프랜차이즈계약에서의 상권잠식의 법리

최영홍 ( Young Hong Choi ) 한국경쟁법학회 2014 競爭法硏究 Vol.30 No.-

As some of the franchise business sectors are mature, competition hasintensified and the issue of encroachment has come to the forefront. Encroachment is defined most often in terms of geographic competition whichis traditional. Traditional encroachment is the franchisor``s placement of a newcompany-owned or franchised unit too close to an existing one. As someindustry analyst would have said it, traditional encroachment has emerged tobe one of the most vexing, emotional and yet least understood franchisingproblem today. Whether encroachment has a negative impact on any individual franchisee is anempirical matter that depends on how customers react to this new option aswell as how the franchisor chooses to organize the distribution channel. Wecannot draw general conclusions on the effect of encroachment decisionsbased on a priori reasoning - the net effect on franchisees always depends onthe specific circumstances and methods involved. Whatever strategy is used,however, conflict between franchisees and their franchisor will emerge ifeither party feels constrained by the other, or finds that it is being unfairlytreated by the other. In general, whether the negative impact on sale or thepositive business generation effect dominates in any particular instance ofencroachment ultimately must be addressed on a case-by-case basis byfranchisors and their franchisees. Call for regulatory intervention must betempered by the recognition that encroachment is not as simple an issue assome proponents of legislative remedies suggest. There is currently no general doctrine to be applied to the disputes ofencroachment while actions regarding encroachment may be frequentlybrought in civil court from now on. Thus, when the franchise contractexpressly reserves to the franchisor the right to open outlets in closeproximity to franchisee``s units, the courts might well be unsympathetic to franchisees`` encroachment claims. Further, when the contract expressly deniesterritorial protection to the franchisee by stating that the franchise is limitedto the outlet``s address, but does not expressly reserve for the franchisor theright to open additional outlets nearby, courts again might well be generallyunsympathetic to claims of encroachment. Finally, when the contract fails toestablish the parties`` rights in unequivocal language, the facts of the case andthe franchisor``s representations and policies become more central.

가맹본부의 영업지역침해에 대한 규제

임영균(Lim, Young Kyun) 한국유통학회 2014 流通硏究 Vol.19 No.2

가맹본부가 가맹점의 영업지역을 침해하는 문제는 프랜차이즈 시스템이 성장하는 과정에서 흔히 발생한다. 영업지역침해는 가맹본부-가맹점간 심각한 갈등을 유발하며, 심한 경우 소송으로 이어져 막대한 비용 손실과 브랜드 평판의 하락, 나아가 시스템 전반의 안정과 성장에 영향을 큰 영향을 미친다. 가맹본부는 영업지역침해가 자신의 성장목표에 기여하는 긍정적 효과와 가맹점의 수익이나 시스템의 안정에 미치는 부정적 영향 간의 균형을 모색해야 한다. 본 연구는 2013년 개정된 가맹사업법이 가맹본부의 영업지역침해에 대한 규제를 강화한 것을 계기로 영업지역침해의 문제를 해결하기 위한 바람직한 방향을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 영업지역침해에 대한 정의와 형태를 살펴보고 있으며, 영업지역침해의 위법성에 대한 법원의 판단, 개정법에서의 규제 내용과 문제점, 영업지역침해에 따른 갈등의 합리적 해결방안 등을 다루고 있다. 본 연구는 영업지역침해의 문제를 해결함에 있어 입법적 접근이 한계를 지니고 있는 것으로 보고 있다. 본 연구는 자율규제의 관점에서 영업지역침해의 문제를 다루는 것이 바람직한 것으로 보고 있다. 자율규제의 제도적 방안으로는 가맹본부 차원의 갈등해결 정책 개발과 제도 운영, 배타적 영업지역 권리와 관련된 내용 및 손실 보상 절차와 방법의 정보공개서와 계약서에의 명시, 협회 차원의 합리적 분쟁 해결 절차 마련, 분쟁 조정 및 중재를 위한 자율조정프로그램의 개발 및 운영 등을 제시하고 있다. 이들 방안은 영업지역침해에 의한 가맹본부의 평판 훼손, 소송에 따른 비용 부담, 시스템내 불만 상승 및 사기 저하, 나아가 시스템의 붕괴를 방지하고 갈등을 합리적으로 해결하는 한편, 가맹본부-가맹점간 협력적 관계를 조성하는 데 실질적인 도움을 줄 수 있는 것으로 기대되고 있다. Territorial encroachment problems are common to most franchise systems approaching maturity in their life-cycle. Encroachment, because of its destructive effects on franchisee sales, brings in serious conflicts between franchisor and its franchisees. It sometimes leads to time-consuming disputes incurring huge legal costs, damages the reputation of the franchise brand, and ultimately threats the stability and growth of the franchise system. For this reason, most franchisors seek to balance their desire for system growth and the negative effects on franchisee profitability and the system stability. This study purports to explore constructive solutions for the encroachment problem in Korean franchise industry. It undergoes enormous restrictions on the encroachment practices by the recently renewed Franchise Law of the Korea Fair Trade Commission(KFTC). The author discusses the various definitions and forms of encroachment, and reviews the judicial decisions addressing the illegality of encroachment practices, mostly in terms of the applicability of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Next the author raises some critics on current harsh restrictions imposed by the regulatory agency. Finally, based on the extant research and the legal theories, the author suggests some directions for resolving encroachment-related conflicts in a constructive way. Basically this study insists that legislative and regulatory approaches to the issue of encroachment are not desirable because the issue falls within the realm of franchisor’s strategic choice. It is believed that these approaches are not firm-specific, thus failing to protect franchisees effectively. Rather, it is recommended that franchisor’s institutionalized self-regulatory efforts are more appropriate for resolving encroachment problems. These efforts include the development of dispute settlement policies and operating programs, a clear and concrete specification of the exclusive territorial rights in the Franchise Disclosure Document, and the development of industry-wide self-regulation programs including the mediation and arbitration programs initiated by the franchise association. It is expected that these efforts will help franchisors resolve conflicts with minimal legal costs and franchisee complaints and maintain the systems with collaborative and successful relationships with their franchisees.

