MEASURING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES ACROSS 23 EU COUNTRIES

Georgia Makridou,Kostas Andriosopoulos,Michael Doumpos,Constantin Zopounidis 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Energy demand is growing significantly in most countries and is expected to continue to expand—perhaps by 45% between now and 2030, and by more than 300% by the end of the century (Brown & Sovacool, 2012). Industry is generally the largest consumer of energy, currently consuming about 37% of the world’s total delivered energy, and the highest in energy-related CO2 emissions among the major sectors of energy use in an economy. Sadly enough, large amounts of energy consumed by industry are used inefficiently because of lack of awareness about proper energy management and weak energy policies and measures, among others. As a result, the industrial development across the world results in more energy use and leads to more concentration of greenhouse gases emissions. Hence, finding ways to increase energy efficiency in the industrial sector is highly important because the global climate and the region’s energy security depend on it. In this paper the efficiency trends of seven energy-intensive industries namely manufacturing, chemicals, electricity-gas and water supply, construction, mining and quarrying, machinery, and transport in 23 EU countries over the period 2000–2009 is analysed. The performance of the sectors is evaluated in terms of an input/output production framework described by capital stock, employment, total energy consumption, value added, and GHG emissions. On the methodological side, we use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the relative efficiency of each industrial sector. DEA is a popular nonparametric efficiency analysis technique with many applications energy efficiency assessment (Sarica & Ilhan, 2007; Mukherjee, 2008; Azadeh, Amalnic, Ghaderi, & Asadzadeh, 2007). Given the panel nature of the considered data set, the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is used to assess the trends in energy efficiency over time and to distinguish between the effect of efficiency change and technical change. At the second stage of our analysis, we focus on the analysis of the relationship between the energy efficiency estimates and a set of explanatory factors related to the structural characteristics of considered sectors and the countries. For most sectors MPI has been higher than 1 in most years, thus indicating an improving trend. This trend appears to be stronger in chemicals, electricity, machinery, and mining. In fact, electricity and mining have improved steadily since 2003-04. On the other hand, construction and transport exhibit fluctuations, but in most cases their MPI has been lower than 1. The observed efficiency changes reflected in the MPI could be the result of changes in technical efficiency (efficiency change) and/or in the underlying production technology (technology change). It is evident that most sectors have been driven by technology change. Overall it is apparent that improvements due to efficiency change have been modest at best (e.g., no more than 5-10%), whereas improvements due to changes in the best practices (technology factor) have been significant in most of the sectors. This study’s results not only provide a general evaluation of the investigated industries, but also facilitate various interesting efficiency comparisons, with respect to factors that have the highest explanatory power. Taking into account the results of this study, policy makers could identify the main steps that should be followed to improve each industry’s energy efficiency. Furthermore, the significance of each step can be measured, leading to more informed decisions in terms of priorities given.

미국의 에너지공급자효율향상의무화 제도에 관한 연구

김종천(Kim Jong Cheon) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2014 法學論文集 Vol.38 No.1

The US Energy Efficiency Resource Standard(EERS) is also known as Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard(EEPS) or Energy Efficiency Commitment(EEC). The mechanism aims to produce, transport and use electricity and natural gases more effectively. EERS requires energy suppliers or distributors to reduce energy through customer energy efficiency programs based on a certain percentage and an increased percentage during a certain period of time or by annual and eventually implies the duty of reducing energy usage on consumers. This policy is similar in concept to Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). As energy efficiency facility can also reduce energy demand and greenhouse gases, EERS can be applied to a strategy for mitigating carbon pollution and climate change. In particular, many of the American programs carry out end-use energy efficiency programs to reduce a percentage of electricity and natural gases. As load growth across the country reaches approximately two percent each year, the reduced amount accounts for about fifty percent of load growth. Majority of the US states adopted Texas Public Utility Regulatory Act for energy efficiency. The Act provides provisions on energy efficiency targets, compliance of utility administrators, a way to recover energy efficiency costs, review and evaluation on program choices by the committee, energy efficiency for the state-run energy utilities, energy efficiency for electricity utilities, a project to prove energy efficiency for a solar power system, and writing a plan and a report on energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the Act provides provisions that a energy efficiency system under § 8. 2840 of CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE should quote Waste Heat and Carbon Emissions Reduction Act. The Act provides provisions on the definition in regard of the energy efficiency system, confirmation of energy efficiency at combined heat and power plants and of waste heat, electricity fee for combined heat and power plants established by the committee, air quality fee and purchase condition, the establishment of a program on a combined heat and power plant system to reduce greenhouse gases by using waste heat that comes from electricity utilities providing to end-users in relevant areas, cost effectiveness of combined heat and power plants, Pay-As-You-Save Pilot Program, a combined heat and power plant guideline, a duty to report on greenhouse gases reduction from combined heat and power plants. Thus, the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard can play a critical role in reducing greenhouse gases and at the same time driving energy efficiency business from which we can learn. And EERS can contribute to reducing energy significantly and drive an investment in enhancing energy efficiency, which suggests a lot to consider for legislative research on Korea's energy demand.

