고려시대 관인층의 장례기간 분석 -묘지명 자료를 중심으로-

박진훈 ( Jin-hoon Park ) 역사교육학회 2016 역사교육논집 Vol.59 No.-

There are 240 cases in total in which we can understand the duration of the funerals of bureaucrats and their family in the Goryeo Dynasty through their cemetery names. In all the four cases up to the Jeongjong time, the funerals were conducted within one month after death. But, all of them have one point in common that they were reburied since then. The duration of the funerals from the Munjong time when the cremation was generalized was one to three months and three to six months, and this tendency continued even up to the Sukjong time. In the Yejong time, all the seven funerals had the duration of the funeral longer than three months with even distribution in the duration. In the Injong time, the funerals showed the diversified period shorter than one month to longer than two years, and this tendency continued up to even the Uijong period. However, in the Uijong period, almost one person out of every four persons held the funeral within one month, while 30.4% did longer than one year. Therefore, it can be said that the duration of the funerals in the Uijong time showed a variety of distribution by duration, but the polarization of the duration was widen. As the culture of lineage developed during this period, the formal funerals became complicated, which resulted in the increase of the duration of the funerals, while the bureaucrats’ families who conducted the funeral within short terms were increased because of economic difficulty. In the case that the duration of the funerals is shorter than one month, the cremation rate is only 16.7%, and the longer the duration, the cremation rate increases and all the funerals longer than 6-9 months were cremated without exception. For the funerals longer than nine months, the cremation rate was reduced again. During the period of Military Rule in the Goryeo Dynasty, the rate of funerals with the short-term less than three months increased sharply, and in turn, that with the long-term decreased sharply. In particular, the rate of the funerals with the duration longer than one year was only 6.3%, which declined by nearly 23% compared to the former period of the Goryeo Dynasty. Even in the case of short-term funeral, the funeral shorter than one month occupied more than a majority. This phenomenon appeared from the Myeongjong time and continued throughout the period of Military Rule. Also, it was indicated that all funerals longer than six months were cremated. In the later period of the Goryeo Dynasty, the rate of the funerals with the duration less than three months increased to 90.6% from 77.8%, the rate in the period of Military Rule. Meanwhile, the funerals less than the duration of one month decreased by about 15% compared to the period of Military Rule, while the funerals with the duration of one to three months increased by 27% or more. From this tendency, it can be understood that while the trend of conducting short-term funerals continued, the bureaucrats’ families conducting the funerals with the duration of approximately one to three months increased rather than very short funerals, as the society regained its stability after the war with Mongolia. Coming into the later period of the Goryeo Dynasty, the expansion of the Yeomyo system (廬墓制) and the proliferation of social atmosphere that the chief mourner should have done the yeomyo(廬墓) by himself dampened the Buddhist funeral system. Also, even if not the Buddhist funeral, these factors applied the pressure to the long duration of funerals and make them shortened. Shortening of the duration of the funerals affected on the cremation to almost disappear. It also affected on the funeral ceremony. While the duration of the funeral became shorter, the ceremony was omitted or reduced. The funeral ceremony and the tools became more frugal than before. In some cases, it appeared that the name of cemetery, which had been prepared before the burial, were prepared after burying a body.

약시 환아의 성공적인 가림치료에서 중간 성취 기간의 임상적 의미

김예원(Ye Won Kim),백혜정(Hae Jung Paik) 대한검안학회 2021 Annals of optometry and contact lens Vol.20 No.2

Purpose: To evaluate the factors affecting total occlusion duration and to determine whether half success duration (the time to reach an intermediate visual acuity between the initial visual acuity and 1.0) affects the total duration of treatment in amblyopia patients when the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improves to that of the fellow eye after occlusion. Methods: Fifty-three pediatric patients with amblyopia who achieved the same BCVA as that of the fellow eye after occlusion were selected. The total duration and half success duration were compared according to sex, initial visual acuity, age, spherical equivalent, cause of amblyopia (anisometropia, strabismus, or combined), as well as other factors. Results: The mean age of the initial amblyopic patients was 4.6 years, and the mean duration of total occlusion treatment was 23.15 months. The mean half success duration was 9.98 months. The duration of total occlusion treatment was longer in children whose spherical equivalent of the amblyopic eye was over +3.0 diopters. The half success duration was longer in amblyopic patients with esotropia whose angle of deviation exceeded 20 prism diopters. However, there were no significant differences according to other factors. The total occlusion duration was shorter in patients whose half success duration was less than 12 months. Conclusions: The treatment duration that was needed to achieve a BCVA close to that of the fellow eye was shortened when the spherical equivalent of the amblyopic eye was below +3.0 diopters. The half success duration was shortened when the angle of deviation was well below 20 prism diopters in patients with esotropia. Additionally, patients with a short half success duration had a shorter total occlusion duration. These factors can be used to predict the duration of occlusion treatment.

이탈리안 레스토랑의 적절한 Meal Duration 선정에 관한 연구

조미희(Mee-Hee Cho),김현아(Hyun-A Kim),이경희(Kyung-Hee Lee) 동아시아식생활학회 2010 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.20 No.3

This study examined the different meal duration expectations and dining characteristics of customers each stage of service (order, cook, check), and investigated the impact of perceived meal duration on customers' satisfaction. The procedures consisted of four phases. During the first phase, the different meal duration expectations and dining characteristics of customers of an Italian restaurant in Seoul were examined by survey at each stage of service. The second phase investigated the impact of perceived meal duration on customer' satisfaction. The third phase compared perceived meal duration and actual meal duration. The last phase suggested appropriate meal duration for maximization of customer' satisfaction. We also examined the effects of meal time (lunch or dinner) on meal duration preferences. Customer satisfaction was decreased with longer perceived meal duration for the order and check stages and too short perceived meal duration for the cook stage. To determine appropriate meal duration for each service stage, the relationship between perceived and actual meal durations was examined. This study confirms that customers dining at restaurants preferred a longer cook time and that a shorter meal duration at dinner decreased satisfaction ratings more when compared to lunch.

