Community Penalties in England and Wales: 'Alternative Custody' or 'Punishment in the Community'

Muhammad Hassan 한국교정복지학회 2009 교정복지연구 Vol.- No.16

The purpose of this paper highlights a brief history of the main community penalties in England and Wales. It will particularly focus on the reason for a change in approaches of community penalties from 'alternative to punishment' approach to the 'punishment in the community'. The future of community penalties in England and Wales are also discussed in this paper.

양형기준의 도입과 가석방

최준혁(Choi, Jun-Hyouk) 한국형사정책학회 2012 刑事政策 Vol.24 No.1

Parole Board in England and Wales is the independent body that protects the public by making risk accessments about prisoners to decide who may safely be released into community and who must remain in or be returned to custody. Slowly it becomes a civil liberties court, safeguarding the rights of the prisoner quite as much as the rights of the public. And offenders who receive ordinary determinate sentences of imprisonment of 12 months or longer are to be released automatically at the halfway point of ther sentences. Once released, the will - except for ‘recall’ case - remain on licence in the community and under the supervision of an offender manager until their full sentence has expired. parole procedure became also much fairer. Prisoner can make access to their dossiers, have the opportunity to make representation on their contents and hear reasons for the decisions that were taken. Sentencing guidelines in England and Wales are applicable in all criminal courts to ensure a consistent approach and transparency in sentencing. Even if Sentencing Council make these guidelines to promote a clear, fair and consistent approach to sentencing, guidelines are intended to create an approach and within that approach, judicial discretion is preserved. The Coronors and Justice Act (2009) allows sentence outside the guideline for particular case. This research shows, there is no definitive nexus between sentencing guideline and early release in Practice of England. Sentencing guideline and early release are different institutions with different purposes. Reform of parole system toward a fairer and transparent decision-making procedure by a courtlike body and safeguarding the rights of prisoners are that we must learn in parole system in England.

