건축물에너지절약요소기술 적용에 따른 단독주택 에너지 요구량 절감률 변화에 관한 연구

이명주(Lee Myoung-Ju),김원석(Kim Won-Seok),이우주(Lee Woo-Joo),이원택(Lee Won-Taek) 대한건축학회 2012 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.28 No.5

This study is to compare and analyze ‘the Korean energy saving design standard in building’ with ‘the passivehouse standard of PHI’ in Germany in using of energy efficient factors which have an effect on reducing energy demand in building. We used following architectural design method for energy efficiency : direction, south oriented window-wall ratio, insulation, glazing, frame, heat recovery, external blind, airtightness, thermal mass, ect. We set a base model and analyzed annual energy demand, heating&cooling demand through energy-simulation according to each standard above by energy efficient elements. Consequently, ‘the passivehouse standard of PHI’ is more effective on reducing energy use than ‘the Korean energy saving design standard in building’. Also, this study found energy efficiency rate for heating demand by elements and it is as in the following : Window(37.92%) > Heat recovery(27.87%) > Insulation(25.23%) > Airtightness(5.49%) > Internal/External Insulation(4.42%) > Thermal mass(3.99%) > South oriented window-wall ratio(0.29%) > External blind(0%). And we found that the external blind(56.2%) takes a key role in reducing cooling demand. Through this study, we discovered energy reducing rate by energy efficiency factors in building and with this result, we are expecting to make energy efficiency design standard for the improvement of the high energy-use detached house.

