Analysis of the relationship among water-efficiency in the non-agricultural sector, economic growth, electricity generation, and CO2 emission – evidence from Korea -

Jung Yonghun,Lee Seong-Hoon 한국수자원학회 2018 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.51 No.12

본 연구는 우리나라의 1990-2014년 시계열 자료를 활용하여 물 효율성, 경제성장, 전력생산 및 이산화탄소 배출 간의 장·단기 인과관계를 실증적 으로 분석하였다. 기존 연구들이 경제성장, 이산화탄소 배출 및 전력 및 에너지에 국한되어 분석을 한 반면 본 연구는 기존 변수들과 더불어 물 효율성과의 관계를 설명하였다는 기여를 가지고 있다. 실증분석결과를 살펴보면, 네 변수들은 단기조정관계를 통해 장기적으로 균형상태에 도달한다는 것과 변수들 간의 인과관계에서 이산화탄소 배출과 경제성장은 물 효율성의 원인이 되고 이산화탄소 배출과 경제성장 및 물 효율성은 전력생산의 원인이 된다는 사실을 발견하였다. 또한 물 효율성에 대한 장기 영향계수 추정결과를 통해 전력생산의 증가와 경제성장 및 이산화탄소 배출의 감소는 물 효율성을 증가시키며, 일정 수준 이상의 경제성장은 물 효율성의 증가속도를 감소시킨다는 경제성장과 물 효율성의 역U자형 관계를 확인하였다. We have examined dynamic relationships among water-efficiency, economic growth, electricity generation, and CO2 emissions in Korea using various time-series analysis methods for 1990-2014. While previous studies have been limited to economic growth, CO2 emissions, and electricity generation, this study contributed to explain the relationship between existing variables and water-efficiency. We find that the four variables reach a balanced state in the long run through short-term adjustment, CO2 emissions and economic growth are responsible for water efficiency, and that CO2 emissions, economic growth and water efficiency are the causes of electricity generation. The long-term impact coefficient estimates on water-efficiency show that the increase in electricity generation and the decrease in CO2 emissions increase water-efficiency. Although economic growth has increased water-efficiency, moreover, we have identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and water-efficiency, which suggests that economic growth above a certain level reduces the rate of increase in water-efficiency.

우리나라에서 비농업 부문의 물 효율성, 경제성장, 전력생산 및 CO2배출 간의 관계 분석

정용훈,이성훈 한국수자원학회 2018 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.51 No.12

We have examined dynamic relationships among water-efficiency, economic growth, electricity generation, and CO2 emissions in Korea using various time-series analysis methods for 1990-2014. While previous studies have been limited to economic growth, CO2 emissions, and electricity generation, this study contributed to explain the relationship between existing variables and water-efficiency. We find that the four variables reach a balanced state in the long run through short-term adjustment, CO2 emissions and economic growth are responsible for water efficiency, and that CO2 emissions, economic growth and water efficiency are the causes of electricity generation. The long-term impact coefficient estimates on water-efficiency show that the increase in electricity generation and the decrease in CO2 emissions increase water-efficiency. Although economic growth has increased water-efficiency, moreover, we have identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and water-efficiency, which suggests that economic growth above a certain level reduces the rate of increase in water-efficiency. 본 연구는 우리나라의 1990-2014년 시계열 자료를 활용하여 물 효율성, 경제성장, 전력생산 및 이산화탄소 배출 간의 장·단기 인과관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 기존 연구들이 경제성장, 이산화탄소 배출 및 전력 및 에너지에 국한되어 분석을 한 반면 본 연구는 기존 변수들과 더불어 물 효율성과의 관계를 설명하였다는 기여를 가지고 있다. 실증분석결과를 살펴보면, 네 변수들은 단기조정관계를 통해 장기적으로 균형상태에 도달한다는 것과 변수들 간의 인과관계에서 이산화탄소 배출과 경제성장은 물 효율성의 원인이 되고 이산화탄소 배출과 경제성장 및 물 효율성은 전력생산의 원인이 된다는 사실을 발견하였다. 또한 물 효율성에 대한 장기 영향계수 추정결과를 통해 전력생산의 증가와 경제성장 및 이산화탄소 배출의 감소는 물 효율성을 증가시키며, 일정 수준 이상의 경제성장은 물 효율성의 증가속도를 감소시킨다는 경제성장과 물 효율성의 역U자형 관계를 확인하였다.

