environmental policy. ㅇ Specifying the establishment of the committee for continuous and efficient operation in the decree - We suggest revising the clause of professional advisory committees in the Enforcement Decree of the Environmental Public Health Law to include the professional advisory committee on environmental justice and specifying the composition and operation of the committee.

Environmental Aid from the Perspective of Environmental Justice

정지영(Ji Young Jung) 국제개발협력학회 2012 국제개발협력연구 Vol.13 No.3

연구목적: 개발도상국의 환경 문제는 대부분 환경 정의의 문제와 맞물려 있다. 이 논문은 환경 정의의 관점으로 환경 원조를 비판하고자 한다. 환경 정의 관점에서 글로벌 및 지역 원조 체계의 구조와 행태를 재점검할 것이다. 연구의 중요성: 환경 정의 관점으로 환경 원조를 다룬 연구논문은 거의 없다. 환경 원조에 대한 양적 평가를 넘어서, 이 연구는 정의의 관점으로 환경 원조의 한계점을 논하고자 한다. 이로써 환경 원조의 지속가능성과 효율성을 달성하기 위해 의미있는 통찰력을 제공할 것이다. 연구방법론: 이 논문의 연구분석틀로 사용될 환경 정의 관점은 원조 체계 내에 환경불평등을 양산하는 정치적/경 제적 구조를 재점검할 수 있도록 한다. 환경 정의 개념은 환경 정의 운동과 이론 관련 기존의 문헌 조사에 근거를 둔다. 연구결과: 글로벌 및 지역 원조 체계 내에 분배, 절차, 인식, 능력 측면에서 환경불평등을 양산하는 한계점들이 존재한다. 이러한 맹점은 환경 원조의 지속가능성과 효율성을 저해하는 요소이기도 하다. 결론 및 시사점: 원조 체계 내에 존재하는 불평등을 지양하려면, 환경 정의의 원칙을 인식하는 환경 원조가 필요하다. 이 논문은 협력의 다각화, 환경규제 강화, 생태민주주의 내재화와 같은 정책 시사점을 제안한다. Purpose: Environmental degradation and struggles in developing countries are almost always linked to questions of environmental justice. This paper aims to criticize environmental aid governance through the lens of environmental justice. From the perspective of environmental justice, the pattern and the structure of global and local aid governance will be reexamined. Originality: There are not many academic articles dealing with environmental aid from an environmental justice perspective. Beyond a merely quantitative evaluation of environmental aid, this article attempts to illuminate environmental aid governance in justice terms, which will offer meaningful insights in order to achieve sustainability and efficiency of environmental aid. Methodology: The notion of environmental justice employed as a research analysis framework will enable us to reexamine political and economic processes embedded in the aid governance that create environmental inequality. This methodological framework is based on the existing literature review of environmental justice movements and academic theories. Result: My study finds that the pattern and the structure of global and local environmental aid have some limitations that generate loopholes for environmental inequality in terms of distribution, procedure, recognition, and capability. These limitations can be one of the greatest obstacles to sustainability and efficiency of international environmental aid. Conclusions and Implication: In order to redress injustice in aid governance, we need such environmental aid that recognizes the principles of environmental justice. Policy implications are suggested as follows; concerted collaboration with diverse partners, reinforcement of environmental regulations, and internalization of ecological democracy within the aid governance.

Environmental Aid from the Perspective of Environmental Justice

정지영 국제개발협력학회 2021 국제개발협력연구 Vol.13 No.3

Purpose: Environmental degradation and struggles in developing countries are almost always linked to questions of environmental justice. This paper aims to criticize environmental aid governance through the lens of environmental justice. From the perspective of environmental justice, the pattern and the structure of global and local aid governance will be reexamined. Originality: There are not many academic articles dealing with environmental aid from an environmental justice perspective. Beyond a merely quantitative evaluation of environmental aid, this article attempts to illuminate environmental aid governance in justice terms, which will offer meaningful insights in order to achieve sustainability and efficiency of environmental aid. Methodology: The notion of environmental justice employed as a research analysis framework will enable us to reexamine political and economic processes embedded in the aid governance that create environmental inequality. This methodological framework is based on the existing literature review of environmental justice movements and academic theories. Result: My study finds that the pattern and the structure of global and local environmental aid have some limitations that generate loopholes for environmental inequality in terms of distribution, procedure, recognition, and capability. These limitations can be one of the greatest obstacles to sustainability and efficiency of international environmental aid. Conclusions and Implication: In order to redress injustice in aid governance, we need such environmental aid that recognizes the principles of environmental justice. Policy implications are suggested as follows; concerted collaboration with diverse partners, reinforcement of environmental regulations, and internalization of ecological democracy within the aid governance.

환경운동사로 본 환경정의

한면희(Myun-Hee Han) 한국현상학회 2006 철학과 현상학 연구 Vol.28 No.-

환경운동은 기본적으로 인류가 직면한 환경문제 해결을 목표로 한다. 그런데 주류 환경운동은 자연보호와 야생 동식물 보호에만 치중한 측면이 강하다. 이것을 주제로 하는 운동이 필요하지만, 그것으로 충분하지는 않다. 왜냐하면 인간과 자연의 관계에만 초점을 맞출 경우, 환경문제로 인해 동료 인간, 특히 사회적 약자 집단이 겪는 환경상의 고통과 부담을 간과하는 오류에 빠지기 때문이다. 1980년대에 인종차별이 심한 미국에서 이런 유형의 환경 부정의 사태가 집중적으로 발생했다. 그래서 이를 바로 잡고자 인권운동의 연장선상에서 환경문제를 해결하고자 하는 환경정의 운동이 태동했다. 환경운동사 속에서 태동한 환경정의는 법과 제도 속에서 인종과 소득수준에 관계없이 모두 공정하게 사회적 대우를 받고자 노력한다. 그리고 그것은 더 나아가 자연으로부터 얻는 혜택과 환경상의 부담까지 공정하게 분배됨으로써 생물 다양성이 존중되는 정의로운 사회를 희구한다. 다만 운동사 속에서 나타난 환경정의는 원리적 정당화가 결여되어 있다. 이에 사회정의의 환경적 적용에서부터 피터 웬쯔가 시도한 동심원 환경정의에 이르기까지 현재의 환경정의 논의를 비판적으로 평가함으로써 인간의 문화와 자연이 상생할 수 있는 최선의 길을 전망한다. Environmental movement strives to solve the problem of environment with which human beings have been confronted. However it seems that the mainstream environmental movement has focused on the protection of the natural environment and endangered species of wildlife. It is necessary for us to adhere to these issues, but it is not sufficient with. If we only focus to the relationships between the humans and nature, we'll make a mistake not to involve the environmental pains that the social weakness groups suffer. In the 1980s these type of environmental injustice frequently occurred in the United States of America which give discriminative treatment to the race. Thus, for the purpose of correcting this problem, the environmental justice movement appeared in the relation to the movement of human rights. Environmental justice in the history of environmental movement should give the fair treatment of all people regardless of race, income with respect to the execution of laws and social institutions. It also should realize the just society that respect the biological diversity in pursuit of the fair distribution of benefits and burdens from nature. But the concept of environmental justice occurred in the relation of environmental movement has a difficulty in deficient of justification for the principles of justice. I'll critically evaluate the contemporary concept of environmental justice from the environmental application of social justice to Peter Wenz's environmental justice of concentric circle. And I propose the best way that we should reconstruct for the purpose of symbiosis between the human culture and the nature.