전자감시제도에 대한 헌법적 소고

조규범(Cho Kyu beom) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2007 성균관법학 Vol.19 No.3

  The criminal policy request that policy makers increase the treatment in the community for criminal offenders and decrease the cost of maintenance and management for correctional facilities. Application of the electronic monitoring system is currently attracted with great public attention complying with this request. In the Republic of Korea, the Act of GPS Attachment against Specific Sex Offenders("Electronic Bracelet Act") has been enacted on April 24, 2007, and the Act will co into effect on October 28, 2008. This Act shows that the age of the Electronic Monitoring System has actually come in Korea. This Act has been enacted to prevent repetition of a sex offense from the sex offender, and eventually to protect our community in a way which a GPS is attached against a specific sex offender after serving out his sentence or during the period of probation or parole.<BR>  The Electronic Monitoring System is able to satisfy the desire of punishment from ordinary people against criminal offenders in a different way. A strength of Electronic Monitoring is to prevent the danger of crime infection or isolation from ordinary life, which are weaknesses of the treatment in the facilities. The Electronic Monitoring System, however, is continuously criticized because it might be a system against human rights. This criticism is caused by a viewpoint that the Electronic Monitoring System could bring social and economic prejudice of human rights and ethics.<BR>  In case of system failure from electronic monitoring, it might cause the danger of our community with the extension of social surveillance network and the increasement of criminal offenders, which could not expect curtailment effect of imprisonment cost. A GPS attachment. which is the essential of "Electronic Bracelet Act", is attacked by some proponents who believe that it might infringe the principles of double jeopardy. excessive punishment prohibition, equal rights, freedom of human body, and privacy.<BR>  This article explores constitutional views against the Electronic Monitoring System because it might cause limitations to the fundamental human rights. Policy makers should make great efforts to prevent infringement against human rights in a way to establish clear cut line of limitation to the Electronic Monitoring System because the System of national government organizations or agencies might develop the way of surveillance against non-criminals beyond surveillance against criminals and prisoners. Part Ⅱ introduces the general concept of Electronic Monitoring System. It provides the definition, types of Electronic Monitoring, and targets of Electronic Monitoring. I also explore so me examples, cases. and related legal matters of foreign countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, etc. at Part Ⅲ, and then at Part Ⅳ Ⅰ analyze constitutional issues of Electronic Monitoring System. As a conclusion I emphasize major elements to consider before the Electronic Bracelet Act comes effect, and explain needs to the revision of related laws. After through study, the Electronic Monitoring System will lead an alternative measure to imprisonment punishment, which is not a view of strengthening of new criminal punishment.