에너지 관련 법상 에너지 이용 효율화 방안에 관한 연구

이재삼 가천대학교 법학연구소 2013 가천법학 Vol.6 No.2

오늘날 우리 생활과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 에너지와 관련된 문제들을 법제적으로 고찰하였는바, 현실적으로 중요하게 인식되고 있는 에너지의 헌법적 규정화와 현행 에너지법의 통합화 방안을 제시하였으며, 현실적으로 에너지의 고갈과 부족현상에 따른 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 대안으로써 에너지 이용 효율의 규제를 강조하였다. 또한 에너지의 이용에 따른 환경오염의 증가를 방지하기 위한 대안을 제시하였다.특히 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 다음의 제고방안이 강조되어야 할 것으로 사료되는 바이다.첫째, 오늘날 인간의 생존권 실현에 없어서는 아니 될 에너지 자원의 절대적인 필요성이 제기되면서 헌법적인 차원에서의 에너지 절약과 효율적 이용에 관련된 관념의 정립이 필요하다. 즉 국가의 균형 있는 국민경제의 성장과 안정, 적정한 소득의 분배 유지, 시장의 지배와 경제력의 남용 방지, 경제주체간의 조화를 통한 경제의 민주화를 위한 규제와 조정을 위한 국가의 에너지 통제와 조정 등 헌법적 차원에서의 에너지 규정의 제도적 보장이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 결국 국민의 에너지 이용권과 부족함이 없는 에너지 환경을 향유할 수 있는 권리와 국가의 책무 및 에너지의 절약 내지는 효율화 규정 등 헌법적 차원의 에너지 입법화가 필요하다. 둘째, 현행 에너지법, 에너지이용합리화법 등 에너지 관련 각 법률들이 에너지 이용의 효율화를 위한 국가와 사용자의 의무를 규정하고 있는바, 각 법률 간의 관계가 연계를 이루어지지 않고 분산되어 있어서 그 효율성이 저하되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 에너지 관련 법률체계상 에너지 기본법을 토대로 에너지의 이용 효율화를 위한 에너지의 계획·관리·규제·정보·연구·개발 등 기능적인 법체계와 현재 국내외의 에너지 수급·규제와 에너지 과다소비의 방지에 대한 규제가 미약하므로 현행 에너지의 합리적 이용 여건을 반영하는 통합적인 법체계의 정립이 필요하다.셋째, 에너지의 고갈과 부족 현상에 따른 에너지의 절약의 일환인 에너지 소비의 능동적 효율화가 필요하다. 즉 에너지 사용의 능동적 효율화를 기하므로써 에너지의 측정, 모니터링 및 통제를 통해 지속적인 변화에 영향을 주어야 하며, 에너지 저소비형 정책 및 에너지 절감 제도가 필요하다. 따라서 모든 가전제품 등에 대한 에너지 규제와 기준을 강화시킴으로써 에너지 이용 효율화의 실효성 확보의 수단이 필요하다.넷째, 에너지 이용으로 인한 심각한 환경오염으로 이어지는 문제점과 그의 방지에 대한 구체적인 규정의 연계성이 부족하므로 에너지 소비에 따른 환경 오염 방지의 관련 규정이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. Today, after considering issues related with energy which is close to human life in a legislative way, the constitutional regularization of energy and the plan of unifying current energy-related regulations, which seem so important, were proposed, and for the alternative way of efficiency in energy usage resulted by lack and depletion of energy, regulation on efficiency of energy usage was emphasized. First, it is necessary to establish the concept on constitutional energy saving and efficiency as the absolute necessity of energy resources which are vital for human beings’ existence is being issued. In other words, systemic guarantee of constitutional energy regulation such as following should be settled; growth and stability of national economy, maintenance of distributing reasonable income, prevention of market control and abusing economic power, national controlling of energy for restriction and control for economic democratization through the harmony among main economic players. This is, constitutional energy legalization is necessary since civil rights to use energy, rights and national duty to enjoy energy environment without lack of energy, and compulsory regulation of energy saving, or at least efficiency of energy are necessary. In addition, regulation and control for energy efficiency is certainly needed. Second, laws related with energy such as current energy regulation and energy usage rationalization regulate the duty of the nation and the user for efficiency of energy usage, but there is a question about the efficiency since they are dispersed without connection among those. Thus, based on fundamental law of energy, it is necessary to settle functional legal system such as planning, manageing, regulating, informing, studying, and developing energy for energy efficiency and integrated legal system reflecting current energy supply and usage in and out of the country. Third, regulation of energy usage and energy over-use prevention, which are part of energy saving followed by today’s shortage and depletion of energy, are weak. Article 14 of current enforcement ordinance of efficiency in energy usage clearly states the limitation and prohibition of energy usage, and by reinforcing regulation and criteria about other electrics and goods, means to retain effectiveness of efficient energy usage are to be studied. Fourth, the relationship between energy and the environment seems separated because of the lack of detailed connectivity of the problem due to the environmental pollution from energy usage and the restrictions to prevent those, and the limitation of environment pollution from energy usage is vague. Still, there is no doubt that the main reason for global warming is from the emission of green-house gases through energy usage. Thus, energy is closely related with environmental issues regarding that it causes various types of environmental damages in producing, distributing and using energy. Especially, the usage of fossil fuel causes environmental problems such as air pollution, acid rain, environmental damage and global warming so that for the preparation of this, energy saving and energy efficiency should be reinforced and comprehensive management, study, and development of alternative bio-energy should be continuously made.