IT기반의 선박에너지절감시스템 성능평가 방법-(2) : 해상시험 수행 결과

유윤자(Yun-Ja Yoo) 한국항해항만학회 2016 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.40 No.4

IMO에서는 선박온실가스 규제를 위해 2013년부터 현존선의 선박에너지효율관리계획인 SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan)의 시행을 강제화하고 있다. SEEMP에서 권고하는 에너지절감기술 가이드라인은 크게 하드웨어적인 장비의 탑재 및 개조 또는 소프트웨어적인 기술을 통한 연료유 절감효과로 구분된다. 신조선의 경우 하드웨어적인 기술구현이 용이하지만 현존선의 경우 운항상 제약으로 인해 소프트웨어적인 에너지 절감기술 구현이 적용되고 있다. IT기반의 선박에너지절감 시스템 성능평가를 위해 해상시험을 수행 하였고, 시스템 적용 전후의 항차데이터를 이용하여 연료유 절감효과를 비교·분석 하였다. 또한, SEEMP에서 자발적인 사용을 권고하고 있는 선박 경제운항 지표 (EEOI, Ship Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator) 분석을 통한 성능평가 결과를 제시하였다. SEEMP (Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan) has entered into force since 2013 for the reduction of GHG emission of operating ships. SEEMP guidelines include the hardware modification or installation of energy-saving device on ship. It also includes software based energy-saving technology such as optimum routing, speed optimization, etc. Hardware based technologies are not easy to apply to ongoing vessel due to the operational restriction. Therefore, IT based energy-saving technology was applied and its energy efficiency was evaluated using before and after energy-saving system applied voyage data. SEEMP advises a voluntary participation of EEOI (Ship Energy Efficiency Operation Indicator) use as an indicator of ship energy efficiency operation, and those results were also shown to evaluate the improvement efficiency of energy-saving system.

유가 충격 이질성을 고려한 에너지 다소비 사업장의 에너지 효율성 추정

이우평 ( Woopyeong Yi ),강상목 ( Sangmok Kang ) 한국생산성학회 2018 生産性論集 Vol.32 No.3

To explore more reasonable GHG mitigation policies, more accurate information on the company's energy performance indicators are needed. Generally, energy intensity is frequently used as an indicator for energy performance. Although the indicator has the advantage of being intuitive and simple, it is also true that many other statistical factors are not taken into consideration. At this time, energy efficiency based on Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) technique or Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique can be used as an alternative indicator to energy intensity. The techniques can drive more accurate performance by considering more information than energy intensity. Despite the importance of measuring the energy efficiency of the enterprise unit, study on the energy efficiency measure at enterprise unit or business unit in Korea has rarely been studied so far. The reason for the lack of research on the issue is probably because the data of firm level energy consumption has not been generally publicized. The purpose of this study is to measure the energy efficiency of the energy consumption industry in Korea based on the internal data of the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute. We estimate energy efficiency of facilities in Energy Intensive Industries of Korea with Stochastic Frontier Model. Considering information and degree of freedom of the dataset, sophisticated model is not available. Therefore, this study benchmarks Stochastic Frontier Model proposed by Herrala & Goel (2012) which is one of the very simple model for greenhouse gas efficiency. The benchmarked part from Herrala & Goel (2012) is the functional form and variable selection of the regression equation. It is another matter to decide the estimation method. In this study, time varying panel SFA technique of Battese & Coelli (1992) is benchmarked for estimation. Energy Intensive Industries can be influenced by oil price shock; however, the time span of dataset of the study, 2013-2015, was a period in which the oil price fell sharply. If each firm's sensitivity to exogenous shocks such as oil price shocks, is different, time varying heterogeneity can be included in efficiency measure. Therefore, we control the oil shock heterogeneity using by oil price fluctuation as a proxy variable with firm specific coefficient based on the time varying panel SFA model of Battese & Coelli (1992). As a result, it is found that there are significant energy inefficiencies of firms in iron & steel, nonmetal, and chemical industries. However, there is no significant difference in energy efficiencies in firms in paper industry. The presence of inefficiency means that more energy is used under the same output. Although existence of an energy inefficiency is a negative sign, but it also means that there can be a chance to improve overall energy performance by improving inefficiency. The contribution of this study is in terms of statistical technique rather than finding a specific policy alternative. In particular, the time varying heterogeneity problem presented in this study is newly suggested in the efficiency related study. Policy implications can be found in that it serves as an important part of many analyses, as is the case with energy intensity. The energy efficiency indicator proposed in this study needs to be combined with information from individual companies in order to bring on a substantial policy implication; thus, many follow-up researches are needed.