전자감시장치 부착의 법적 성격과 확대적용에 대한 비판적 고찰

김봉수 경북대학교 법학연구원 2011 법학논고 Vol.0 No.36

The 24-hours electronic monitoring system tracing offender's positional information by identifying a signal from the ankle tag(GPS) has been imposed since 2008. 9. 1. It was originally developed as a means of intensive supervision for offenders. In reference to institutional purposes of electronic monitoring system, another says that the aim is to satisfies one's desire of punishment against criminals, to relieve the overpopulation of prison and reduce expenses, to defend the society or community through the effective monitoring against criminal offenders. Meanwhile, in connection with the legal characteristic of the electronic monitoring by the ankle tag, it is more common to see of the electronic monitoring is a kind of the security-measure as a treatment in the community. The Supreme Court of Korea concluded that because the electronic monitoring system has the legal characteristic of preventive restrictions, the principle of retroactive prohibition should not apply. But we need to look at a more in connection with the legal characteristic of the electronic monitoring. To achieve this, there is need of further empirical research and study on the problem whether this system fits into a means to a purpose of the security-measure, so-called “resocialization”. Especially, in Article 5 of 『the Act on attachment of electronic device for position tracking on specific crime offenders』, it is enacted the attachment of a electronic monitoring device(tag) as a means of intensive supervision for released sex offenders who have a very high riskiness of recidivism. However, Considering scientific facts that sex offenders have a very high rates of recidivism, it may be questioned whether the attachment of a electronic monitoring tag is effectiveness as a means to the resocialization. The latest incident reports that released sex offenders attached electronic monitoring tag committed sexual crime again show that the attachment of a electronic monitoring tag is not effectiveness as a means to the resocialization. Therefore, to claim that the attachment of a electronic monitoring tag must be expand beyond sexual crimes on the authority of the characteristic as the security-measure is inappropriate in the view of the resocialization for which the security-measure aim. 2007년 제정되어 2010년까지 3차례 개정된 동 법률은 2007년 제정당시 「특정 성폭력 범죄자에 대한 위치추적 전자장치 부착에 관한 법률」명으로 2008년 9월 1일부터 시행되었고(이하 ‘2008년 부착법’이라 한다), 9개월 후인 2009년 5월 8일에 미성년대상 유괴범죄를 대상에 포함시키는 법개정이 이루어져 2010년 1월 1일부터 현재와 같은 법명으로 시행되었다(이하 ‘2009년 부착법’이라 한다). 그리고 그 후 2009년 9월 1일 이전의 범죄에 대한 소급적용과 살인범죄에까지 확대적용을 내용으로 하는 법개정이 이루어져 2010년 7월 16일부터 현재까지 시행되고 있다(이하 ‘2010년 부착법’이라 한다). 『특정 범죄자에 대한 위치추적 전자장치 부착 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘2010년 부착법’으로 약칭함)』은 입법당시부터 전자감시장치 부착의 역기능에 대한 우려와 그 법리적 문제점들로 인해 논란이 된 바 있다. 하지만 최근에는 (1) 재범율 감소에 의한 가시적인 범죄억제효과 및 (2) 부착명령의 ‘보안처분성’을 내세워 이를 법리적으로 정당화하고, 더 나아가 그 적용의 전면적인 확대론까지 등장하고 있다. 하지만 위와 같은 사실적 또는 법리적 정당화 논변 및 그에 기초한 확대적용론이 과연 타당한 것인지에 대해서는 의문이다. 형벌과 구별되는 ‘보호처분의 본질 및 법적 성격’ 그리고 전자감시장치의 부착효과로 주목받고 있는 ‘재범율 감소의 실질적인 의미’를 비판적으로 검토해 봤을 때, 현행 부착법상의 전자감시제도는 재사회화를 지향하는 보안처분과 본질 및 기능적 측면에서 거리가 멀고, 그 사실상의 효과로서 강조되고 있는 재범율의 감소 역시 단기적인 범죄억제효과일 뿐, 재사회화를 통한 재범위험성의 근본적인 감소가 아니라는 점에서, 양자를 정당화의 논거 내지 논리적 기반으로 한 확대적용론은 타당하다고 할 수 없다. 오히려 본문에서 제기한 문제점과 한계를 보안․개선하기 위해서는, 형집행종료후의 전자감시는 치료감호제도 및 형법개정안의 보호수용제도를 활용하여 기존의 보안처분의 영역으로 흡수시키고, 가석방 및 집행유예선고시의 전자감시는 피부착자의 동의를 부착요건으로 규정하여 절차적 정당성을 확보함으로써, 자발적인 참여를 통해 사회내처우의 취지와 목적을 극대화하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