중국의 에너지 효율성에 관한 연구 : 석탄, 전기, 물 에너지를 중심으로

Zhang, Dong-Zhe,Zhang, DongMing,김종순 韓國商品學會 2012 商品學硏究 Vol.30 No.5

The new energy development and energy efficiency technology is the future of national competitiveness. Over the past 30 years, China has maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%. But now, China is facing an energy shortage and environmental pollution problems. To address these issues, China capitalized on the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and increased investment in the field of environmental technology. In 2009, China invested 4525.3 billion RMB to counter its environmental pollution problems. This was corresponds to 1.33% of GDP in 2009. Under normal circumstances, the use of energy will bring about environmental pollution, and China is amajor energy consumer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Chinese each regions of energy efficiency. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Chinese each regions of energy efficiency, Identify regions that need improvement in regions of energy efficiency, and ultimately to assess the level of energy efficiency in China, and provide a basis for improving energy efficiency. To this end, this study used the National Bureau of Statistics of China and DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) to evaluate the Chinese each regions of energy efficiency. The result of this study will be helpful in understanding the efforts of China's energy efficiency to pursue a sustainable development, and China's Central Government to improve the each regions energy efficiency. 지난 30여 년 동안 연평균 10%에 가까운 고성장으로 중국은 에너지 부족과 환경오염 문제에 시달려 왔다. 환경문제개선에 있어 사후처리보다 사전 조치와 통제가 중요한데, 중국은 사전 조치와 통제, 환경문제 해결을 위해 환경법을 제정하여 규제를 강화하는 한편 관련예산을 확대하고 베이징올림픽을 계기로 오염문제 해결에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 하지만 세계의 공장으로서 생산과 소비에 많은 에너지를 필요로 하고 있다. 에너지이용으로 인한 환경오염과 경제발전의 모순(矛盾) 속에서 제한된 에너지 자원으로 경제적 수익성과 환경적 지속가능성을 동시에 추구하기 위해서는 에너지 효율성 향상이 시급하다. 본 연구는 2010년 중국통계년감의 통계자료를 이용하여 각 성·시 에너지이용 효율성을 분석하여 에너지이용 효율성이 낮은 지역을 파악하고, 이들 지역이 벤치마킹 할 수 있는 에너지이용이 효율적인 지역을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구는 DEA기법을 통한 실증분석으로 에너지이용 효율성 향상이 시급한 지역과 이들 지역이 벤치마킹할 수 있는 지역들에 관한 기초정보를 제공하였다는 점에서 의의를 가진다고 할 수 있다.

재고최소화와 에너지효율성 간의 관계에 대한 실증분석: 국내 철강기업을 중심으로

김길환 공주대학교 KNU 기업경영연구소 2022 기업경영리뷰 Vol.13 No.3

Energy efficiency is critical issue for steel companies because they consume a lot of energy in the produc- tion process. Also, inventory management is one of the paramount management activities for steel companies because they mainly produce intermediate goods. This study aims to investigate the relationship between inven- tory management, which is the important management activity to steel companies, and energy efficiency, which is critical due to the nature of their production process. To achieve this goal, we define energy efficiency with distance function and estimate it using stochastic frontier analysis. Morovere, given that lean inventory manage- ment has been widely applied among most companies, we adopt the concept of inventory leanness to evaluate the level of inventory management within the steel company and use emprical leanness indicator to estimate inventory leanness. Also, we consider energy efficiency as a dependent variable and empirical leanness indicator as a independent variable to exmaine the relationship between energy efficiency and inventory leanness, and we analyze the impacts of company size and industry dynamism on energy efficiency. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the average energy efficiency is around 0.901, which is lower than the optima energy efficiency. Second, both company size and industry dynamism have the negative impacts on energy efficiency. Based on these results, we provide the managerial implication as follows. First, in order to improve energy ef- ficiency, it is necessary for the managers of steel company to actively introduce the lean approach for the inven- tory management. Second, it is required for the mangers of large steel company to examine whether energy is efficiently used in production process. Meanwhile, this study contributes to the related literature by analyzing the relationship between inventory leanness and energy efficiency―not addressed in previous studies―and then revealing the effectiveness of lean inventory management in terms of energy efficiency 에너지를 많이 소비하는 생산시스템의 특성상 철강기업의 에너지효율은 중요한 이슈이다. 또한 철강기업은 중 간재를 주로 생산하므로 재고관리가 핵심 관리 활동 중의 하나이다. 본 연구는 철강기업의 ‘핵심 관리 활동인 재 고관리’와 ‘생산시스템의 특성상 매우 중요한 에너지효율’의 관계를 검토해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 거리함수 (Distance Function)에 근거하여 에너지효율성(Energy Efficiency)을 정의한 후 확률변경분석(Stochastic Frontier Analysis)을 통해 에너지효율성을 추정하였다. 그리고 린방식(Lean Practice)의 재고관리 접근이 기업들 사이에 광 범위하게 적용되어 왔다는 점을 감안하여 철강기업의 재고관리 수준을 평가하기 위한 개념으로 재고최소화(In- ventory Leanness)를 채택하였고, 실증최소화지표(Empirical Leanness Indicator)로써 이를 추정하였다. 또한 에너 지효율성과 재고최소화의 관계를 검토하기 위해 에너지효율성을 종속변수로, 실증최소화지표를 독립변수로 하 여 분석을 진행하였다. 추가로 에너지효율성에 미치는 기업 규모와 산업역동성(Industry Dynamism)의 효과도 검 토하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 분석대상 철강기업의 평균 에너지효율성은 0.901로 최적의 에너 지효율성 수준보다 낮은 수준에서 실제 에너지효율성이 결정되고 있다. 둘째, 재고최소화는 에너지효율성에 양의 영향을 주고 있다. 셋째, 기업 규모 및 산업역동성은 에너지효율성에 음의 영향을 주고 있다. 이와 같은 주요 결과 를 토대로 다음과 같은 시사점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 에너지효율성 개선을 위해 철강기업의 관련 실무자는 린방식 의 재고관리를 적극 도입할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 규모가 큰 철강기업의 관련 실무자는 에너지 사용이 효율적으로 이루어지고 있는지를 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 한편, 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 고려되지 않았던 재고최소화와 에너 지효율성 간의 관계를 분석하여, 에너지효율 개선 측면에서 작동하는 린방식 재고관리의 효과성을 밝혀냈다는 점 에서 관련 연구에 기여하고 있다.