확률변경모형을 이용한 지역별 에너지 효율 측정

임승모(Seungmo Im),김명석(Myung suk Kim) 에너지경제연구원 2017 에너지경제연구 Vol.16 No.2

한국은 천연자원의 부재로 에너지 자립도는 낮으나 에너지를 다소비하는 국가이며 총 에너지 소비의 50%이상을 제조업 부문에 사용하고 있는 제조업 중심국가다. 따라서 에너지 효율을 측정하고 제조업 유형이 에너지 효율에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 확률변경모형을 이용하여 2000년부터 2014년까지 전국 15개의 광역시, 도에 대한 지역별 에너지 효율성을 측정하였고 지역별 에너지 효율을 비교하여 이러한 차이를 야기하는 요인을 발견하였다. 분석결과 해당 기간 동안 전 지역의 평균 에너지 효율은 0.81이었으며 시간이 경과됨에 따라 에너지 효율이 향상되는 경향을 나타냈다. 지역별 차이로는 서울, 광주가 0.97로 가장 높았으며 전남이 0.47로 가장 낮은 효율을 보였다. 특히 지역별 제조업 구조는 에너지 효율성에 유의한 영향을 미쳤는데 석탄 및 석유, 화학제품 제조업과 비금속광물 및 금속제품 제조업 비중이 높은 지역일수록, 전기 전자 및 정밀기기 제조업, 기계 운송장비 및 기타 제품 제조업 비중이 낮은 지역일수록 효율성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 분석결과를 바탕으로 지역별 에너지 효율성 격차 해소 및 효율성 향상 방안을 제안한다. Due to the absence of natural resources, S. Korea has low energy independence. Also S. Korea is manufacturing-oriented country that uses more 50% of total energy consumption in the manufacturing sector. Therefore it is important to measure energy efficiency and analyze the impact of manufacturing structure on energy efficiency. In this paper, the energy efficiency of 15 metropolitan cities and provinces is measured by using stochastic frontier model from 2000 to 2014. As a result, the average energy efficiency of whole regions is 0.81, and the energy efficiency is improved with time. Seoul and Gwangju show the highest efficiency of 0.97 and Jeonnam has the lowest efficiency of 0.47. By comparing energy efficiency among regions, we find factors that cause the regional differences. In particular, the regional manufacturing structure has a significant impact on energy efficiency. The result show that the higher the proportion of large energy consumption manufacturing, the lower energy efficiency. Finally, we suggest recommendation to reduce the regional differences and improve energy efficiency

MEASURING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES ACROSS 23 EU COUNTRIES

Georgia Makridou,Kostas Andriosopoulos,Michael Doumpos,Constantin Zopounidis 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.6

