Therapeutic effects of <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> cystic fluid on allergic airway inflammation

Kim, Hye-Jin,Kang, Shin-Ae,Yong, Tai-Soon,Shin, Myeong-Heon,Lee, Kyu-Jae,Park, Gab-Man,Suvonkulov, Uktamjon,Yu, Hak Sun Elsevier 2019 Experimental parasitology Vol.198 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Previous studies showed that <I>Echinococcus granulosus</I> infection reduces allergic airway inflammation in experimentally infected hosts and the cystic fluid of <I>E. granulosus</I> is known to activate regulatory T (CD4<SUP>+</SUP>CD25<SUP>+</SUP>Foxp3<SUP>+</SUP>T, Treg) cells. To evaluate the effects of cystic fluid of <I>E. granulosus</I> on allergic airway inflammation, we investigated the regulation of the inflammatory reaction by cystic fluid using an allergic airway inflammation animal model. Cystic fluid was administered to C57BL/6 mice seven times every other day, after which allergic airway inflammation was induced using ovalbumin and aluminum. The airway resistance, number of eosinophils and other immune cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and levels of Th2 and Th17-related cytokines were significantly reduced by cystic fluid pre-treatment in allergic airway inflammation-induced mice. The number IL-4<SUP>+</SUP>CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells decreased, the number of Treg cells increased in the lung-draining lymph nodes and spleen of cystic fluid pre-treated mice. In conclusion, <I>E. granulosus</I>-derived cystic fluid may alleviate the Th2 allergic airway inflammatory response via Treg cells. Further studies of the immune regulation of cystic fluid may lead to the development of therapeutic agents for immune disorders.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The regulation of the inflammatory reaction by cystic fluid was studied using an allergic airway inflammation animal model. </LI> <LI> Cystic fluid treatment significantly reduced the airway resistance and eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. </LI> <LI> The number IL-4<SUP>+</SUP>CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells decreased in the lung-draining lymph nodes and spleen of cystic fluid pre-treated mice. </LI> <LI> <I>E. granulosus</I>-derived cystic fluid may alleviate the Th2 allergic airway inflammatory response via Treg cells. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Phylogenetic Characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato in Uzbekistan

김혜진,용태순,신명헌,이규재,박갑만,Uktamjon Suvonkulov,Dmitriy Kovalenko,유학선 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.58 No.2

Echinococcosis occurs mainly in areas with heavy livestock farming, such as Central Asia, America, and Australia. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) infection causes echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, such as sheep, cattle, goats, camels, and horses. Numerous cases of echinococcosis occur in Uzbekistan as stock farming is a primary industry. Epidemiological and genetic studies of E. granulosus s.l. are very important for mitigating its impact on public health and the economy; however, there are no such studies on E. granulosus s.l. in Uzbekistan. In the present study, to determine which genotypes exist and are transmitted, we isolated Echinococcus sp. from definitive hosts (one isolate each from jackal and dog) and intermediate hosts (52 isolates from humans and 6 isolates from sheep) in Uzbekistan and analyzed the isolates by sequencing 2 mitochondrial DNA components (cox1 and nad1). The results showed that all of isolates except one belonged to the E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1 and G3 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 sequences showed that 42 isolates from humans, 6 isolates from sheep, and one isolate from jackal were the G1 genotype, whereas the remaining 8 isolates from human and the one isolate from dog were the G3 genotype. These results suggest that the G1 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus s.s. are predominant in Uzbekistan, and both wild animals and domestic animals are important for maintaining their life cycle. Only one isolate from human sample was confirmed to be E. eqiinus (G4 genotype), which is known to be for the first time.

Environmental Contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Eggs in Relation to Slaughterhouses in Urban and Rural Areas in Tunisia

Raja Chaabane-Banaoues,Myriam Oudni-M’rad,Selim M’rad,Habib Mezhoud,Hamouda Babba 대한기생충학열대의학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.54 No.1