영국 양형기준제 운용 변화와 한국의 양형개혁에 주는 시사점

박형관(Park Hyung Kwan) 대검찰청 2016 형사법의 신동향 Vol.0 No.51

양형기준제는 중립적 위원회가 설정하는 양형기준을 통하여 공정하고 객관적인 양형을 실현하려는 제도이다. 양형기준 설정방식은 종합적으로 설정하는 방식과 점진적 설정 방식으로 나뉜다. 영국과 우리나라는 후자의 방식을 채택하였다. 점진적 방식은 양형문제점들을 획기적으로 해결하기 어렵고 주요 범죄 간의 비례성을 유지하기 어렵다. 영국은 그 단점을 개선하려 노력해 왔는데 우리가 이를 참고할 만하다. 영국의 초기 양형기준은 항소법원 양형기준 판결과 비슷하게 법관의 양형재량을 폭넓게 인정하였고, 양형기준 준수 여부에 관한 모니터링이나 실증분석도 잘 이루어지지 않았다. 그 결과 효과적인 교정정책의 수립이 어렵게 되자 영국은 2009년 검시관 및 사법에 관한 법(Coroners and Justice Act 2009, ‘CJA 2009’)을 제정하여 해결하고자 하였다. 양형기준의 효력을 강화하고 양형기준 준수 모니터링, 수용인원 예측 등이 양형위원회의 주된 업무가 되었다. 그러나 CJA 2009 시행에도 불구하고 영국에서 양형의 일관성 등 양형목표들이 확실히 달성되었는지 의문이다. 사법부가 양형개혁을 주도하여 전과 등 주요 양형인자의 평가방법이나 양형자료의 수집, 분석에 있어 미온적인 개혁이 이루어져 여전히 법관의 양형재량이 많고 양형의 투명성도 약하다. 영국의 예를 타산지석으로 삼아 우리도 점진적 방식의 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 양형의 투명성과 객관성을 높여야 한다. 특히 양형자료의 수집과 분석도 지속적으로 철저하게 이루어져야 하고, 양형위원회가 국민에게 양형정책, 양형기준을 적극 홍보하고 기준의 수립이나 개정에도 국민이 활발히 참여하도록 노력을 기울여야 한다. The purpose of the sentencing guidelines system is to achieve just and objective sentencing through a set of guidelines set by a neutral and independent commission. The two ways in producing guidelines is the comprehensive method and the other is the gradual approach. England and Wales(hereafter, ‘England’) and the Republic of Korea have opted for the latter. The gradual approach, as can be discerned by its name, is limited in achieving rapid sentencing reform goals and because of time lapses in the establishment of guidelines, fails to maintain proportionality among the major offences. The England has henceforth made a concerted effort to address these problems; Korea would benefit from its example. Early English sentencing guidelines were very similar to the Court of Appeals sentencing guidelines judgments which allowed for significant discretion to judges. The monitoring of sentencing guidelines compliance and data based analysis of the guidelines have not been successfully accomplished. As a result setting effective correction policies proved very difficult. To remedy this problem, England enacted the Coroners and Justice Act 2009(‘CJA 2009’). CJA 2009 strengthened the binding force of the guidelines and redefined the main roles of the Sentencing Commission to be one of monitoring compliance of the guidelines and projecting prison populations. But even with the implementation of the CJA 2009, it remains unclear whether sentencing goals such as consistency have been achieved in the England and Wales. It cannot be ignored that the results are a product of a judiciary dominated sentencing reform effort with a proclivity for mild measures in evaluating major sentencing factors such as criminal records and the collection and analysis of sentencing data. Judges continue to exercise much discretion in sentencing leaving transparency, another goal in sentencing reform, unresolved. In full consideration of the example set by the England, South Korea must make a concerted effort to ensure the neutrality of the Korean Sentencing Commission and improve transparency and objectivity in sentencing by means of thorough and continual data collection and analysis. Further, the Korean Sentencing Commission should actively inform the public of sentencing policies and guidelines and encourage active public participation in the establishment and revision of sentencing guidelines.

Community Penalties in England and Wales: 'Alternative Custody' or 'Punishment in the Community'

Muhammand Hassan 한국교정복지학회 2009 교정복지연구 Vol.- No.16

The Influence of Visibility of Police on Crime in England and Wales: Focusing on the Austerity Measures

Jung,Jeyong(정제용),Cho,Joon-Tag(조준택) 한국보안관리학회(구:한국경호경비학회) 2024 시큐리티연구 Vol.79 No.-

There have been various research on the relationship between the number of police officers on the field and crime rate. In a way that expands this narrative, this research examined the impact of police officers and police stations on crime in England and Wales, with a particular focus on the influence of austerity policies from 2010 onwards. A case study approach is taken in this study to find patterns of the research topics aforementioned. Results show that it could be asserted that the presence of police officers have at least indirect influences on crime considering austerity measures and that the closure of police stations is associated with an increase in crime to some extent, and the lack of custody cells can also lead to side effects such as delays in transporting suspects. These results present implications to Korea in that, firstly, the Korean police needs to provide an objective evaluation of situations based on crime statistics when setting directions of the police organisations regarding crime and, secondly, the political circles need to have debates on crime rates or crimes trends based on objective grounds. Lastly, the UK case discussed here would be a good reference point if there is a future discussion in Korea about the need to reduce the police force. 현장에 배치된 경찰관 수와 범죄율의 관계에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 연구를 확장하여 잉글랜드와 웨일즈에서 경찰관의 수와 경찰서가 범죄에 미치는 영향을 조사했으며, 특히 2010년 이후 영국정부에서 실시한 긴축정책의 영향에 초점을 두었다. 이 연구에서는 앞서 언급한 경찰관의 수, 범죄율, 경찰서의 존재와 같은 연구 주제의 패턴을 찾기 위해 사례연구 접근 방식을 취했다. 연구결과에 따르면, 긴축정책을 고려할 때 경찰관의 존재는 범죄에 적어도 간접적인 영향을 미치며, 경찰서 폐쇄는 어느 정도 범죄 증가와 관련이 있고, 경찰서 폐쇄로 인해 촉발된 유치장의 부족은 피의자 이송 지연과 같은 부작용을 초래할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과가 우리나라에 제시하는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국 경찰이 범죄 관련 경찰 조직의 방향을 설정할 때 영국과 같이 범죄 통계를 기반으로 한 객관적인 상황 평가가 필요하며, 둘째, 정치권에서도 객관적인 근거를 바탕으로 범죄율이나 범죄 동향에 대한 토론을 할 필요가 있다. 끝으로, 만일 미래에 한국에서 경찰력 감소의 필요성에 대한 논의가 진행된다면 여기에서 논의된 영국의 사례가 좋은 참고자료가 될 것이다.