Energy demand is growing significantly in most countries and is expected to continue to expand-perhaps by 45% between now and 2030, and by more than 300% by the end of the century (Brown & Sovacool, 2012). Industry is generally the largest consumer of energy, currently consuming about 37% of the world’s total delivered energy, and the highest in energy-related CO2 emissions among the major sectors of energy use in an economy. Sadly enough, large amounts of energy consumed by industry are used inefficiently because of lack of awareness about proper energy management and weak energy policies and measures, among others. As a result, the industrial development across the world results in more energy use and leads to more concentration of greenhouse gases emissions. Hence, finding ways to increase energy efficiency in the industrial sector is highly important because the global climate and the region’s energy security depend on it. In this paper the efficiency trends of seven energy-intensive industries namely manufacturing, chemicals, electricity-gas and water supply, construction, mining and quarrying, machinery, and transport in 23 EU countries over the period 2000-2009 is analysed. The performance of the sectors is evaluated in terms of an input/output production framework described by capital stock, employment, total energy consumption, value added, and GHG emissions. On the methodological side, we use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the relative efficiency of each industrial sector. DEA is a popular nonparametric efficiency analysis technique with many applications energy efficiency assessment (Sarica & Ilhan, 2007; Mukherjee, 2008; Azadeh, Amalnic, Ghaderi, & Asadzadeh, 2007). Given the panel nature of the considered data set, the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is used to assess the trends in energy efficiency over time and to distinguish between the effect of efficiency change and technical change. At the second stage of our analysis, we focus on the analysis of the relationship between the energy efficiency estimates and a set of explanatory factors related to the structural characteristics of considered sectors and the countries. For most sectors MPI has been higher than 1 in most years, thus indicating an improving trend. This trend appears to be stronger in chemicals, electricity, machinery, and mining. In fact, electricity and mining have improved steadily since 2003-04. On the other hand, construction and transport exhibit fluctuations, but in most cases their MPI has been lower than 1. The observed efficiency changes reflected in the MPI could be the result of changes in technical efficiency (efficiency change) and/or in the underlying production technology (technology change). It is evident that most sectors have been driven by technology change. Overall it is apparent that improvements due to efficiency change have been modest at best (e.g., no more than 5-10%), whereas improvements due to changes in the best practices (technology factor) have been significant in most of the sectors. This study’s results not only provide a general evaluation of the investigated industries, but also facilitate various interesting efficiency comparisons, with respect to factors that have the highest explanatory power. Taking into account the results of this study, policy makers could identify the main steps that should be followed to improve each industry’s energy efficiency. Furthermore, the significance of each step can be measured, leading to more informed decisions in terms of priorities given.

Improvements to the customer baseline load (CBL) using standard energy consumption considering energy efficiency and demand response

Lee, Junghun,Yoo, Seunghwan,Kim, Jonghun,Song, Doosam,Jeong, Hakgeun Elsevier 2018 ENERGY Vol.144 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Electricity demands are steadily increasing every year because of continued improvements <U>to</U> the quality of life and extreme hot and cold weather conditions. Therefore, the electric demand response management (DRM) system was introduced to prevent unstable electricity supply both domestically and globally. Unlike power generation in power plants, DRM regulates the demand and supply by reducing building energy consumption. Demand management is divided into energy efficiency and demand response. Energy efficiency reduces normal energy consumption by replacing older equipment and materials with high-efficiency models, remodeling the building envelope, and efficient system operation. Demand response reduces the electric consumption of pre-contracted electrical consumers at certain times, especially at peak load times. To determine the energy savings of buildings, the customer baseline load (CBL) is used. However, the CBL cannot evaluate the energy savings due to the energy efficiency improvements because it only assesses savings based on normal energy consumption. Therefore, DRM has a high incentive for buildings with high-energy consumption, while buildings with implemented energy efficiencies have low incentives, even though electricity demand is reduced. In this paper, we present the standard energy consumption to reflect both energy efficiency and demand response which can help stabilize power supply in the nation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The DRM has a limit to buildings that have lower energy by energy efficiency. </LI> <LI> We proposed a method of calculating standard energy consumption. </LI> <LI> Standard energy consumption consider both demand response and energy efficiency. </LI> <LI> Standard energy consumption can improve the CBL and stabilizes power supplies. </LI> </UL> </P>