베이지안확률변경분석을 통한 에너지효율성 추정: 재고자원효율성이 미치는 효과를 중심으로

김길환 국립공주대학교 KNU 기업경영연구소 2024 기업경영리뷰 Vol.15 No.2

Inventory management is a pivotal management area for manufacturing companies, as effective inventory management catalyzes cost reduction, enhances capital utilization, and augments customer satisfaction. Concurrently, the significance of efficient energy management in manufacturing sectors has been increasingly highlighted. Enhancing energy efficiency not only contributes to cost reductions but also addresses the global challenge of climate change. In this regards, it is imperative to assess the impact of inventory management performance through the lens of energy efficiency. This study aims to investigate the relationship between the company's inventory management performance and its energy efficiency. To surmount the constraints of previously utilized inventory management performance indicators, this research adopted the inventory resource efficiency metric as proposed by Modi & Mishra (2011). Moreover, energy efficiency was conceptualized based on the energy input distance function, and Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis was employed to estimate this metric. The impact of inventory resource efficiency on energy efficiency was subsequently analyzed. This analysis encompassed 22 major Korean steel companies for the period spanning from 2011 to 2019. The principal findings of this study are as follows: Firstly, the average energy efficiency of the companies under analysis was found to be 0.8630. Secondly, the negative impact of capital on energy usage was exhibited. Thirdly, a positive effect of inventory resource efficiency on energy efficiency was observed. These findings underscore that enhancing energy efficiency necessitates the improvement of inventory resource efficiency. Moreover, the introduction of state-of-the art equipment and machinery is likely to further enhance energy efficiency. Additionally, the application of Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Analysis for estimating energy efficiency, coupled with the first-time use of inventory resource efficiency as an indicator of inventory management performance to explore its relationship with energy efficiency, provides significant academic contributions to this field.