전자감독제도의 성과분석 및 발전방안

강호성 한국형사정책학회 2014 刑事政策 Vol.26 No.3

Electronic monitoring(EM) was initially used as an alternative to overcrowding prison populations in the United States and other advanced countries. Currently, the use of electronic monitoring has expanded to supervise serious criminals including sex offenders. On the other hand, electronic monitoring system was introduced as a special measure to protect the public from sex offenders in Korea, where the problems of overcrowding prison populations are relatively less serious. On the basis of positive results until now, the application of electronic monitoring has expanded to include crime of homicide and robbery. Since electronic monitoring system was adopted on September, 2008, the rate of committing new sex crimes by sex offenders was declined to 1.67%, about one ninth of previous recidivism rate. As a result, electronic monitoring system is positively evaluated as an effective crime control measure. But, a recent series of new crimes committed by EM offenders are raising a question about the effectiveness of the electronic monitoring. Although the current electronic monitoring system indicates the whereabouts and movement route of offenders, it does not show what the offenders are doing. Hence, the study is in process to adopt ‘the intelligent electronic monitoring system’ to be able to detect offender’s criminal signs in advance. The most important factor to suppress offender’s new crime might be the dedicated effort of probation officers for it. Therefore, it is required that the responsible probation officers for EM offenders supervise them with sincerity. For this, it needs to increase the number of probation officers with efforts to enhance their specialization. 미국 등 선진각국은 전자감독제도를 교도소 과밀수용의 한 대안으로 활용되기 시작하여 현재는 성폭력 등 강력범죄자들에게까지 확대 시행되고 있는 추세인데 비해, 상대적으로 교도소 과밀 수용문제가 심각하지 않은 우리나라는 성폭력사범으로부터 국민을 보호하기 위한 특단의 대책으로 도입하였고, 그동안의 긍정적 성과를 바탕으로 적용범위가 살인, 강도사범에까지 확대되었다. 2008.9. 우리나라에 전자감독제도가 도입된 이후 성폭력범죄자의 동종재범률은 1.67%로 제도 도입 이전대비 약 1/9수준으로 낮추어 재범억제에서 비교적 긍정적인 평가를 받고 있다. 우리나라에서는 최근 전자발찌를 착용한 상태에서 재범사건이 지속적으로 발생하고 있어 전자감독제도에 대한 실효성 논란이 끊이지 않고 있다. 현재 우리나라에서 활용되고 있는 전자발찌로는 전자감독대상자들이 어디에 있는지 그리고 어떤 이동경로를 보이는지는 알 수 있지만, 이들이 무엇을 하고 있는지는 알 수 없다. 그래서 범행 현장에서 전자발찌 착용자가 범죄행동을 할 때 이를 사전에 감지하는 시스템을 도입하려고 연구 중에 있다. 전자감독 대상자들의 재범을 감소시키는 가장 큰 요인은 보호관찰관들의 헌신적인 재범방지 노력일 것이다. 그러므로 전자발찌 업무를 담당하는 일선 보호관찰관들이 열정을 가지고 전자감독 대상자들을 지도하는 것이 요구되며, 이러한 환경조정을 위해 담당 직원의 증원과 보호관찰관들의 전문성 강화를 위한 노력이 병행되어야 할 것이다.

범죄예방을 위한 전자감시제도의 실태와 문제점에 관한 고찰

김종구 조선대학교 법학연구원 2023 法學論叢 Vol.30 No.3

Electronic monitoring systems are being used as an alternative to incarceration for the prevention of crime and reduction of correctional costs in many countries. Additionally, electronic monitoring is understood to contribute to the rehabilitation of criminals. The electronic monitoring system is significant as a new criminal sanction suitable for the characteristics of crimes. However, there is controversy related to the double jeopardy and the ex post facto law. Issues also arise regarding the infringement of the monitored individual's rights to freedom and privacy, and whether it is a cost-effective criminal sanction in terms of crime prevention effectiveness and reduction in recidivism rates. In this context, many countries are expanding the scope of electronic monitoring as one of the criminal sanctions. The Korean ‘Law on Attachment of Electronic Devices’ is also continuously expanding the range of crimes subject to electronic monitoring. However, there are problems in the legal aspects of the electronic monitoring system and in terms of criminal policy. Given the lack of empirical research on recidivism reduction, crime prevention effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis, it seems prudent to be cautious in expanding the application of the electronic monitoring system. The expansion of the electronic monitoring system could lead to a broader social surveillance network. The system, rather than being an alternative to incarceration, could function as a new form of ‘digital incarceration’. Therefore, the electronic monitoring system requires limited operation. Additionally, the focus should not only be on the machines and equipment but also on expanding and training the operational staff. The primary goals of electronic monitoring, such as crime prevention and reduction in recidivism, cannot be achieved solely through mechanical electronic surveillance. A combination of various supplementary rehabilitation programs and trained human resources is necessary for the operation of these systems.