An Economic and Environmental Impact Analysis of Renewable Electricity Generation Policy

Kyungwon Park(박경원),Sung Won Kang(강성원) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2021 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.16 No.1

We analyzed the impact of increasing renewable electricity on Korea’s electricity policy: 8th Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand; Renewable Energy 3020 Action Plan; and 3<SUP>rd</SUP> Korea Energy Master Plan. We used a single-country static computable general equilibrium model with internalizing CO₂ and air pollutants emissions. We assumed a ~22% reduction compared with the base year emissions due to the Korea Emissions Trading Scheme. We applied six scenarios, where each scenario depends on the increasing rate of the renewable electricity share and total factor productivity (TFP) improvement in the renewable electricity generation industry. As the renewable electricity share increases, the GDP loss increases, but TFP improvement reduces this loss. The share of electricity from fossil fuel and nuclear power decreases due to the increasing share of renewable electricity. However, the share of electricity decreases, and that of fossil fuels increases in national energy consumption with rising electricity prices. Moreover, the co-benefit of CO₂ reduction is the reduction of air pollutants. As the total production increases after the TFP improvement of the renewable electricity industry, the effect of reducing air pollutants is partially offset.

Enhancing Factors of Electricity Generation in a Microbial Fuel Cell Using Geobacter sulfurreducens

( Mi Sun Kim ),( Jae Hwan Cha ),( Dong Hoon Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2012 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.22 No.10

In this study, we investigated various cultural and operational factors to enhance electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) using Geobacter sulfurreducens. The pure culture of G. sulfurreducens was cultivated using various substrates including acetate, malate, succinate, and butyrate, with fumarate as an electron acceptor. Cell growth was observed only in acetate-fed medium, when the cell concentrations increased 4-fold for 3 days. A high acetate concentration suppressed electricity generation. As the acetate concentration was increased from 5 to 20 mM, the power density dropped from 16 to 13 mW/m2, whereas the coulombic efficiency (CE) declined by about half. The immobilization of G. sulfurreducens on the anode considerably reduced the enrichment period from 15 to 7 days. Using argon gas to create an anaerobic condition in the anode chamber led to increased pH, and electricity generation subsequently dropped. When the plain carbon paper cathode was replaced by Pt-coated carbon paper (0.5 mg Pt/cm2), the CE increased greatly from 39% to 83%.

Efficiency Improvement of a Hydraulic Power Take-off of Wave Energy Converter Using Variable Displacement Motor

Tri Cuong Do,Tri Dung Dang,안경관 한국정밀공학회 2022 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.9 No.4

Wave energy is known to be a promising energy source for the goal of environmental protection and reducing dependence on fossil fuel sources. Hydraulic power-take-off (HPTO) is a key technology of wave energy converters which determines the energy recovery efficiency of the whole system. This paper presents a novel control strategy for HPTO to enhance the regenerated power and energy efficiency by using a suitable configuration of a variable displacement hydraulic motor and a generator. A control management strategy was designed to adjust the tilt angle of the hydraulic motor and the generator resistance load to maintain them working in the highest performance area under variable wave conditions. To verify the proposed system, a simulation model was built in AMESim software based on the previous experiment test bench configuration. Simulation results showed that by applying the proposed strategy, the generated energy increased during the working process. Compared with other control methods, the improvement of energy generation efficiency of the proposed control management method was approximately 10% higher in the low and medium wave conditions.

내구성 및 전력효율 향상을 위한 하이브리드형 태양광 에너지 저장장치 개발

김기주 한국기계기술학회 2018 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.20 No.3

The ultimate goal of this development is a hybrid solar energy storage device. It supplies stable power to the load due to the emergency generator that compensates for the power shortage due to solar power generation. We have developed a stand-alone photovoltaic power generation and energy storage system with a dual inverter that extends the performance life of the PV system. It solves the problem of shortening the lifespan of battery due to repetition of charge / discharge of PV system and supplies stable power to load due to emergency generator that compensates for power shortage due to solar power generation, and furthermore, A stand-alone photovoltaic power generation system having a dual inverter for extending the life span and a control method thereof. We have also developed an optimized energy solution that enables us to save and use the remaining surplus power in the ESS to save energy through efficiency, optimization and substantial energy savings.

Experimental Study on the Optimal Layering Position of the Piezocomposite Electricity Generating Element Built-in an Innovative Traffic Load-Measuring Bridge Bearing

Choo, Jinkyo F.,Ha, Dong-Ho,Lee, Chang Hyung,Jang, Won Seo Scitec Publications 2013 Advanced materials research Vol.811 No.-

<P> The bearings of a bridge are indispensable structural members, which support the superstructure, transfer the loads of the superstructure to the substructure and, accommodate the horizontal and vertical motions of the superstructure caused by all types of loads like traffic. Such traffic loads induce the bridge to vibrate but this energy is wasted. Therefore, a piezocomposite electricity generating element (PCGE) has been introduced in the bearing to exploit effectively this vibrational energy. The bridge bearing with built-in PCGE was seen to be effective for measuring the traffic loads and, detecting eventual overloaded or overspeeding vehicles. In a will to optimize the amount of energy generated by this bearing, this study compares experimentally the amount of electricity produced by the PCGE with respect to its position in the bridge bearing through a series of dynamic loading tests to find out the position of the PCGE providing the most efficient electricity generation. </P>

