Is Job Insecurity Worse for Mental Health Than Having a Part-time Job in Canada?

Kim, Il-Ho,Choi, Cyu-Chul,Urbanoski, Karen,Park, Jungwee,Kim, Jiman The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2021 예방의학회지 Vol.54 No.2

Objectives: A growing number of people depend on flexible employment, characterized by outsider employment status and perceived job insecurity. This study investigated whether there was a synergistic effect of employment status (full-time vs. part-time) and perceived job insecurity on major depressive disorder. Methods: Data were derived from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health of 12 640 of Canada's labor force population, aged 20 to 74. By combining employment status with perceived job insecurity, we formed four employment categories: full-time secure, full-time insecure, part-time secure, and part-time insecure. Results: Results showed no synergistic health effect between employment status and perceived job insecurity. Regardless of employment status (full-time vs. part-time), insecure employment was significantly associated with a high risk of major depressive disorder. Analysis of the interaction between gender and four flexible employment status showed a gender-contingent effect on this link in only full-time insecure category. Men workers with full-time insecure jobs were more likely to experience major depressive disorders than their women counterparts. Conclusions: This study's findings imply that perceived job insecurity may be a critical factor for developing major depressive disorder, in both men and women workers.

학원 강사의 일자리 요인이 고용불안정성에 미치는 영향 - 노동시장의 이중화 이론을 중심으로 -

이성철 서강대학교 생명문화연구소 2022 생명연구 Vol.65 No.-

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of tutoring center instructors' job factors on employment insecurity. To this end, an empirical analysis was performed on the employment insecurity of tutoring center instructors based on the dual labor market theory by conducting a survey. In order to achieve the research objectives, a survey was performed with 215 tutoring center instructors with more than one year of teaching experience. The results of analyzing are as follows: first, there was no statistically significant difference in the research subjects' employment insecurity according to their personal factors, while a significant difference was found depending on their professional experience and lecture subjects. Second, the job factors of the tutoring center instructors were found to affect their employment insecurity: employment insecurity was higher in instructors with a lower wage, those working at a smaller institution, and those without employment insurance. In other words, tutoring center instructors who work at a small institute for a low wage without social benefits such as employment insurance show higher employment insecurity. This indicates that the dual structure of the job market is also applied to the occupational group of tutoring center instructors. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to tutoring center instructors working at smaller institutions for a lower wage and to provide expanded employment insurance programs for tutoring centers. 본 연구는 학원 강사의 일자리 요인이 고용불안정성에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 노동시장의 이중화 이론을 중심으로 학원 강사의 고용불안정성에 대한 이론적 접근과 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 한 실증적 분석을 통하여 학원 강사의 고용불안정성에 영향을 미치는 일자리 요인들을 탐색하였고, 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 경력 1년 이상의 학원 강사를 대상으로 설문조사(215명)를 수행하여 자료를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 학원 강사의 개인적 요인과 고용불안정성은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없었고, 학원 강사 경력과 강의 과목에 따른 고용불안정성은 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학원 강사의 일자리 요인은 고용불안정성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 저임금일수록, 학원 규모가 작을수록, 고용보험에 미가입되어 있을 때 고용불안정성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 소규모 학원에서 저임금을 받고 근무하는, 고용보험과 같은 사회보험에서 배제되는 경우 학원 강사의 고용불안정성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났고 이는 고용시장의 이중화 구조가 학원 강사 직군에도 적용되고 있다는 것을 나타낸다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이를 개선하기 위해 특히 소규모 학원에서 저임금으로 근무하는 학원 강사에 대한 관심이 필요하며, 학원 대상으로 고용보험 가입 확대 노력 등 정책적 노력이 필요하다.