벌금형과 보호관찰의 쟁점 : 전자감독제도의 성과분석 및 발전방안

강호성 ( Ho Sung Kang ) 한국형사정책학회 2014 刑事政策 Vol.26 No.3

Electronic monitoring(EM) was initially used as an alternative to overcrowding prison populations in the United States and other advanced countries. Currently, the use of electronic monitoring has expanded to supervise serious criminals including sex offenders. On the other hand, electronic monitoring system was introduced as a special measure to protect the public from sex offenders in Korea, where the problems of overcrowding prison populations are relatively less serious. On the basis of positive results until now, the application of electronic monitoring has expanded to include crime of homicide and robbery. Since electronic monitoring system was adopted on September, 2008, the rate of committing new sex crimes by sex offenders was declined to 1.67%, about one ninth of previous recidivism rate. As a result, electronic monitoring system is positively evaluated as an effective crime control measure. But, a recent series of new crimes committed by EM offenders are raising a question about the effectiveness of the electronic monitoring. Although the current electronic monitoring system indicates the whereabouts and movement route of offenders, it does not show what the offenders are doing. Hence, the study is in process to adopt ‘the intelligent electronic monitoring system’ to be able to detect offender`s criminal signs in advance. The most important factor to suppress offender`s new crime might be the dedicated effort of probation officers for it. Therefore, it is required that the responsible probation officers for EM offenders supervise them with sincerity. For this, it needs to increase the number of probation officers with efforts to enhance their specialization.

Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring의 임상경험

이춘화(CH Lee),정기성(KS Chung),신수재(SJ Shin),조성욱(SH Cho),안덕호(DH Ahn),황태식(TS Hwang) 대한산부인과학회 1983 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.26 No.10

1981년 3월 16일부터 1982년 7월 31일까지 악 1년 5개월간 Electronic F.H.R. monitoring을 시행한 265예에 대한 임상적 관찰을 하여 얻은 주요한 것은 다음과 같다. 1. 265예중 고위험임신군이 157예 (59.25%), 정상임신군 108예 (40.75%) 였으며 고위험임신군은 10종류로 분류 되었는데 주요한 것은 임신성 고혈압, 과숙아 조기파막이였다. 2. Electronic F.H.R. monitoring의 abnormal record는 정상임신군에 17예(17:108 15.74%) 고위험임신 군에서 44예 (44:157=28.0%)로서 총 61예(61:265=23.0%) 였다. 3. 고위험임신군에서 Electronic F.H.R. monitoring의 abnormal record 44예증 late deceleration 13예, Variable deceleration 8예, prloonged deceleration 14예, otbers 9예 였다. 4. Abnormal F.H.R. monitoring이 나타난 61예를 Apgar score를 토대로 하여 분석 하였다. 5. pitocin induction 및 Augmentation을 한 96예와 자연진통군 l69예중 Hypertonic Uterine Contraction으로 인한 prolonged deceleration이 각각 7예(7:96=7.30%)와 4예(4:169=2.37%) 가 발생하였다. 상술한 예는 F.H.R. monitoring중 조기 발견되어 치료됨으로서 fetal distress을 예방할 수 있었다. 6. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring 시행한 265예중 제왕절개를한 환자는 62예로서 23%의 빈도를 나타냈으며 그중 fatal distress로 제왕절개를한 환자는 23예로서 8.67%였다 7. 대부분의 예에서는 external fetal heart rate monitoring이 임상적으로 이용가치가 있음을 인정하였다. 그려나 앞으로는 internal 과 fetal scalp blood의 P.K 검사를 적극적으로 시행하여 더욱더 정확성을 기하도록 할 것이다. The continuous intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring has been performed as the primary means of fetal assessment for the improvement of neonata1 outcome. This retrospective study was composed of 265 patients intrapartum fetal heart rate monitorings, who were admitted for delivery at obstetrics and gynecologic department of Korea general hospital in Masan from 16th of march, 1981. to thirty first of july, 1982. The results were as follow; 1. This study was performed on 265 patients who were composed of 157 patients (59.25%) in high risk pregnancy and 108 patients (40.75%) in control group. High risk pregnancies were subdivided into 10 varieties, and 3 major varieties were pregnancy induced hypertension, post-term and premature rupture of membrane. 2. Abnormal records of F.H.R. monitoring were 61 cases (61 : 265=23.0%) which were composed of 17 cases (17 : 108=15.74%) in control group and 44cases (44 : 157 =28.0%) in high risk pregnancy. 3. 13 cases of late deceleration, 8 cases of variable deceleration, 14 cases of prolonged deceleration and 9 cases of others were seen in high risk pregnancy group. 4. 61 cases of abnormal fetal heart rate records were analysed according to Apgar score, birth weight, coiling of cord and type of delivery 5. Proloned decelerations caused by hypertonic uterine contraction were seen 7 cases (7.3%) out of 96 cases of pitocin induction or augumentation and 4 cases (2.37%) out of l69 cases of spontaneous labor. Those cases of hypertonic uterine contraction were detected early by using electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. 6. C/S rate was 23%, i.e. 62 cases in 265 cases of intrapatum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring were performed continuously, however 8.67%, i.e. 23 cases of C/S were performed because of fetal distress. 7. The external electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is proved to be valuable, however internal monitoring and fetal scalp blood P.H. will be carried out effectively to get further precise study.