Hydatidosis has become a real concern for health care institutions and animal rearers in Tunisia. The Tunisian endemicity is aggravated by the growing number of dogs and the difficulty of getting rid of contaminated viscera because of the lack of equipment in most slaughterhouses. Therefore, microscopic and molecular tools were applied to evaluate the role of slaughterhouses in canine infection and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) egg dissemination. Exposure risk to E. granulosus s. l. eggs in urban and rural areas was explored in order to implant preventive and adapted control strategies. Microscopic examinations detected taeniid eggs in 152 amongst 553 fecal samples. The copro-PCR demonstrated that 138 of 152 taeniid samples analyzed were positive for E. granulosus s. l. DNA. PCR-RFLP demonstrated that all isolated samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.). An important environmental contamination index (25.0%) by E. granulosus s. l. eggs was demonstrated. The average contamination index from the regions around slaughterhouses (23.3%; 95% CI: 17.7-28.9%) was in the same range as detected in areas located far from slaughterhouses (26.0%, 95% CI: 21.3-30.8%). Echinococcosis endemic areas were extended in both rural (29.9%, 95% CI: 24.8-34.9%) and urban locations (18.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-22.9%). The pathogen dissemination is related neither to the presence/absence of slaughterhouses nor to the location in urban or rural areas, but is probably influenced by human activities (home slaughtering) and behavior towards the infected viscera.

Head-to-Head Comparison of Nine Assays for the Detection of Anti- Echinococcus Antibodies: A Retrospective Evaluation

Mattwich Carolina,Huber Kristina,Bretzel Gisela,Suerbaum Sebastian,Wieser Andreas,Dichtl Karl 대한진단검사의학회 2024 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.44 No.2

Background: Echinococcosis is a neglected tropical disease that is severely underdiag- nosed in resource-limited settings. In developed countries, diagnosing echinococcosis is challenging, and reliable serological assays are urgently needed. In the Central European Alps, EM is more common than EG; however, data on the diagnostic performance of as- says for EM cases are scarce. We evaluated the suitability of nine antibody assays for rou- tine diagnostics. Methods: Nine commercially available serological assays for detecting anti-Echinococcus antibodies were compared head-to-head using samples collected from 50 patients with echinococcosis and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The assays are Anti-Echi- nococcus ELISA (IgG) (Euroimmun), Echinococcus IgG ELISA (DRG), Echinococcus IgG ELISA (IBL International), Echinococcus Western Blot IgG (LDBIO Diagnostics), EUROLINE WB (Euroimmun), Hydatidosis ELISA IgG (VirCell), Hydatidosis VIRCLIA IgG Monotest (Vir- Cell), Ridascreen Echinococcus IgG (R-Biopharm), and Virapid Hydatidosis (VirCell). The cases were ranked according to the WHO-Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) criteria as confirmed, probable, or possible. Results: The performance of the assays varied greatly, with overall sensitivities ranging be- tween 50% and 88% and specificities between 62% and 100%. We observed a trend to- ward better performance with cases classified as “confirmed” using the WHO-IWGE crite- ria. Combined analysis with sequential screening and confirmatory testing resulted in a maximum sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 100%. Differentiation between EG and EM infections is clinically relevant but was found to be unreliable. Conclusions: Echinococcus serological assays are highly variable in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Knowledge of the pre-test probability in the patient cohort is required to choose a suitable assay. A combined approach with screening and confirmatory assays may be the best diagnostic strategy in many situations.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Northern Xinjiang, China

Baoping Guo,Zhuangzhi Zhang,Xueting Zheng,Yongzhong Guo,Li Zhao,Ren Cai,Bingjie Wang,Mei Yang,Xi Shou,Wenbao Zhang,Bin Jia 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.57 No.2

Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in hu- mans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.

Sequence Analysis of cytb Gene in Echinococcus granulosus from Western China

Xiuqin Zhong,Ning Wang,Dandan Hu,Jiahai Wang,Tianyu Liu,Xiaobin Gu,Shuxian Wang,Xuerong Peng,Guangyou Yang 대한기생충학열대의학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.52 No.2

Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis with medical and veterinary importance in China. Our main objective was to discuss the genotypes and genetic diversity of E. granulosus present in domestic animals and humans in western China. A total of 45 hydatid cyst samples were collected from sheep, humans, and a yak and subjected to an analysis of the sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene. The amplified PCR product for all samples was a 1,068 bp band. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all 45 samples were identified as E. granulosus (genotype G1). Ten haplotypes were detected among the samples, with the main haplotype being H1. The haplotype diversity was 0.626, while the nucleotide diversity was 0.001. These results suggested that genetic diversity was low among our samples collected from the west of China based on cytb gene analysis. These findings may provide more information on molecular characteristics of E. granulosus from this Chinese region.