도시의 지속가능성을 위한 주택 건물에너지 분석 연구: 에너지 소비특성과 소비절감 행위모델 분석을 중심으로

이소라 (재) 인천연구원 2018 도시연구 Vol.- No.14

To prepare for climate change and energy depletion, Korea has been striving to strengthen its greenhouse gas reduction targets and minimize national energy consumption. Concerning the construction sector, improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings have been promoted by the implementation of the ‘Total Energy Use Rate Restriction for Buildings’ in 2011, the ‘Obligation for Meeting Passive House Standards’ in 2017, as well as the upcoming ‘Obligation for Realizing Zero-energy Housing’ in 2025. The consecutive implementation of new regulations necessitates a review of how these regulations and systems can be utilized effectively to realize the goal of minimizing energy consumption, especially in terms of construction. Korea’s goal is to achieve a 33% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 through improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings and the construction sector. In this study, we propose a system utility plan and policy for improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings for a sustainable city based on a survey regarding the characteristics of energy use in buildings. The survey was conducted on 500 individuals via the internet, and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling(SEM) and the theory of planned behavior(TPB). Analysis results show that improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings is heavily influenced by home ownership. Among the factors for minimizing energy use in buildings, ‘energy saving practice’ was highlighted as the most important factor, while ‘effective energy policy’ was found to have the most significant influence coefficient. According to the TPB analysis, improvements in the energy efficiency of buildings are affected at similar levels by three factors: attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral awareness. The intention to use high-efficiency products and adopt energy-saving practices were most impacted by individual attitudes. Based on these findings, we present strategies to improve the system, such as implementing a policy that provides different levels of support depending on home ownership, providing incentive and support to the efforts for improvement of building efficiency, and establishing specific programs for promoting the use of high-efficiency products and energy-saving practices. 우리나라는 기후변화와 에너지 고갈에 대비하기 위해 온실가스 감축 목표를 강화하고 에너지 이용을 줄이고자 노력하고 있다. 2011년 ‘건축물 에너지소비총량제’를 시행하였고 2017년 ‘패시브 주택 의무화’를 시작으로 2025년 ‘제로에너지 주택 의무화’ 등을 목표로 하여 건축부문 에너지 효율 개선을 촉진하고 있다. 이에 에너지 소비 절감을 위해서는 제도와 설비 시스템을 어떻게 활용해야 효과적인지 정리할 필요성이 있다. 또한 건물부문의 2030년 온실가스 감축률 목표가 약 33%에 이르기 때문에 에너지 효율화 유도가 반드시 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 설문조사를 실시하여 주택 부분 건물에너지 소비특성을 분석하고, 도시 내에서 지속가능한 건물에너지 효율 개선방안을 제시하였다. 설문조사는 인터넷을 통해 전국적으로 500명을 선정하여 진행했으며, 구조방정식 모형(SEM)과 계획행위이론(TPB)을 활용하여 결과를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 건물부문 효율 개선은 주택 소유 여부에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 건물에너지 소비 절감을 위한 요소의 중요도 조사 결과, ‘에너지 절약 실천’이 가장 중요한 것으로 분석되었으며, 영향계수는 ‘효율적인 에너지 정책’이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 계획행위이론에 의한 분석 결과, 건물부문 효율 개선은 ‘태도’, ‘주관적 규범’, ‘행위에 대한 인식’의 3가지 요소가 비슷한 영향을 보이며, 고효율 제품 사용과 에너지 절약 실천과 관련해서는 본인의 ‘태도’가 ‘의도’에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 한 제도의 개선방안으로는 주택 소유 여부에 따른 차등적 지원 정책, 건물부문 효율 개선 촉구를 위한 인센티브 및 지원 제도, 고효율 제품 보급 및 사용, 에너지 절약 실천을 위한 구체적 홍보 등이 있다.