영업지역 보호규정의 운용상 쟁점

이혁 한국경제법학회 2014 경제법연구 Vol.13 No.3

The Korea Fair Franchising Act, (hereinafter, “KFFA”) came into force on August 14, 2014. and especially for the exclusive territories, the revised KFFA Article 12(1)3 clarifies that franchisor’s restraint on a franchisee’s territorial boundary is an unfair transaction and shall be prohibited. Encroachment is the phenomenon that the franchisor has authorized a new franchise or established a company-owned unit within an existing franchisee’s territory. As a result of franchising market maturity, the issue of encroachment has come to the forefront. Although encroachment is defined traditionally in terms of geographic competition, alternative channels through supermarket, kiosk, multibrand and so on has became the issue of encroachment. The advent of the Internet has raise the possibility of virtual encroachment. Although the franchisor should abide by territorial exclusivity, the compelling for a franchisee to comply the stated territories is regarded as an unfair transaction and are subject to penalty or necessary corrective measures. Legislation of KFFA should be revised in the respect of a mutual relationship between franchisor and franchisee, for the promotion of consumer welfare, and for national economic development. 영업지역침해(encroachment)는 가맹본부가 기존 가맹점사업자의 영업지역에 직영점 혹은 새로운 가맹점을 개설하여 가맹점사업자와 경쟁관계에 들어가는 관행을 의미하는데, 가맹산업이 성숙기(maturity)에 접어들고 시장이 포화상태(market saturation)에 이르면 본격적으로 문제된다. 프랜차이즈 계약의 특성상 영업지역 침해로 가맹점사업자는 브랜드 간(inter-brand) 경쟁뿐 아니라 브랜드 내(intra-brand) 경쟁에 시달리게 되어 시장에서 퇴출될 수 있다는 점에서, 이를 규제하려는 미연방법차원의 입법화 시도가 있었으나 최종적으로는 모두 실패하였고, 다만 일부 주법에서 이를 규정하고 있을 뿐이다. 우리 가맹사업법은 법 제12조의4(부당한 영업지역 침해금지)를 신설하여 모든 유형의 가맹사업에 있어 가맹계약 체결 시 가맹본부로 하여금 영업지역 설정 및 침해금지를 의무화하였다. 이는 사전적 행태규제로서 비교법적으로 유래가 없고 당사자의 사적자치를 제약할 뿐 아니라 자칫 시장을 분할하여 독점을 초래할 수 있는 경쟁법상 문제를 안고 있다고 할 것이다. 신설된 영업지역 보호규정의 운영상 발생할 수 있는 쟁점은 우선 영업지역의 의미에 관한 것이다. 본래 영업지역침해는 전통적으로 지리적 개념을 전제로 출발하였으나, 최근 상품의 유통망이 다변화되면서, 슈퍼마켓, kiosk, 편의점은 물론 인터넷, sns 및 소셜커머스 등과 같은 가상(virtual) 공간에서의 온라인 유통채널이 발전하면서 비전통적인(non-traditional) 방식의 영업지역침해로가 주요한 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 따라서 분쟁을 사전에 예방하기 위해서는 가맹계약체결 시 지리적 상권뿐만 아니라 인터넷을 비롯하여 모든 대안적 유통방식(alternative distribution)에 대해서도 명시적인 조항을 마련해야 할 것이다. (구)가맹사업법상 영업지역 침해금지는 불공정거래행위의 한 유형이었으나, 개정 가맹사업법에서는 제12조의4의 독립적 조문으로 규정되었는데, 법 개정 전 위법성 판단기준이 개정법에도 적용될 수 있을지 문제된다. 법 개정 후 1년의 유예기간에도 불구하고 영업지역 침해에 관한 시행령이나 가이드라인이 마련되지 못하였다는 점에서, 법의 해석․적용과정에서 법적 안정성을 해칠 우려가 제기되는 것이다. Iowa 주법은 기존 가맹점사업자의 점포와 불합리하게 근접한 지역(unreasonable proximity)에서 새로운 점포를 개설하여 기존의 가맹점 매출에 부정적인 영향을 미쳤을 경우 손해배상을 청구할 수 있는 요건과 절차를 상세히 규정하고 있다는 점에서 우리 법운용에 참고할 수 있을 것이다. 영업지역 보호의 강화에 대응하여, 가맹계약 갱신 시 협의를 통해 영업지역을 조정할 수 있도록 규정하였으나, 가맹점사업자에게 10년의 갱신청구권이 보장되고 만일 협의가 이루어지지 못할 경우 별다른 절차가 마련되어 있지 아니하였다는 점에서 실효성에 의문이 제기된다. 한편 영업지역 침해는 가맹점사업자에 의해서도 발생할 수 있는데, 이를 막기 위해 가맹점사업자에게 영업지역을 준수하도록 강제하는 것은 구속조건부 거래로서 불공정거래행위에 해당된다. 이러한 가맹점사업자가 상호 간의 영업지역 침해는 원칙적으로 허용되는 것으로 민사상 채무불이행 혹은 불법행위책임의 영역에서 제3자 채권침해 문제로 다루어진다. 가맹사업의 특성상 관계특유투자(relationship-specific investment)가 크므로 가맹본부의 투기적 남용행위로부터 가맹점사...