에너지 관련 법상 에너지 이용 효율화 방안에 관한 연구

이재삼 가천대학교 법학연구소 2013 가천법학 Vol.6 No.2

오늘날 우리 생활과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 에너지와 관련된 문제들을 법제적으로 고찰하였는바, 현실적으로 중요하게 인식되고 있는 에너지의 헌법적 규정화와 현행 에너지법의 통합화 방안을 제시하였으며, 현실적으로 에너지의 고갈과 부족현상에 따른 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 대안으로써 에너지 이용 효율의 규제를 강조하였다. 또한 에너지의 이용에 따른 환경오염의 증가를 방지하기 위한 대안을 제시하였다.특히 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 다음의 제고방안이 강조되어야 할 것으로 사료되는 바이다.첫째, 오늘날 인간의 생존권 실현에 없어서는 아니 될 에너지 자원의 절대적인 필요성이 제기되면서 헌법적인 차원에서의 에너지 절약과 효율적 이용에 관련된 관념의 정립이 필요하다. 즉 국가의 균형 있는 국민경제의 성장과 안정, 적정한 소득의 분배 유지, 시장의 지배와 경제력의 남용 방지, 경제주체간의 조화를 통한 경제의 민주화를 위한 규제와 조정을 위한 국가의 에너지 통제와 조정 등 헌법적 차원에서의 에너지 규정의 제도적 보장이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결국 국민의 에너지 이용권과 부족함이 없는 에너지 환경을 향유할 수 있는 권리와 국가의 책무 및 에너지의 절약 내지는 효율화 규정 등 헌법적 차원의 에너지 입법화가 필요하다. 둘째, 현행 에너지법, 에너지이용합리화법 등 에너지 관련 각 법률들이 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 국가와 사용자의 의무를 규정하고 있는바, 각 법률 간의 관계가 연계를 이루어지지 않고 분산되어 있어서 그 효율성이 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 에너지 관련 법률체계상 에너지 기본법을 토대로 에너지의 이용 효율화를 위한 에너지의 계획·관리·규제·정보·연구·개발 등 기능적인 법체계와 현재 국내외의 에너지 수급·규제와 에너지 과다소비의 방지에 대한 규제가 미약하므로 현행 에너지의 합리적 이용 여건을 반영하는 통합적인 법체계의 정립이 필요하다.셋째, 에너지의 고갈과 부족 현상에 따른 에너지의 절약의 일환인 에너지 소비의 능동적 효율화가 필요하다. 즉 에너지 사용의 능동적 효율화를 기하므로써 에너지의 측정, 모니터링 및 통제를 통해 지속적인 변화에 영향을 주어야 하며, 에너지 저소비형 정책 및 에너지 절감 제도가 필요하다. 따라서 모든 가전제품 등에 대한 에너지 규제와 기준을 강화시킴으로써 에너지 이용 효율화의 실효성 확보의 수단이 필요하다.넷째, 에너지 이용으로 인한 심각한 환경오염으로 이어지는 문제점과 그의 방지에 대한 구체적인 규정의 연계성이 부족하므로 에너지 소비에 따른 환경 오염 방지의 관련 규정이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. Today, after considering issues related with energy which is close to human life in a legislative way, the constitutional regularization of energy and the plan of unifying current energy-related regulations, which seem so important, were proposed, and for the alternative way of efficiency in energy usage resulted by lack and depletion of energy, regulation on efficiency of energy usage was emphasized. First, it is necessary to establish the concept on constitutional energy saving and efficiency as the absolute necessity of energy resources which are vital for human beings’ existence is being issued. In other words, systemic guarantee of constitutional energy regulation such as following should be settled; growth and stability of national economy, maintenance of distributing reasonable income, prevention of market control and abusing economic power, national controlling of energy for restriction and control for economic democratization through the harmony among main economic players. This is, constitutional energy legalization is necessary since civil rights to use energy, rights and national duty to enjoy energy environment without lack of energy, and compulsory regulation of energy saving, or at least efficiency of energy are necessary. In addition, regulation and control for energy efficiency is certainly needed. Second, laws related with energy such as current energy regulation and energy usage rationalization regulate the duty of the nation and the user for efficiency of energy usage, but there is a question about the efficiency since they are dispersed without connection among those. Thus, based on fundamental law of energy, it is necessary to settle functional legal system such as planning, manageing, regulating, informing, studying, and developing energy for energy efficiency and integrated legal system reflecting current energy supply and usage in and out of the country. Third, regulation of energy usage and energy over-use prevention, which are part of energy saving followed by today’s shortage and depletion of energy, are weak. Article 14 of current enforcement ordinance of efficiency in energy usage clearly states the limitation and prohibition of energy usage, and by reinforcing regulation and criteria about other electrics and goods, means to retain effectiveness of efficient energy usage are to be studied. Fourth, the relationship between energy and the environment seems separated because of the lack of detailed connectivity of the problem due to the environmental pollution from energy usage and the restrictions to prevent those, and the limitation of environment pollution from energy usage is vague. Still, there is no doubt that the main reason for global warming is from the emission of green-house gases through energy usage. Thus, energy is closely related with environmental issues regarding that it causes various types of environmental damages in producing, distributing and using energy. Especially, the usage of fossil fuel causes environmental problems such as air pollution, acid rain, environmental damage and global warming so that for the preparation of this, energy saving and energy efficiency should be reinforced and comprehensive management, study, and development of alternative bio-energy should be continuously made.