유가 충격 이질성을 고려한 에너지 다소비 사업장의 에너지효율성 추정

이우평,강상목 한국생산성학회 2018 생산성연구 Vol.32 No.3

To explore more reasonable GHG mitigation policies, more accurate information on the company's energy performance indicators are needed. Generally, energy intensity is frequently used as an indicator for energy performance. Although the indicator has the advantage of being intuitive and simple, it is also true that many other statistical factors are not taken into consideration. At this time, energy efficiency based on Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) technique or Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique can be used as an alternative indicator to energy intensity. The techniques can drive more accurate performance by considering more information than energy intensity. Despite the importance of measuring the energy efficiency of the enterprise unit, study on the energy efficiency measure at enterprise unit or business unit in Korea has rarely been studied so far. The reason for the lack of research on the issue is probably because the data of the enterprise energy consumption is not generally publicized. The purpose of this study is to measure the energy efficiency of the energy consumption industry in Korea based on the internal data of the Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute. We estimate energy efficiency of facilities in Energy Intensive Industries of Korea by Stochastic Frontier Model. Considering information and degree of freedom of the dataset, sophisticated model is not available. Therefore, this study benchmarked Stochastic Frontier Model proposed by Herrala & Goel (2012) which us one of the very simple model for greenhouse gas efficiency. The benchmarked part from Herrala & Goel (2012) is the functional form and variable selection of the regression equation. It is another matter to decide the technical way to estimation. In this study, time variable panel SFA modeling technique of Battese & Coelli (1992) is used for estimation. Energy Intensive Industries can be influenced by oil price shock; however, the time span of dataset of the study, 2013-2015, was a period in which the oil price fell sharply. If each firm's sensitivity to exogenous shocks such as oil price shocks, is different, time varying heterogeneity can be included in efficiency measure. Therefore, we control the oil shock heterogeneity using by oil price fluctuation as a proxy variable with facility specific coefficient based on the time varying panel SFA model of Battese & Coelli (1992). As a result, it was found that there were significant energy inefficiencies of firms in iron & steel, nonmetal, and chemical industries. However, there was no significant difference in energy efficiencies in firms in paper industry. The presence of inefficiency means that more energy is used under the same output. Although existence of a energy inefficiency is a negative sign, but it also means that there can be a chance to improve overall energy performance by improving inefficiency. The contribution of this study is in terms of statistical technique rather than finding a specific policy alternative. In particular, the time varying heterogeneity problem presented in this study is newly suggested in the efficiency related study. Policy implications can be found in that it serves as an important intermediate part of many analyzes, as is the case with energy intensity. The energy efficiency indicator proposed by us needs to be combined with a lot of information from individual companies in order to bring on a substantial policy implication; thus, a lot of follow-up research is needed.

미국의 에너지공급자효율향상의무화 제도에 관한 연구

김종천(Kim Jong Cheon) 중앙대학교 법학연구원 2014 法學論文集 Vol.38 No.1

The US Energy Efficiency Resource Standard(EERS) is also known as Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard(EEPS) or Energy Efficiency Commitment(EEC). The mechanism aims to produce, transport and use electricity and natural gases more effectively. EERS requires energy suppliers or distributors to reduce energy through customer energy efficiency programs based on a certain percentage and an increased percentage during a certain period of time or by annual and eventually implies the duty of reducing energy usage on consumers. This policy is similar in concept to Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). As energy efficiency facility can also reduce energy demand and greenhouse gases, EERS can be applied to a strategy for mitigating carbon pollution and climate change. In particular, many of the American programs carry out end-use energy efficiency programs to reduce a percentage of electricity and natural gases. As load growth across the country reaches approximately two percent each year, the reduced amount accounts for about fifty percent of load growth. Majority of the US states adopted Texas Public Utility Regulatory Act for energy efficiency. The Act provides provisions on energy efficiency targets, compliance of utility administrators, a way to recover energy efficiency costs, review and evaluation on program choices by the committee, energy efficiency for the state-run energy utilities, energy efficiency for electricity utilities, a project to prove energy efficiency for a solar power system, and writing a plan and a report on energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the Act provides provisions that a energy efficiency system under § 8. 2840 of CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES CODE should quote Waste Heat and Carbon Emissions Reduction Act. The Act provides provisions on the definition in regard of the energy efficiency system, confirmation of energy efficiency at combined heat and power plants and of waste heat, electricity fee for combined heat and power plants established by the committee, air quality fee and purchase condition, the establishment of a program on a combined heat and power plant system to reduce greenhouse gases by using waste heat that comes from electricity utilities providing to end-users in relevant areas, cost effectiveness of combined heat and power plants, Pay-As-You-Save Pilot Program, a combined heat and power plant guideline, a duty to report on greenhouse gases reduction from combined heat and power plants. Thus, the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard can play a critical role in reducing greenhouse gases and at the same time driving energy efficiency business from which we can learn. And EERS can contribute to reducing energy significantly and drive an investment in enhancing energy efficiency, which suggests a lot to consider for legislative research on Korea's energy demand.