전기자동차 보급이 온실가스 배출량과 전력계통에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

여경규(Kyeongkyu Yeo),박선주(Sunju Park) 연세대학교 경영연구소 2016 연세경영연구 Vol.53 No.1

본 연구는 최근 주목 받고 있는 전기자동차의 보급이 온실가스의 배출량과 전력계통에 미치는 영향에 대해서 실제 데이터를 분석하였고, 다양한 시나리오에 따른 결과를 확인하였다.석유원료에 의존하는 가솔린 자동차와는 달리 전기자동차는 배터리로만 에너지를 공급하여 운전하기 때문에, 운행 시 직접적으로 온실가스를 배출하지 않는다. 하지만, 전기자동차 충전에 필요한 전력을 공급 받는 발전소의 온실가스 배출량에 따라 지역 전체의 온실가스 배출량에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전기자동차의 보급률이 일정하다고 가정할 때, 전기자동차 보급전과 비교하여 지역 전체의 온실가스 배출량 감축 정도를 연구하기 위하여 예상 전력계통의 발전원별 부하배분 특성을 모의할 수 있는 전력계통 운영모델을 구성해 보았다. 이 모델을 이용하여 2020년 총 자가 자동차의 40%가 전기자동차로 보급되고, 각 전기자동차를 가정에서 일일 운행거리에 필요한 전력만큼 충전하는 여러 가지 충전 시나리오에 대하여 지역 전체의 온실가스 배출량과 전력계통에 미치는 영향을 연구해보았다. 또한 전기자동차의 보급률에 따른 영향과 이산화탄소 배출량이 가장 높은 유연탄을 원료로 하는 화력발전소에 이산화탄소 포집 설비를 설치할 때의 영향을 연구해 보았다. In this study, we analyzed the real data of electric vehicles and the effect of the emissions of greenhouse gases. We investigated the results of the power systems by various scenarios. Unlike gasoline vehicles relying on oil fuel, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) which are running only on electricity would have zero tailpipe emissions. But they may have an impact on greenhouse gas emissions indirectly due to the source of electric power, such as power plants. To study the impact of BEVs on greenhouse gas emission, we developed the operation model of the power system while taking into account both relatively low-polluting energy sources and conventional fossil fuels for electricity generation. Under various charging scenarios, we investigated the impact of BEVs, assuming 40% penetration in 2020, on greenhouse gas emission and power distribution system. We studied the impact on greenhouse gas emissions of the entire area and power systems for the scenarios as the power needed to charge for the daily traveled distance in each home. We also investigated the effect of the installation of CO2 filters at thermoelectricity power plants on emission.

Efficiency and Productivity Impacts of Restructuring the Korean Electricity Generation

Heshmati, Almas 한국경제연구학회 2013 Korea and the World Economy Vol.14 No.1

This paper investigates the performance of various generation plants in the Korean electricity market. The objective is to compare performance before and after the 2001 separation by using data from 1995 to 2006. The efficiency and productivity of the generation units is estimated by using a stochastic frontier model as well as data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index. The result suggests that generation is mainly affected by facility type, maintenance cost, real fuel cost, and other costs. The national generation plan is characterized by high efficiency of nuclear plants, base type facilities, and large size facilities. It is also found that efficiency enhancement from the separation effect is not clearly discernible when comparing periods before and after the separation. Suggestions are made for the better utilization of economies of scale to further raise the efficiency of generation companies and the electricity industry through enhancement of fuel purchasing power and reallocation of labour.

Efficiency and Productivity Impacts of Restructuring the Korean Electricity Generation

Almas Heshmati 한국경제연구학회 2013 Korea and the World Economy Vol.14 No.1

This paper investigates the performance of various generation plants in the Korean electricity market. The objective is to compare performance before and after the 2001 separation by using data from 1995 to 2006. The efficiency and productivity of the generation units is estimated by using a stochastic frontier model as well as data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index. The result suggests that generation is mainly affected by facility type, maintenance cost, real fuel cost, and other costs. The national generation plan is characterized by high efficiency of nuclear plants, base type facilities, and large size facilities. It is also found that efficiency enhancement from the separation effect is not clearly discernible when comparing periods before and after the separation. Suggestions are made for the better utilization of economies of scale to further raise the efficiency of generation companies and the electricity industry through enhancement of fuel purchasing power and reallocation of labour.