GPS 전자감시 성범죄자들의 처벌수준 인식에 관한 연구

조윤오(趙允梧) 한국정책과학학회 2013 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구는 GPS 위치추적 전자감시를 직접 경험한 성범죄자를 대상으로 그들이 인식한 전자감시(소위 ‘전자발찌’) 처벌수준을 조사하고, 범죄자들의 주관적인 처벌고통 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 무엇인지 실증적으로 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 위치추적 전자감시제도란 인공위성 통신정보를 활용하여 범죄자의 지역사회 위치를 24시간 추적, 확인하는 최첨단 지역사회 중심 교정(community-based correction) 전략을 말한다. 본 연구에서는 186명의 성범죄자들이 갖고 있는 전자감시에 대한 주관적인 처벌인식을 살펴보고, 범죄자 개인의 인구사회학적인 요인과 과거 범죄경력 전과, 재범가능성 인식, 보호관찰관관과의 관계, 장치착용 기간 등이 처벌수준 인식과 어떠한 관계가 있는지 살펴본다. 설문은 법무부 보호관찰소의 도움으로 전국 보호관찰소에서 2009년 4월부터 12월까지 실시되었다. 분석 결과, ‘위치추적 전자감시 부착보다 교도소 구금이 더 편할 것이다’라고 응답한 성범죄자가 전체의 31.2%에 이르는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 일부 인구사회학적 요인(연령, 교육수준)들이 발찌부착보다 교도소 구금을 더 선호하게 만드는 핵심 요인인 것으로 나타났다. 최종 로지스틱 회귀분석 모델에서는 (1)성범죄자의 과거 성범죄 전과경력과 (2)전자장치에 대한 주관적인 인식, 그리고 (3)전자장치 부착 기간(주관적 인식 및 객관적 착용기간)이 가장 중요한 처벌 수준 관련 요인인것으로 나타났다. GPS 전자감시의 범죄억제력이 범죄자 개인의 특성과 과거 전과경험, 그리고 발찌부착 기간에 따라 다르다고 할 수 있는바, 그에 대한 논의가 개별화된 범죄자 처우, 감독 차원에서 보다 심도 있게 다루어져야 할 것이다. This study aims at exploring the perception of sex offenders who experienced GPS electronic monitoring regarding the level of punitiveness of GPS electronic monitoring in South Korea. The present study was designed to investigate how sex offenders evaluate and rank the severity of GPS electronic monitoring and which predictors are associated with the perception of sex offenders in terms of the level of severity of electronic monitoring. This study conducted survey toward 186 sex offenders who had completed the GPS electronic monitoring from April 2009 to December 2009 in the Probation Offices by the support of the Korean Ministry of Justice. Result showed that approximately 31% of total participants did not evaluate incarceration sentencing as being noticeably more punitive than GPS electronic monitoring. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individual characteristics such as age, education level, and previous crime history were statistically significant factors that affect the likelihoods of viewing prison or jail as being substantially less severe than GPS electronic monitoring. In addition, actual length of wearing GPS electronic monitoring and the subjective perception of duration of being tracked by electronic monitoring were significant predictors that were associated with the perception of severity of GPS electronic monitoring, when other variables were controlled in the final logistic regression model. Further policy implication regarding effectiveness of GPS electronic monitoring will be discussed.