소년범 재범 억제를 위한 영국의 노력 및 시사점

김면기 한국소년정책학회 2019 少年保護硏究 Vol.32 No.1

In England and Wales, there has been a lot of change in the juvenile justice system through the 20th century. In the early and mid twentieth century, the emphasis on protectionism in the juvenile justice system led to a gradual strengthening of the severe punishment policy in the mid to late 20th century. This trend of juvenile justice is returning to protectionism again in the 21st century. Various attempts have also been made regarding the juvenile justice administration. Independent organizations dedicated to juvenile justice, such as juvenile justice committee and the juvenile crime response team, have been established and operated since the late 20th century in order to maximize specialization of juvenile justice and minimize the political interference. In recent years, the juvenile justice system has been continuously changing, as the crime rate of juvenile offender is decreasing. These rich experiences in England and Wales could give many implications to the juvenile justice system in South Korea. In particular, recent changes regarding juvenile re-offenders are worth looking at carefully. In recent decades, the percentage of juvenile re-offenders in the UK has increased. In particular, various efforts are being made in London, where the percentage of juvenile re-offending is remarkably high. The London government also tries to reform administrative organizations in order to strengthen the support for education, training and employment for preventing recidivism and enhancing the role of the community. There are also efforts to improve the collection procedures for juvenile statistics in order to exactly identify the current situations. In addition, the procedures and methods are steadily restructured to suit the characteristics of the juvenile offenders. It is necessary to consider the experience of England and Wales to make a better juvenile justice system in South Korea. .

영국의 양형기준제도 - 양형기준제도의 법령 및 현황 -

변지영 ( Byun Jeeyoung ) 사법정책연구원 2015 연구보고서 Vol.2015 No.0

The sentencing guideline system that allows consistent and transparent sentencing will enhance public’s trust in the judiciary and further realize the judicial justice. Nonetheless, devising a policy for reasonable yet understandable sentencing guidelines is not a simple task, but calls for a comprehensive study of such in advance, addressing issues from various perspectives. In this line of context, studying English system of sentencing guideline becomes a prerequisite for reviewing the Korean system, having a similar description-based model. After going through an in-depth study on the sentencing guideline system of England and Wales with a special focus on its statutes and the current status, this research reinvites readers to the following points. First, having a 9-step decision making process with a clear indication of the starting point of sentencing, the English sentencing guideline seems relatively easy to follow. Second, it is also worth noting that the Sentencing Commission in England and Wales is continuously outreaching to the public to improve understanding about sentences and to build confidence in the judiciary. The fact that the Sentencing Commission of England and Wales now has greater authority in the area of analysis and research deserves attention as well. The Sentencing Commission not only produces vast amounts of research and educational materials, but it communicates with the public by engaging the community in its research and by providing greater access to relevant information.