대규모 정전사태 방지를 위한 에너지수요관리 법제도 개선 방안

김종천 ( Jong Cheon Kim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.1

The September 15, 2011 blackout incident proves the fact that Korea`s electricity demand overweighs electricity supply during every year`s winter and summer festivals. Thus, public demands the government (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy) to come up with more effective energy saving measures. The distorted price structure system that does not reflect current production price is highly criticized as being obstacles for energy-saving efforts. Wolsong nuclear power generator no.1 in Gyeongju has stopped due to malfunctioning in October and November of 2012. Also Yeonggwang Nuclear Power generator no.5 and no.6 in 1,000,000-kW class will be stop by the end of this year. During intensively cold period in this winter, Korea possibly will face a major blackout. In this respect, we must say that there is a limitation because existing regulation-oriented energy policy system cannot manage energy demand effectively. There are no applicable provisions regarding status of “public interest,” legal principles on the efficiency of Administrative law, and demand management, as constitutional basis and limit for energy demand management. Nevertheless, as constitutional basis and limit for energy demand management, policies regarding energy development can be derived (the Mining Law and Submarine Mineral Resources Development Act), energy demand management can be based on the Constitutional Law Article 37 Section 2. Since such legislation related to energy demand management policy may fall under restriction of fundamental rights, it should be consistent with principle of proportionality. However, regulating energy saving policy to energy consumer for energy demand management may constitutionally violate the individual freedom. For example, Rational Energy Utilization Act enforcement regulations Article 31 Section 2 requires that “standard for thermal limits of air conditioning and heating under Article 36 Section 2 Subsection 1(the “thermal limits”) are as follows: air conditioning: above 2 6℃ and heating: below 20 ℃, except for sales facilities and airport where air conditioning thermal limit shall be above 25℃.” In addition, requiring energy supplier to improve energy efficiency for energy demand management means limiting business occupation and therefore we should check whether it violates the principle of proportionality. It should be regarded as not conforming with principle of proportionality. As main content of Low Carbon Green Growth Act, there are fundamental principles such as energy policies (Article 39 Section 2), energy basic planning, and greenhouse gas energy target system. Building Act, for the purpose of energy demand management, legalized Green Building Certification Program, Intelligent Building Certification Program, vitalization of building environment friendly buildings and efficient energy usage of buildings, and Building Energy Efficiency Rating System (Energy Consumption Certification for real estate transactions). However, it was criticized for being under control of Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. This can be seen as the basis law for demand management program according to Rational Energy Utilization Act. In such law, there are many demand management systems such as energy use efficiency measure for national and provincial organizations and demand management investment plans of energy supplier, efficient energy consumption managing equipment labeling system, average energy consumption efficiency system and improvement order, standby power reduction product endorsing system, standby power reduction excellent product labelling system and preferential purchasing system, high efficiency energy equipment certifying system and preferential purchasing system, support system for energy service company, support system of companies which entered into agreements voluntarily, support system of energy management system, reporting system of energy glutton business and mandatory system of energy diagnosis, notification system of target energy consumption rate setting, utilization of waste heat, heat using machinery management - registration of certain heat using machinery, examination of machinery subject to inspection, appointment of operators for machinery subject to inspection, etc. Recently, developed countries have adopted several programs to strengthen energy demand management and they include: USA`s EERS, England`s EEC and CERT, EU`s efficiency management program for energy using machinery, Germany`s 2000 National Climate Protection Program enacted in 2005, Co2-building improvement and maintenance program enacted in 2001, Renewable Energy Law enacted in 2004, German Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Act (TEHG) enacted in 2007 and Energy Saving Regulation (EnEV) enactment, quota law, and Japan`s “Top-Runner System” for energy use rationalization. These programs have been adopted for the purpose of energy saving and thus provide many implications to Korean legislation. Therefore, for energy demand management, “improvement on energy efficiency obligation” system was included to Rational Energy Usage Law Article 9 Section 2. Also, following improvement plans were suggested: Top-Runner System adoption plan, “energy conservation stickers on electronics” adoption plan (Section 65 Subsection 2), and “Energy Storage System (ESS) and smart grid (intelligence power grid) construction scheme” for Building and Promoting Smart Grid Act, enacted on May 24, 2011.