전자장치 부착 등에 관한 법률에 대한 판례의 과잉금지원칙심사의 논증과정 분석 : 미국 및 독일과의 비교법적 검토를 중심으로

장진환(Chang, jinhwan) 한국형사정책학회 2021 刑事政策 Vol.33 No.2

이 글에서는 형 집행 종료 후 부과되는 GPS 전자감독이 과잉금지원칙에 위배되지 않는다고 판단한 국내 판례의 논증과정이 과연 타당한지를 살펴보았다. 그리고미국 및 독일과의 비교법적인 접근을 기반으로 앞으로 이에 대한 문제가 다시 제기될 경우 더욱더 설득력 있는 논증이 되기 위해 판례가 고려해야 할 점을 다음과 같이제시하였다. 첫째, GPS전자감독을 통해 제한되는 기본권들을 확정함에 있어서 우리도 독일처럼 자기부죄 금지원칙, 재사회화 권리, 주거의 자유, 직업의 자유, 재범평가에서 외부 감정인의 판단을 의무적으로 받을 권리 등과 관련해서도 검토할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 이익형량의 평가요소를 확정함에 있어서 GPS전자감독 대상자의 법적지위에 대한 논의를 판단 요소로 추가해야 한다. 또한 절차적 보장의 정도를 판단함에 있어서 보안처분의 특성을 고려해 엄격한 절차들이 보장되고 있는지도 판단요소로 삼아야 한다. 셋째, 이익형량의 논증과정에서는 GPS전자감독의 재범방지효과의 평가와 관련해 지속적이고 체계적인 경험적 연구결과들이 이루어져 이러한 결과들이 논거로 사용되어야 한다. 또한 사익의 크기를 판단하는 과정에서 형벌 이후, 추가적으로 GPS 전자감독을 부과 받는 대상자에 대한 특별한 고려가 이루어져야 한다. 이들이 가지는 특수한 법적 신분을 감안해 이들에게는 강화된 재사회화 프로그램이 적용되어야하고, 이러한 프로그램이 실현되고 있는지 유무는 판례가 관련 법률의 위헌성 판단을 함에 있어서 중요한 요소로 고려되어야 한다. 그리고 GPS전자감독을 통해 주거지내에서의 움직임에 대한 파악이 가능한 점과 관리, 감독의 편의를 위해 CCTV와결합되어 운영되고 있는 부분은 당사자의 사생활에 대한 심각한 제한을 초래하고 있으므로 이에 대한 판단이 이익형량과정에서 충분히 고려되어야 한다. This study examines the validity of the reasoning of the decisions made by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court that GPS-based electronic monitoring, which was introduced after a controversy and is now being actively used, does not violate the principle of excessive prohibition, by applying a comparative analysis of the relevant laws of the United States and Germany. As a result of the review, the study finds that the following should be further considered in the future. First, in determining the scope of fundamental rights that are to be restricted by GPS-based electronic monitoring, like the case in Germany, principles such as prohibition of self-incrimination, right to re-socialization, freedom of residence, freedom to work and right to receive third-party external evaluation in assessing the risk of recidivism should be reviewed. Second, discussions on the legal status of the person subject to GPS-based electronic monitoring should be added as one of the factors to be considered for the process of weighing and balancing of conflicting interests. In addition, in determining the degree of procedural protections, whether strict procedures are guaranteed should be added as a factor to be considered, taking into consideration the characteristics of GPS-based electronic monitoring as a measure for public security. Third, continuous and systematic empirical research on the effect of preventing recidivism of GPS-based electronic monitoring should be made so that its results can be used as factors to be considered in the process of weighing and balancing. In addition, special consideration should be given to the person subject to GPS-based electronic monitoring in the process of determining the size of the private interest of such person. Taking into consideration of the special legal status of such person, strengthened re-socialization programs should be applied, and whether or not such programs are in place should be considered as an important factor by the court when determining the unconstitutionality of the relevant laws. Moreover, the facts that GPS-based electronic monitoring allows relevant authorities to track the movement of the person subject to monitoring in his or her area of residence and that the system operates in conjunction with security cameras for the convenience of monitoring must be sufficiently considered in the process of weighing and balancing as the use of GPS-based electronic monitoring causes serious restrictions on the privacy of the person concerned.