Myofascial Release improved Regional Kyphosis in a 20-year-old Female patient with Cervical Neuroforaminal Encroachment: A Case Report

( Song-i Han ),( Jae-man Park ) 대한물리의학회 2020 대한물리의학회지 Vol.15 No.1

PURPOSE: This paper describes the effects of the myofascial release (MFR) approach in a 20-year-old female patient with neuroforaminal encroachment and regional kyphosis in the cervical area, who also had neck pain. METHODS: A 20-year-old female presented with the chief complaint of neck pain while studying with a level of seven on the rating analogue scale (RAS) and was not taking any drugs or undergoing treatment for the control of neck pain prior to visiting. The cervical radiograph demonstrated neuroforaminal encroachment from C4-5. The patient showed 3.5° kyphosis at C4-5 and 22.9° lordosis at C2-7 according to the Harrison posterior tangent method. The anterior head translation (AHT) was 13.9mm. She reported pain of RAS 5 at the scapular medial border while rotating her neck in the left direction and flexing forward. The patient was treated a total 16 times, three times/week for six weeks using the MFR approach. RESULTS: After the treatment sessions, studying without pain was possible for approximately two hours, but after approximately two hours of studying, she experienced pain of RAS 6 and a stiff feeling in front of the neck. Neuroforaminal encroachment was not detected in the radiographs taken after applying MFR. Improvement of C4-5 kyphosis was noted (from 3.5° kyphosis to 3.8° lordosis). AHT was decreased by 13.6 mm (from 13.9 mm to 0.3 mm). The pain with motion had disappeared. CONCLUSION: The MFR approach in this patient with neuroforaminal encroachment could reduce the pain related to motion and restore the regional cervical lordosis.