도시의 지속가능성을 위한 주택 건물에너지 분석 연구: 에너지 소비특성과 소비절감 행위모델 분석을 중심으로

이소라 (재) 인천연구원 2018 도시연구 Vol.- No.14

To prepare for climate change and energy depletion, Korea has been striving to strengthen its greenhouse gas reduction targets and minimize national energy consumption. Concerning the construction sector, improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings have been promoted by the implementation of the ‘Total Energy Use Rate Restriction for Buildings’ in 2011, the ‘Obligation for Meeting Passive House Standards’ in 2017, as well as the upcoming ‘Obligation for Realizing Zero-energy Housing’ in 2025. The consecutive implementation of new regulations necessitates a review of how these regulations and systems can be utilized effectively to realize the goal of minimizing energy consumption, especially in terms of construction. Korea’s goal is to achieve a 33% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 through improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings and the construction sector. In this study, we propose a system utility plan and policy for improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings for a sustainable city based on a survey regarding the characteristics of energy use in buildings. The survey was conducted on 500 individuals via the internet, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling(SEM) and the theory of planned behavior(TPB). Analysis results show that improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings is heavily influenced by home ownership. Among the factors for minimizing energy use in buildings, ‘energy saving practice’ was highlighted as the most important factor, while ‘effective energy policy’ was found to have the most significant influence coefficient. According to the TPB analysis, improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings are affected at similar levels by three factors: attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral awareness. The intention to use high-efficiency products and adopt energy-saving practices were most impacted by individual attitudes. Based on these findings, we present strategies to improve the system, such as implementing a policy that provides different levels of support depending on home ownership, providing incentive and support to the efforts for improvement of building efficiency, and establishing specific programs for promoting the use of high-efficiency products and energy-saving practices. 우리나라는 기후변화와 에너지 고갈에 대비하기 위해 온실가스 감축 목표를 강화하고 에너지 이용을 줄이고자 노력하고 있다. 2011년 ‘건축물 에너지소비총량제’를 시행하였고 2017년 ‘패시브 주택 의무화’를 시작으로 2025년 ‘제로에너지 주택 의무화’ 등을 목표로 하여 건축부문 에너지 효율 개선을 촉진하고 있다. 이에 에너지 소비 절감을 위해서는 제도와 설비 시스템을 어떻게 활용해야 효과적인지 정리할 필요성이 있다. 또한 건물부문의 2030년 온실가스 감축률 목표가 약 33%에 이르기 때문에 에너지 효율화 유도가 반드시 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 설문조사를 실시하여 주택 부분 건물에너지 소비특성을 분석하고, 도시 내에서 지속가능한 건물에너지 효율 개선방안을 제시하였다. 설문조사는 인터넷을 통해 전국적으로 500명을 선정하여 진행했으며, 구조방정식 모형(SEM)과 계획행위이론(TPB)을 활용하여 결과를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 건물부문 효율 개선은 주택 소유 여부에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 건물에너지 소비 절감을 위한 요소의 중요도 조사 결과, ‘에너지 절약 실천’이 가장 중요한 것으로 분석되었으며, 영향계수는 ‘효율적인 에너지 정책’이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 계획행위이론에 의한 분석 결과, 건물부문 효율 개선은 ‘태도’, ‘주관적 규범’, ‘행위에 대한 인식’의 3가지 요소가 비슷한 영향을 보이며, 고효율 제품 사용과 에너지 절약 실천과 관련해서는 본인의 ‘태도’가 ‘의도’에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 제도의 개선방안으로는 주택 소유 여부에 따른 차등적 지원 정책, 건물부문 효율 개선 촉구를 위한 인센티브 및 지원 제도, 고효율 제품 보급 및 사용, 에너지 절약 실천을 위한 구체적 홍보 등이 있다.