COVID-19 상황에서 여행업 종사자의 고용불안 경험에 관한 근거이론 연구

이진희,김남조 한국관광학회 2021 관광학연구 Vol.45 No.3

Based on the grounded theory, this study examined the experience of employment insecurity of travel industry workers during the COVID-19. In-depth interviews were conducted with travel industry workers who experienced employment insecurity after COVID-19. We conducted the theoretical sampling until the data achieved the satuaration. The data were continuously reviewed by experts during the analysis processes and NVivo 12 was used to manage and analyze the data. In the open coding process, we found total of 118 concepts, 30 sub-categories, and 12 categories related to employment insecurity of travel industry during the COVID-19. The findings suggest that casual condition was turned out to be ‘tourism crisis caused by COVID-19', contextual conditions were ’industrial structure vulnerable to external factors’, ‘insufficient employment policy’ and ‘digitalization of the tourism industry’ The phenomenon was 'experience of employment insecurity of travel industry workers' and the intervening condition were 'psychological change', 'low work capacity of human resources' and 'limited turnover opportunities'. The action and interaction were 'search and utilize of employment policy', 'k-quarantine and a system-based HRM' and 'establishment of tourism employment safety net'. The consequence was 'improvement of the tourism employment structure in the New Normal Era'. In the selective coding stage, the core category was found to be 'improvement of the tourism employment structure in the New Normal Era according to tourism employment insecurity'. 이 연구는 근거이론을 기반으로 COVID-19 상황에서 여행업 종사자의 고용불안 경험에 대하여 논의하였다. 표본은 COVID-19 발생 이후 고용불안을 경험한 여행업 종사자를 선정하였다. 선행연구에서 고찰한 여행업 구조체계를 고려하여 이론적 표본추출을 하였다. 심층면접을 진행한 결과, 15명으로부터 자료를 수집할 수 있었다. 수집된 자료는 분석과정에서 지속해서 전문가 검토 과정을 거쳤으며, NVivo 12를 이용하여 관리・분석하였다. 개방코딩에서 118개의 개념, 30개의 하위범주와 12개의 상위범주를 발견하였다. 인과적 조건은 ‘COVID-19로 인한 관광위기’로 밝혀졌으며, 맥락적 조건은 ‘외부요인에 취약한 산업구조’, ‘미비한 고용정책’과 ‘관광산업의 디지털화’로 나타났다. 중심현상은 ‘여행업 종사자의 고용불안 경험’으로 밝혀졌으며, 중재적 조건은 ‘심리적 변화’, ‘인적자원의 낮은 업무 역량’과 ‘이직 노력과 한계’가 도출되었다. 이에 따른 작용/상호작용 전략은 ‘고용정책 탐색 및 활용’, ‘K방역과 시스템 기반 인적자원관리’ 그리고 ‘관광 고용안전망 구축’으로 나타났다. 결과는 ‘뉴노멀시대의 관광 고용구조 개선’으로 분석되었다. 선택코딩 단계에서 핵심범주는 ‘관광 고용불안 대처행동에 따른 뉴노멀시대의 관광 고용구조 개선’으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구는 COVID-19 상황에서 여행업 종사자의 고용불안 경험과 인지 및 대처행동에 대한 이론적 초석을 다졌다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 여행업 종사자의 실질적인 요구를 파악하였다는 점에서 정책수립에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으리라 기대된다.

직장인의 직무불안정성과 창업의도의 관계 경로 연구: 수정 창업이벤트모델을 중심으로

안은주,양동우 대한경영학회 2022 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.35 No.9