요추부 추간판 탈출증의 보존적 치료 결과 - 척추관의 1/3이상을 침범한 추간판 탈출증에 대한 전향적 연구 -

신병준,이재철,이호형,장해동 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Study Design: Prospective study. Objectives: To investigate the clinical results of conservative treatment for mid-to-large lumbar disc herniation diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the factors influencing treatment. Summary of Literature Review: There is limited information regarding the clinical results of conservative treatment for lumbar disc herniation. The recent studies using MRI have suggested favorable treatment results. Materials and Methods: The study subjects were 39 cases of herniated disc patients with over a 1/3 spinal canal encroachment -- based on MRI -- that were followed up for at least 1 year. The average age was 42.6-years-old (range of 12-76 years-old), and the average follow-up period was 28 months. The neurological deficit and the visual analogue scale (VAS) of back pain and radiating pain at the time of initial diagnoses and final follow-ups were compared, and the clinical results were evaluated based Kim & Kim’s criteria. Results: Although 4 of the 39 patients needed to undergo surgery during the follow-up period, 33 of the remaining 35 patients showed satisfactory (excellent and good ratings) results: 27 excellent, 6 good, 2 fair, i.e., a 85% (33 out of 39) satisfactory results. Of the 14 cases that had neurological defect at the initial diagnosis, only 1 case needed surgery, thereby resulting in a 93% (13 out of 14) satisfactory result. There were no statistically significant correlations among the degree of spinal canal encroachment and other factors such as age, sex, herniation type, and neurological deficit at initial diagnosis, and the clinical results at the final follow-up, conversion to surgery during follow-up, and remaining pains. Conclusions: The clinical results of conservative treatment in lumbar disc herniation were satisfactory even in cases of high degree of spinal canal encroachment. Therefore, conservative treatment of lumbar disc herniation should be considered first before resorting to surgical treatment. Key Words: Lumbar Disc Herniation, Conservative Treatment, MRI, Spinal Canal Encroachment

감자기업의 주가동향:일반투자자들의 관점

이유태 한국재무관리학회 2006 財務管理硏究 Vol.23 No.2

축상 및 시상면 재건 전산화 단층촬영 영상을 이용한 흉요추부 방출성 골절의 척추강내 골편 감입 측정

김진호,전창훈,정남수,임오경,노형래 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Study Design: A retrospective study. Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of axial and sagittal-reconstructed CT images in the evaluation of spinal canal encroachment by thoracolumbar burst fractures. Summary of Literature Review: The dimensions of spinal canal encroachment by burst fractures have been described using axial CT images in the thoracolumbar region and sagittal-reconstructed images in the lower cervical region. However, the validity and reliability,depending on the measuring method, have not been fully evaluated. Materials and Methods: A hundred and ninety-nine patients, who had diagnosed as a thoracolumbar burst fracture, were included in this study. Three orthopedic surgeons independently measured the canal encroachment of the burst fragment in the axial CT images and the sagittal-reconstructed images using the ratio of spinal length (method 1) and the ratio of area (method 2). The validity for the evaluation of the deformity and fracture stability was evaluated. In addition, the reliability of each method was assessed. Results: Sixty-seven stable burst fractures and 132 unstable burst fractures were assessed. The mean kyphotic angle of stable and unstable burst fracture were 11.89 ± 8.49°and 15.90 ± 9.63°(P=0.005). The mean canal encroachment ratios of stable fracture were 17.21 ± 15.82 % (axial-method 1), 16.71 ±16.49 % (axial-method 2), 19.54 ± 17.03 % (sagittal reconstructed-method 1), and 11.75 ± 12.33% (sagittal reconstructed-method 2). The mean canal encroachment ratios of unstable fracture were 31.54 ± 17.10 % (axial-method 1), 29.67 ± 18.47 % (axial-method 2), 28.53 ± 18.60 % (sagittal reconstructed-method 1), and 21.20 ± 15.11 % (sagittal reconstructedmethod 2). There was no relationship between the fracture deformity and the canal encroachment ratio in all 4 methods. All ratios in the 4 method showed significant differences in the evaluation of fracture stability. All methods except method 1 in the sagittal-reconstructed images showed significant differences in the assessment of neurologic compromise. Conclusions: The measurement of a canal encroachment area using axial and sagittal-reconstructed images was valid in the description of fracture stability. Key Words: Thoracolumbar, Burst fracture, Canal encroachment, Computed tomography

CANNIBALIZATION AND SYNERGY: INVESTIGATING STORE-LEVEL AND CUSTOMER-LEVEL OUTCOMES OF FRANCHISE ENCROACHMENT

Kyowon Seo,Junbeom Kim,Seongsoo Jang 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2023 No.07