Practical Algorisms for PCR-RFLP-Based Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato

김혜진,용태순,신명헌,이규재,박갑만,Uktamjon Suvonkulov,Dmitriy Kovalenko,유학선 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.55 No.6

Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a causative agent of cystic echinococcosis or cystic hydatid disease in humans and domestic and wild animals. The disease is a serious health problem in countries associated with poverty and poor hygiene practices, particularly in livestock raising. We introduced a practical algorism for genotyping the parasite, which may be useful to many developing countries. To evaluate the efficiency of the algorism, we genotyped 3 unknown strains isolated from human patients. We found that unknowns 1 and 3 were included in G1, G2, and G3 genotypes group and unknown 2 was included in G4 genotype (Echinococcus equinus) according to the algorisms. We confirmed these results by sequencing the 3 unknown isolates cox1 and nad1 PCR products. In conclusion, these new algorisms are very fast genotype identification tools that are suitable for evaluating E. granulosus s.l. isolated from livestock or livestock holders, particularly in developing countries.

G1 the common Echinococcus granulosus genotype infected domestic cat (Felis catus) in Iraq

Musafer H. Al-Ardi The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2023 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.24 No.1

Background: Infections of cats with Echinococcus granulosus is uncommon because the cat is not part of the parasite life cycle that a carnivorous and another herbivore represent. Nevertheless, it occurs incidentally when eating food or drinking water contaminated with the worm's larva, especially with the presence of the definitive host (dogs), in this case, the infections are concentrated in stray or outside cats. For this reason, this study examined the possibility of cat infection with E. granulosus and diagnosed the common genotype of this infection. Objective: This study examined the possibility of cat infection with E. granulosus and diagnosed the common genotype of this infection. Methods: Four of the 37 cats that had died in different accidents developed cystic echinococcosis (CE). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene was initially amplified and sequenced to determine if these cysts belonged to E. granulosus, in beginning. The DNA fragments resulting from sequencing were then compared and aligned with other sequences using the Gene Bank database. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was drawn according to the sequence data obtained from cox1 genes sequencing, and the MEGA 7.0 phylogenetic analysis program was utilized. Results: Four different sequences were deposited in the Gen Bank with accession numbers (ON795961 to ON795964), all of which belong to the G1 genotype. Approximately 84% and 100% of these sequences aligned with G1 (AB622277.1) and G1 (MG722980.1), respectively. Conclusions: G1 is the dominant genotype that causes cat infections, even though the cat's EC infection was incidental.

G1 the common Echinococcus granulosus genotype infected domestic cat (Felis catus) in Iraq

Musafer H. Al-Ardi 대한수의학회 2024 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.25 No.1

Prevalence of Intestinal Helminth Infections in Dogs and Two Species of Wild Animals from Samarkand Region of Uzbekistan

용태순,이규재,신명헌,Hak Sun Yu,Uktamjon Suvonkulov,Turycin Bladimir Sergeevich,Azamat Shamsiev,Gab Man Park 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Parasitology Vol.57 No.5

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth parasitic infections and associated risk factors for the human infection among the people of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Infection status of helminths including Echinococcus granulosus was surveyed in domestic and wild animals from 4 sites in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan during 2015-2018. Fecal samples of each animal were examined with the formalin-ether sedimentation technique and the recovery of intestinal helminths was performed with naked eyes and a stereomicroscope in total 1,761 animals (1,755 dogs, 1 golden jackal, and 5 Corsac foxes). Total 658 adult worms of E. granulosus were detected in 28 (1.6%) dogs and 1 (100%) golden jackal. More than 6 species of helminths, i.e., Taenia hydatigena, Dipylidium caninum, Diplopylidium nolleri, Mesocestoides lineatus, Toxocara canis, and Trichuris vulpis, were found from 18 (1.0%) dogs. Six (T. hydatigena, Toxascaris leonina, Alaria alata, Uncinaria stenocephala, D. caninum, and M. lineatus) and 2 (D. nolleri and M. lineatus) species of helminths were also detected from 5 Corsac foxes and 1 golden jackal, respectively. Taeniid eggs were found in 2 (20%) out of 10 soil samples. In the present study, it was confirmed that the prevalences of helminths including E. granulosus are not so high in domestic and wild animals. Nevertheless, the awareness on the zoonotic helminth infections should be continuously maintained in Uzbekistan for the prevention of human infection.