The current social and business environment is deteriorating further due to the change in social structure caused by the 4th Industrial Revolution and the impact of COVID-19. Accordingly, the trend of revitalizing start-ups to create jobs and promote national growth by fostering start-up companies is being further emphasized. This study attempted to identify the route to induce middle-aged office workers who are forced to involuntary retirement and are exposed to job insecurity environments even though they have abundant experience and capabilities to start-ups. To this end, a research model was established based on the adjusted shapero’s entrepreneurial event model (ASEE) in consideration of the actual employment and start-up environment. In this study, it was confirmed whether the interaction between job insecurity and employability strengthens entrepreneurial intentions and what is the mechanism to explain the moderating effect of employability. Through this study, it was intended to contribute to derive a virtuous cycle structure of job creation and economic growth by revitalizing the start-up of office workers with specialized knowledge, skills, attitudes, experience, and networks. Summarizing the results of this study, first, it was found that the interaction between job insecurity and employability of office workers strengthens entrepreneurial intentions. Second, it was confirmed that the interaction between job insecurity and employability of office workers strengthens entrepreneurial in- tentions through perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. Third, it was confirmed that job insecurity of non-regular workers, perceived feasibility and employability of 50 years or older, and employability of those with more than 10 years of experience were high. Also, it was confirmed that perceived desirability and feasibility and entrepreneurial intentions of men were high.Therefore, in order to induce office workers with abundant capabilities to become entrepreneurs, it is necessary to strengthen their employability, start-up confidence, and positive perception of starting a business through job training and practical start-up education for non-regular workers. Middle-aged office workers who are forced to voluntarily retire despite their employability and confidence in implementing start-ups should expand support for start-ups such as in-house venture start-ups, senior start-ups, and hybrid start-ups. This will help them positively perceive and challenge start-ups. In addition, it is necessary to increase awareness of start-ups and systematically help prepare for start-ups by expanding job education, start-up education and support for women-specific start-ups for women. 4차 산업혁명으로 인한 사회구조의 변화와 COVID-19의 영향이 맞물리면서 최근의 사회 및 경영환경은 더욱 악화하고 있다. 이에 창업기업을 육성함으로써 일자리를 창출하고 국가 성장을 꾀하려는 창업 활성화 기조가 더욱 강조되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 풍부한 경력과 역량을 보유했음에도 비자발적 퇴직에 내몰리며 직무불안정 환경에 노출되고 있는 직장인을 창업자로 유도하는 경로를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 현실의 고용 및 창업환경을 고려하여 수정 창업이벤트모델(ASEE)을 기반으로 직무불안정성과 고용가능성의 상호작용이 창업의도를 강화하는지, 고용가능성의 조절효과를 설명하는 기제가 무엇인지를 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 전문지식·기술·태도·경험·네트워크를 보유한 직장인의 창업 활성화를 꾀함으로써, 일자리 창출 및 경제성장의 선순환 구조를 도출하는데 기여하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약해 보면 첫째, 직장인의 직무불안정성과 고용가능성의 상호작용은 창업의도를 강화하는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 직장인의 직무불안정성과 고용가능성의 상호작용이 지각된 소망성 및 지각된 실현가능성을 통해 창업의도를 강화하는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 비정규직의 직무불안정성, 50세 이상의 지각된 실현가능성 및 고용가능성, 근무경력 10년 이상의 고용가능성, 남성의 지각된 소망성 및 지각된 실현가능성 그리고 창업의도가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 풍부한 역량을 보유한 직장인을 창업자로 유도하기 위해서는 먼저 비정규직 직장인을 대상으로는 직무교육과 실전 창업교육을 확대해 고용가능성과 창업자신감 및 창업에 관한 긍정적 지각을 강화할 필요가 있다. 고용가능성과 창업 실행 자신감이 있음에도 비자발적 퇴직에 내몰리고 있는 중장년 직장인을 대상으로는 사내벤처창업, 시니어창업, 하이브리드창업 등의 창업지원을 확대해 창업을 긍정적으로 지각하고 도전할 수 있도록 지원할 필요가 있다. 또한 여성을 대상으로 직무교육과 창업 역량 강화를 위한 창업 교육 그리고 여성 특화 창업지원의 규모를 확대해 창업인식을 제고하고 창업 준비를 체계적으로 도울 필요가 있다.

The Influence of Job Insecurity on Employees’ Voice Behavior: Focused on the Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment and the Moderating Effect of Perceived Employability

윤소용,정수진 한국경영교육학회 2019 경영교육연구 Vol.34 No.6

[Purpose]This study aims to verify the effect of job insecurity on voice behavior, the mediating effect of affective commitment and the moderating effect of perceived employability. [Methodology]Base on theoretical research, this study puts forward 3 key research hypotheses and established a research model. Data were collected from employees in China by the survey method and SPSS & AMOS programs were used to test the hypotheses of the research model. [Findings]Job loss insecurity, human capital job feature insecurity and work condition job feature insecurity are both significantly and negatively related to employees’ voice behavior. Affective commitment plays a mediating role between job insecurity and voice behavior and perceived employability plays a moderating role on the relationship between job insecurity and voice behavior. [Implications]Managers should pay attention to the negative impact of job insecurity, especially job feature loss insecurity, and improve employees’ affective commitment and perceived employability by offering skills training for employees or taking other management measures.