An Exploration of the Devolved Police System in England and Wales and its Implications for Korean Autonomous Police System

Barry Loveday,정제용(Jeyong Jung) 한국공안행정학회 2021 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.30 No.1

한국은 2021년 하반기부터 지방자치경찰체제를 시행할 예정이다. 이 대규모 조직 및 제도적 전환의 핵심은 국가경찰의 일부 권한을 지방경찰에 넘겨주고 지방경찰이 지방정부의 통제를 받는 것이다. 이러한 권력의 위임은 그 자체로 시작된 것이 아니라 국가 형사사법기관의 권력의 재균형을 위한 전략의 일환이다. 보다 구체적으로, 이 변화는 전체적으로 경찰의 권한을 분산시키려는 것과 관련이 있다. 그러나 이러한 변화는 장기적인 계획이 아닌 과도기적 모델에 불과하다는 인식이 있다. 또한 새로운 삼원체제 가 지역경찰체제 도입 시 기대되는 핵심적 가치를 유지할 수 있을지에 대한 사전 평가는 없었다. 이 논문에서 우선 잉글랜드와 웨일즈의 자치경찰체계의 성공과 실패를 탐색하고 한국에 던져주는 정책적 시사점을 확인하고자 한다. 이를 바탕으로 한국 지역자치모델이 직면할 수 있는 문제점과 지방자치경찰체제의 성공적인 안착을 위한 향후 방향을 논의하고자 한다. Korea is scheduled to implement a local autonomous police system from the second half of 2021. The core idea of this massive organizational shift is to hand some power from the national police over to local police and within which the local police will be under the control of local governments. This shift was not initiated of itself, but forms a part of the strategy to rebalance the powers of the criminal justice institutions. More specifically, this change was linked to a drive to reduce police power overall. There is however a perception that this development represents merely a ‘transitional’ model rather than a long term plan. In addition, there has been no prior assessment as to whether the new ‘tripartite system’ can be expected to uphold the core values arising from the implementation of the local police system. In this paper we begin by exploring the successes and failures of the devolved police system in England and Wales and identifying any implications from this for Korea. Based on this we try to anticipate possible problems and future directions for the successful implementation of the Korean local police system.

Comparison of evolutionary organic farming policies reflected on the first and second Wales and England organic action plans (OAPs) for Korean context - As a tool ensuring the sustainable development of Korean organic farming

Cho, Y.,Nicholas, P. Korean Association of Organic Agriculture 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.S

This study compares and contrasts the Wales and England Organic Action Plans (WOAP and EOAP) and a Korean regional Life-Food Development Plan (KLFDP) in order to facilitate the development of the organic sector in Korea. Early action plans, for example, the first WOAP (1999) focused support on developing the supply of organic products whereas later action plans focused on marketing and consumer. OAPs may not only provide specific issue-solving roles by proposing new policy measures but also perform a regulatory role as a controller for organic sector development as a whole. The current KLFDP seems to stick to the former role but hardly has the latter role such as setting priorities, harmonizing various conflicting policy measures and factors and performing evaluation process for further progress. To secure better harmonized and sustainable development of Korean organic farming sector, constructing comprehensive national-level organic action plan, which has policy developing, implementing, regulating, evaluating and evolving functions, might be the most efficient choice.

Comparison of evolutionary organic farming policies reflected on the first and second Wales and England organic action plans (OAPs) for Korean context - As a tool ensuring the sustainable development of Korean organic farming

Cho, Y.,Nicholas, P. 한국유기농업학회 2011 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.19 No.S

This study compares and contrasts the Wales and England Organic Action Plans (WOAP and EOAP) and a Korean regional Life-Food Development Plan (KLFDP) in order to facilitate the development of the organic sector in Korea. Early action plans, for example, the first WOAP (1999) focused support on developing the supply of organic products whereas later action plans focused on marketing and consumer. OAPs may not only provide specific issue-solving roles by proposing new policy measures but also perform a regulatory role as a controller for organic sector development as a whole. The current KLFDP seems to stick to the former role but hardly has the latter role such as setting priorities, harmonizing various conflicting p이ïcy measures and factors and performing evaluation process for further progress. To secure better harmonized and sustainable development of Korean organic farming sector, constructing comprehensive national-Ievel organic action plan, which has policy developing, implementing, regulating, evaluating and evolving functions, might be the most efficient choice.