베이지안확률변경분석을 통한 에너지효율성 추정: 재고자원효율성이 미치는 효과를 중심으로

김길환 공주대학교 KNU 기업경영연구소 2024 기업경영리뷰 Vol.15 No.2

제조기업에게 재고관리는 핵심관리 영역이다. 효과적인 재고관리는 비용절감, 자본운용의 효율성, 고객만족도 제고 등으로 이어지기 때문이다. 한편, 최근 들어 제조기업의 효과적인 에너지관리의 중요성이 강조되고 있다.에너지효율성 제고는 비용절감으로 이어질 뿐만 아니라 전 지구적인 기후변화문제에 대한 대응과도 연결되기 때문이다. 이러한 맥락에서 재고관리성과의 효과를 에너지효율성 측면에서 평가해 볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 필요성에 근거하여 본 연구는 기업의 재고관리성과와 에너지효율성 간의 관계를 검토해보고자 했다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 Modi & Mishra(2011)가 제시한 재고자원효율성을 재고관리성과 지표로써 차용하였고, 에너지투입거리함수에 기반하여 에너지효율성을 정의한 뒤 베이지안확률변경분석을 통해 에너지효율성을 추정하였다. 그리고 에너지효율성에 미치는 재고자원효율성의 효과를 분석하였다. 분석대상은 국내 22개의 주요 철강기업이며 분석기간은 2011~2019년이다. 주요분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 분석대상 기업의 전체 에너지효율성의 평균값은 0.8630이었다. 둘째, 에너지사용량에 미치는 자본의 음의 효과를 확인하였다. 셋째, 에너지효율성에 미치는 재고자원효율성의 효과는양의 결과를 보였다. 이러한 주요 결과는 에너지효율성 제고를 위해 재고자원효율성을 높여야 한다는 점과 최첨단의 장비 및 기계의 도입이 에너지효율성 제고에 도움이 될 것이라는 적 실무적 사점을 제안한다. 또한 베이지안확률변경분석을 통해 에너지효율성을 추정했다는 점 그리고 재고관리성과 지표로써 재고자원효율성을 차용하여 처음으로 에너지효율성과의 관계를 살펴봤다는 점이 본 연구의 주요한 학문적 시사점이라고 할 수 있다. Inventory management is a pivotal management area for manufacturing companies, as effective inventory management catalyzes cost reduction, enhances capital utilization, and augments customer satisfaction. Concurrently, the significance of efficient energy management in manufacturing sectors has been increasingly highlighted. Enhancing energy efficiency not only contributes to cost reductions but also addresses the global challenge of climate change. In this regards, it is imperative to assess the impact of inventory management performance through the lens of energy efficiency. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the company's inventory management performance and its energy efficiency. To surmount the constraints of previously utilized inventory management performance indicators, this research adopted the inventory resource efficiency metric as proposed by Modi & Mishra (2011). Moreover, energy efficiency was conceptualized based on the energy input distance function, and Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis was employed to estimate this metric. The impact of inventory resource efficiency on energy efficiency was subsequently analyzed. This analysis encompassed 22 major Korean steel companies for the period spanning from 2011 to 2019. The principal findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the average energy efficiency of the companies under analysis was found to be 0.8630. Secondly, the negative impact of capital on energy usage was exhibited. Thirdly, a positive effect of inventory resource efficiency on energy efficiency was observed. These findings underscore that enhancing energy efficiency necessitates the improvement of inventory resource efficiency. Moreover, the introduction of state-of-the art equipment and machinery is likely to further enhance energy efficiency. Additionally, the application of Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis for estimating energy efficiency, coupled with the first-time use of inventory resource efficiency as an indicator of inventory management performance to explore its relationship with energy efficiency, provides significant academic contributions to this field.