직장인의 직무불안정성이 창업의도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 고용가능성의 조절효과를 중심으로

안은주,양동우 중소벤처기업연구원 2021 중소기업정책연구 Vol.6 No.3

The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderated effect of employability in the relationship between job insecurity and entrepreneurial intention of an office worker. Job-related knowledge, skills, and attitudes accumulated throughout work life are not only the acquisition and maintenance of career opportunity, but also the core capabilities for successful start-up. Nevertheless, the quality of life of many office workers is deteriorating due to job insecurity. Therefore, it was intended to clarify the moderating effect of employability, which is the competency necessary for obtaining, maintaining, moving, and creating employment, through empirical analysis. Through this, it was intended to contribute to revitalizing start-ups, improving employment indicators, and deriving a virtuous cycle of national economic growth by inducing competent office workers who are driven to job insecurity to become entrepreneurs. To summarize the results of this study, first, it was confirmed that job insecurity of office worker raises the entrepreneurial intention. Second, it has been confirmed that the employability of office worker increases the entrepreneurial intention. Third, the higher the employability of office worker, it has been confirmed the positive moderated effect in the relationship between job insecurity and entrepreneurial intention. Fourth, it was confirmed that men had higher start-up intentions than women, higher job insecurity of non-regular workers than regular workers, and higher employability over 50 years of age than under 50 years of age. Therefore, in order to attract capable office workers to entrepreneurs, it is necessary to expand job and competency education to strengthen the employability of non-regular office workers. In addition, there is a need to strengthen support for start-up education and commercialization to revitalize start-ups for middle-aged office workers, and support for start-up such as senior start-up, hybrid start-up, and in-house venture start-up. If this strengthens the entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial behaviors of non-regular workers and middle-aged workers, it is expected to lead to quantitative and qualitative growth of start-ups, contributing to improving the survival and success rate of start-ups.

COVID-19 사태로 인한 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성이 고용불안에 미치는 영향

조충경(Joe, Choonggyeong),양위주(Yhang, Wiijoo) 대한관광경영학회 2021 觀光硏究 Vol.36 No.7

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 사태가 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성이 어떻게 나타나는지 검증한 뒤, 정서적 불안정성과 고용불안에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 Oliver & Simons(2004)의 ALS(Affective Lability Scales)를 적용하였다. 연구결과에 이하면, 정서적 불안정성은 불안/우울증 , 분노 , 우울증/감소 등 3개 요인으로 구분되었으며, 항공사 승무원의 정서적 불안정성과 고용불안과의 인과관계에서 불안/우울증 과 우울증/우울증 은 주요 변수로 나타났지만, 분노 요인은 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 COVID-19 사태와 같은 팬데믹 확산은 일반대중의 정서적 불안정성을 야기시키며, 관광산업 가운데 항공산업에도 어려움을 미치고 있지만, 항공산업에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 부족한 것에 착안하였다. 연구결과에 따르면, 그 항공사와 임원은 직원들이 과도한 고용불안을 느끼지 않도록 노력하고 정서적 안정 프로그램, 상담, 교육 등 지속적인 관리를 수행해야 함을 알 수 있다. 본 연구결과는 항공사 직원을 대상으로 한 경험적 연구이므로 향후 항공산업의 종사하는 승무원의 효과적인 인적자원관리에 기여할 것이다. The purpose of this study is to verify how the airline employees affective lability appears due to the outbreak of COVID-19, to confirm the relationship between the affective lability and employment insecurity. Oliver & Simons(2004)’ ALS(Affective Lability Scales) was applied to this research and then anxiety/depression , anger , and depression/elation was selected to check affective lability, and then the relationship to employment insecurity was verified. The results of this study suggested that the leading variables affecting the employment insecurity of airline employees were anxiety/depressed and depressed/elations , but the anger factor did not affect it. This study is based on the situation in which the public’s affective labilities and many difficulties on industries were due to COVID-19 outbreak. But little research has been done on airline industry caused by the pandemic spread. Therefore, airlines and executives should try to ensure that their employees do not feel excessive employment insecurity and to carry out continuous management such as affective stability programs, counseling, educations, etc. This study will contribute to an effective human resource management in the aviation industry by conducting an empirical analysis for airline employees.