영국 전자감독제도의 최근 운용 및 시사점

김혁 한국보호관찰학회 2023 보호관찰 Vol.23 No.2

우리나라에서의 전자감독제도는 당초 사회방위를 중시하는 보안처분의 하나로 도 입되었던 연유로 전자감독의 확장이 제재 내지 사회감시망의 확대로 이어질 수 있다 는 점을 우려하는 목소리가 적지 않다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전자감독제도의 유용함으 로 인하여 외국에서는 전자감독제도가 외출제한명령 또는 보호관찰의 준수사항을 확 인하기 위한 보조적인 수단이나 미결구금을 최소화하기 위한 용도로 그동안 널리 활 용되어 왔다. 특히 영국의 경우 상대적으로 오랜 기간 보호관찰제도와 전자감독제도 를 운용해 왔고, 최근에는 전자감독제도를 보호관찰제도와 연계하여 그 범위를 지속 적으로 확장하고 있어, 영국 제도의 내용과 효과성 등을 살펴보는 것은 우리의 제도 를 개선하는 데에 있어 중요한 참고자료가 될 수 있다. 영국제도의 검토를 통해 다음의 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 전자감독은 보호관찰과 의 연계를 통해 구금형을 회피하거나 구금을 최소화하기 위한 수단으로 기능할 수 있다. 둘째, 준수사항의 이행 여부를 확인하기 위한 수단으로도 전자감독이 적극적으 로 활용될 수 있다. 셋째, GPS 전자장치가 다양한 목적을 위하여 활용되고 있다. 넷 째, 보호관찰과 전자감독의 유기적 연계가 필요하다. 적확(的確)한 위험성 평가를 통 한 적절한 준수사항 내지 전자감독의 부과, 기술적 요소에 대한 보호관찰 담당 공무 원의 적절한 활용 등이 어우러졌을 때 비로소 보호관찰의 긍정적인 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 그러한 이상적인 접점을 찾아내기 위해서는 영국과 같이 다양한 시범운영 과 효과성 검증을 통해 제도를 보완해 나가는 과정, 즉 증거에 기반한 보호관찰 및 전자감독 제도를 구현하는 것이 필요할 것이다. The introduction of the electronic monitoring system in South Korea was initially motivated by the emphasis on social protection within the framework of criminal sanctions. There have been concerns that the expansion of electronic monitoring may lead to punitive measures or an enlargement of the social surveillance network. However, despite these concerns, electronic monitoring has proven to be a valuable tool for monitoring and ensuring compliance with home detention orders or probation requirements, as well as for minimizing pretrial detention in foreign countries. Notably, the United Kingdom has a relatively long history of operating both probation and electronic monitoring systems. Recently, they have been consistently expanding the scope of electronic monitoring in conjunction with probation. Therefore, examining the content and effectiveness of the UK system can serve as important reference material for improving our own system. Through a review of the UK system, the following insights can be derived: Firstly, electronic monitoring can function as a means to avoid or minimize incarceration through its integration with probation. Secondly, electronic monitoring can be actively utilized as a means to monitor compliance with requirements. Thirdly, GPS electronic devices are being employed for various purposes. Fourthly, there is a need for a proper integration between probation and electronic monitoring.

보호관찰관의 지지와 준수사항 위반과의 관계 - 전자감독 대상자를 중심으로 -

박다윤,조윤오 사단법인 한국안전문화학회 2023 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.21

This study aims at investigating the relationships between supportive attitude of probation officers toward criminals and the revocation of probation. In particular, the current study focuses on identifying crucial factors that are associated with the violations of probation conditions under electronic monitoring. It is significant to find out the key factors that might reduce the numbers of violation of EM conditions in order to prevent recidivism in South Korea. In 2022, Korean Ministry of Justice announced the additional implementation of electronic anklets device program on offenders who committed stalking with a partial revision of the Electronic Monitoring Device Attachment Act. There have been wide controversial criticism toward the expansion of the Electronic Monitoring Device Attachment Act from September 2008, which the law was uninitiated. In this regard, this study attempts to examine what factors can increase the effectiveness of the EM with the consideration of supportive attitude of officers in terms of reduction of violations of probation conditions under electronic monitoring. In addition, the present study highlights the association between the role of probation officers and the level of probation revocation. "Survey of the Operational Realities of Electronic Monitoring on Sex-offenders in 2013" was used as analyses data sets. Besides, this study relied on Sherman's Defiance theory(1993) to examine the relationships between the attitude of probation officers and violation of probationers under EM. After reviewing previous studies, related factors were analyzed by assigning key dependent variables such as violation of probation conditions and violation of electronic monitoring requirement. In addition, this study utilized independent variable as supportive attitude of probation officers. Furthermore, as control variables, age, educational background, criminal experience, and period of attachment to electronic devices were used in the model. Logistic regression analysis result demonstrated that EM attachment period and previous criminal history of offenders had a significant impact on increasing the violation of probation conditions. Regression analysis showed that probationer-officer relationship was not statistically significant factors that might decrease the number of violation of condition when other variables were controlled. These results showed that the compassionate attitude of the probation officer was not a significant factor for obtaining better compliance of offenders under EM. Further policy implications will be discussed.