Adding new stores close to incumbent franchisees, or franchise encroachment, has been a contentious issue in the marketplace. Prior studies on the encroachment effect focus mainly on the store-level cannibalization, lacking the understanding of customer-level post-encroachment outcomes. The authors investigate individual-level transaction data from a cluster of bakery franchise stores to quantify the franchise encroachment effect at store- and individual-levels with store and customer heterogeneity. Our results show that incumbents experience a decrease in sales, and the extent of the lost sales is attenuated by the distance between incumbent and new stores and the size of incumbents’ product assortment. The individual-level analysis reveals that three customer segments exhibit different post-encroachment shopping behaviors: (1) patronizing incumbents only, (2) patronizing both incumbent and new stores, and (3) completely switching to new stores. While the second segment increases the post-encroachment overall spending, the third segment contributes to both cannibalization to incumbents and higher sales to the franchisor. Our findings offer managerial implications of how to manage franchise encroachment with context-dependency and customer segmentation in terms of maximizing overall franchise performance.

개정 가맹사업법상 영업지역 침해금지에 관한 연구

이혁 한국경영법률학회 2014 經營法律 Vol.24 No.3

Korea Fair Franchising Act, (hereinafter, "KFFA") was revised on August 13, 2013, the statute No. 12094 and will come into force on February 14, 2014. The enactment of the Enforcement Decree of KFFA followed on February 14, 2014, the statute No 25175. The revised KFFA contains various new clauses for adapting itself to new social and economic circumstances. The most important clause in the revised KFFA is an exclusive sales territory protection clause. This article deals with the system and issues of Companies Act contained in the revised KFFA. Franchise Encroachment has been one of the most vital legal debates in the field of Korea franchise law. Encroachment is the phenomenon in which the franchisor establishes a new franchise unit in unreasonable proximity to its existing franchisee. Over the years, there has been much debates whether encroachment should be restricted by law. In the revised KFFA, franchisor must contractually guarantee a franchisee an exclusive sale territory where the franchisor neither establishes a company-owned unit nor authorizes a new franchise unit in unreasonable proximity to its existing franchisee. The strong protection clause is good for franchisee but not for consumer welfare. Because encroachment enhances consumer welfare by increasing price and service competition. So the revised KFFA and the Enforcement Decree thereof still has a number of systematic and analytical problems. These problems arose mainly due to the lack of empirical economic analysis and review of the legislations before their revision. I hope meaningful progress in these revised KFFA discussion.

프랜차이즈 영업지역 보호와 제한되지 않는 배달상권과의 충돌

이수덕 한국프랜차이즈경영학회 2020 프랜차이즈경영연구 Vol.11 No.1

Propose: The expansion of the delivery market in franchise business is a positive means of advertising and promotion for franchisees and contributes to substantial sales growth for stores. However, unrestricted and uncontrolled delivery sales and business activity of franchisee directly lead to encroachment of business territory between franchisees, resulting in increased operating costs of franchisees and conflicts between franchisees over rights and interests on franchise business. Moreover, in relation to the restrictions on the opening of competitors, it is incapacitating the law intent of prohibiting unfair encroachment of business territory, in the issue of the Fair Franchise Act in regard to guarantee of exclusive sales and business activity rights of franchisee. This study aims to point out major problems arising out of franchisee's infinite competition on delivery sales and business activity that are not restricted or controlled and then suggest legal supplements, policy tasks, and practical implications for improvement on the issues. Literature Review: In franchising business transactions, vertical restraints are associated with the exclusive territory establishment, control of transaction area, restriction of intangible sales and business activity of franchisee. Therefore, in the franchise business, it is necessary to take positive interpretation and application on e-commerce, the area of e-commerce, and delivery trading area and find proper and practical ways, by virtue of constructive attitude of each actor, to reduce the encroachment of business territory and various conflicts caused by unrestricted delivery trading area. Conclusion and suggestion: The finding shows that unrestricted or uncontrolled delivery sales and business activity of franchisees cause encroachment of business territory and many conflicts among franchisees. And this matters also weaken the legislation of the law on the protection of the business territory and can be negative factors that disrupt the protection of identity and sound development of the franchise industry in the long run. Therefore, in the franchise business, it is necessary to take positive interpretation and application on e-commerce, the area of e-commerce, and delivery trading area and find proper and practical ways, by virtue of constructive attitude of each actor, to reduce the encroachment of business territory and various conflicts caused by unrestricted delivery trading area.