특급 호텔의 고용환경 변화 요인이 조리사의 직무 불안정성과 경력 몰입 인식에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

윤혜현(Hye Hyun Yoon),곽다영(Da Young Gwak),박정환(Jeong Hwan Park) 한국조리학회 2011 한국조리학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of the changed employment environment in full-time cooks at deluxe hotels on job insecurity and career commitment. Based on total 389 hotel cooks obtained from an empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of a research model and verified total 2 hypotheses with the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships of the model were tested using a structural equation model(SEM). The SEM results show that layoff(β=0.326), an organization structure(β=0.237), irregular workers(β=0.200) among changed employment environment have a significantly positive effect on job insecurity. Also, job insecurity has a significantly positive effect on career commitment. Accordingly, the changed employment environment in workers at deluxe hotels causes job insecurity, making them try harder to stay in an organization. Therefore, motivation is needed for employees` career commitment because the better job insecurity is managed, the more career commitment they have.

The Structural Relationship between Employment Insecurity and Turnover Intention of Beauty Industry Employees

신은정,권기한 동아시아경상학회 2023 The East Asian Journal of Business Economics Vol.11 No.2

Purpose – This research paper empirically analyzes the effect of changes in the employment environment due to the 4th industrial revolution on the turnover intention of cosmetic employers and employees and seeks the necessary measures for job instability in the industrial field. Research design, data, and methodology – A self-report questionnaire was conducted on 513 cosmetic implementers. Statistical processing of the data collected by the data analysis method was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) WIN23.0 statistical package program through data coding and data organizing process. Results – Changes in the employment environment were found to have a significant effect on the effect of job instability (t=13.218, p<0.05). As for the effect of organizational commitment on turnover intention, the higher the organizational commitment, which is a parameter, has a negative (-) effect on turnover intention, a dependent variable (p<0.05). Conclusions – Our results are based on an analysis that allows cosmetic employers and workers to explore ways to address job insecurity. Based on the analysis results, it will help the growth of the cosmetics industry by providing basic data for the identity of the cosmetics industry and the development of the cosmetics service organization.

호텔 고용 관계 변화가 직무 불안정성에 미치는 영향

이규태(Gyu Tae Lee),최승만(Seung Man Choi),정규엽(Kyoo Yup Chung) 한국호텔외식관광경영학회 2013 호텔경영학연구 Vol.22 No.4

The objectives of this study were to identify the effects of an organization`s employment change on job insecurity and the moderating effects of career development support on their relationship. A total of 364 valid questionnaires were collected from the employees of top 10 foreign hotels in Seoul. For the data analysis, we used frequency analysis, reliability and exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression and moderated multiple regression analysis. After an empirical analysis, the results of this study are as follows. Among subordinate elements of employment change are change in job performance competency, the generalization of organizational discharge from duties, change in organizational structure, and reward system based performance which respectively had meaningful effects on job insecurity. Meanwhile, there was no moderating effect of organizational provision of developmental chances on the relationship between hotel organizations` employment change and job insecurity. However, it was found that moderating effect of perceived supervisory support was significant. The findings suggest the following managerial implications. That is, it is important that the employees are provided with the work environment where they feel voluntarily motivated. Also, it is necessary to secure an systematic career management program for employees` career development support. Supervisory support from the management is needed to provide employees with the continuous opportunity to grow within the organization.