MEASURING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES ACROSS 23 EU COUNTRIES

Georgia Makridou,Kostas Andriosopoulos,Michael Doumpos,Constantin Zopounidis 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.6

Energy demand is growing significantly in most countries and is expected to continue to expand-perhaps by 45% between now and 2030, and by more than 300% by the end of the century (Brown & Sovacool, 2012). Industry is generally the largest consumer of energy, currently consuming about 37% of the world’s total delivered energy, and the highest in energy-related CO2 emissions among the major sectors of energy use in an economy. Sadly enough, large amounts of energy consumed by industry are used inefficiently because of lack of awareness about proper energy management and weak energy policies and measures, among others. As a result, the industrial development across the world results in more energy use and leads to more concentration of greenhouse gases emissions. Hence, finding ways to increase energy efficiency in the industrial sector is highly important because the global climate and the region’s energy security depend on it. In this paper the efficiency trends of seven energy-intensive industries namely manufacturing, chemicals, electricity-gas and water supply, construction, mining and quarrying, machinery, and transport in 23 EU countries over the period 2000-2009 is analysed. The performance of the sectors is evaluated in terms of an input/output production framework described by capital stock, employment, total energy consumption, value added, and GHG emissions. On the methodological side, we use the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the relative efficiency of each industrial sector. DEA is a popular nonparametric efficiency analysis technique with many applications energy efficiency assessment (Sarica & Ilhan, 2007; Mukherjee, 2008; Azadeh, Amalnic, Ghaderi, & Asadzadeh, 2007). Given the panel nature of the considered data set, the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) is used to assess the trends in energy efficiency over time and to distinguish between the effect of efficiency change and technical change. At the second stage of our analysis, we focus on the analysis of the relationship between the energy efficiency estimates and a set of explanatory factors related to the structural characteristics of considered sectors and the countries. For most sectors MPI has been higher than 1 in most years, thus indicating an improving trend. This trend appears to be stronger in chemicals, electricity, machinery, and mining. In fact, electricity and mining have improved steadily since 2003-04. On the other hand, construction and transport exhibit fluctuations, but in most cases their MPI has been lower than 1. The observed efficiency changes reflected in the MPI could be the result of changes in technical efficiency (efficiency change) and/or in the underlying production technology (technology change). It is evident that most sectors have been driven by technology change. Overall it is apparent that improvements due to efficiency change have been modest at best (e.g., no more than 5-10%), whereas improvements due to changes in the best practices (technology factor) have been significant in most of the sectors. This study’s results not only provide a general evaluation of the investigated industries, but also facilitate various interesting efficiency comparisons, with respect to factors that have the highest explanatory power. Taking into account the results of this study, policy makers could identify the main steps that should be followed to improve each industry’s energy efficiency. Furthermore, the significance of each step can be measured, leading to more informed decisions in terms of priorities given.