고정, 임의시간 강우량 선택에 따른 농경지 배수 영향 분석

황동주,김병규,심좌근,Hwang, Dong Joo,Kim, Byoung Gyu,Shim, Jwa Keun 한국관개배수위원회 2012 한국관개배수논문집 Vol.19 No.1

Recently, it has been increased disaster of crops and agricultural facilities with climate change such as regional storm, typhoon. However agricultural facilities have unsafe design criteria of improving drainage corresponding to this change. This study has analyzed the impact that inundation area and magnitude of drainage-facility is decided based on fixed- and unfixed-duration precipitation by applying revised design criteria of drainage for climate change. The result was shown that 1-day and 2-days rainfall for 20-years return period has increased about 11.4%, 4.4% respectively by changing fixed- to unfixed duration. And the increase rate of design flood was 15.0%. The result was also shown that Inundation area was enlarged by 6.6% as well as increased inundation duration under same basic condition in designed rainfall between fixed- and unfixed-duration. According to the analysis, it is necessary for pump capacity in unfixed-duration to be increased by 70% for same effect with fixed-duration. Therefore, when computing method of probability precipitation is changed from fixed one to unfixed-duration by applying revised design criteria, there seems to be improving effect in drainage design. Because 1440-minutes rainfall for 20-years return period with unfixed-duration is more effective than 1-day rainfall for 30-years return period with fixed-duration. By applying unfixed-duration rainfall, capacity of drainage facilities need to be expanded to achieve the same effects (Inundation depth & duration) with fixed-duration rainfall. Further study is required for considering each condition of climate, topography and drainage by applying revised design criteria.

한국아동·청소년패널조사 Ⅷ : 데이터분석보고서 - 청소년 수면시간의 긍정적 효과 -

정은진,하형석,고강혁,정윤미 한국청소년정책연구원 2017 한국청소년정책연구원 연구보고서 Vol.- No.-

This study attempted to unveil the positive effects of sleep duration on youth. Specifically, the goal was to figure out what effects adolescents’ sleep duration would have on body mass index (BMI), learning habit control and satisfaction with school grades and life. First, to examine relationship between sleep duration and BMI, 4th and 7th grade panels were chosen, and panel fixed-effects (within) IV regression model was applied. Second, the 4th grade panel was used to examine sleep duration-learning habit control, sleep duration-school grade satisfaction and sleep duration-life satisfaction relationships, using the autoregressive cross-lagged model. In addition, the mediating effects were assessed. Then, the results found the followings: First, adolescents’ sleep duration had a significant effect on BMI. In particular, as sleep duration increased, BMI fell. Decrease in BMI can be understood as the reduction of the probability of being overweight or obese. In other words, as they sufficiently sleep, the occurrence of obesity declines. Second, adolescents’ sleep duration had a positive influence on their control on learning habits with statistical significance. This finding was confirmed during the 5-7th years (8th-10th grade) in the 4th grade panel. Third, sleep duration had a positive effect on adolescents’ satisfaction with their school grades with statistical significance. This result was confirmed during the 2-4th and 4-7th years in the 4th grade panel with statistical significance. Fourth, adolescents’ sleep duration had a positive influence on their life satisfaction with statistical significance, which was confirmed during the 4-7th years in the 4th grade panel. Fifth, their sleep duration had a significant influence (5-7th years) on their school grades with their control on learning habits as a mediator. Furthermore, sleep duration had an effect (5-7th years) on their life satisfaction based on their learning habit control with statistical significance. In sum, adolescents’ sleep duration has a significant influence on their physical conditions, school grades and even their mental health. Based on these results, this study describes its academic and theoretical meaning and proposes the policies which can guarantee adolescents’ sleep duration. For this, the policies which can be implemented at home and school as well as in the country are stated in detail, using nudge theory (smooth intervention, encouraging others to make a choice). This study also mentioned the parts in which legal amendment is needed.

조기상환과 콜한도가 CMO(다계층 MBS)의 듀레이션에 미치는 영향분석: 부분이체(Partial Path-through) 구조를 중심으로

박연우 ( Yun Woo Park ),방두완 ( Doo Won Bang ) 한국파생상품학회(구 한국선물학회) 2012 선물연구 Vol.20 No.4

주택담보대출은 조기상환위험에 노출되어 있고 이런 주택담보대출을 유동화한 주택담보대출 유동화증권(MBS)도 같은 조기상환에 노출되어 MBS 투자자들은 조기상환으로 인한 만기의 축소를 예측하여 재투자위험을 관리하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문은 기초자산의 조기상환 회귀함수를 추정하고 이를 사용하여 한국주택금융공사(KHFC)가 발행하는 CMO(다계층 MBS)의 듀레이션을 분석하였다 특히 트랜치별로 콜 금지기간과 콜한도를 지정하여 콜 금지가간 이후에도 발행기관이 조기상환위험을 부분적으로 투자자에게 이전하는 구조를 분석하였다 CMO 듀레이션에 대한 실증적 연구가 없어 실제로 CMO의 듀레이션이 어느 정도인지 CMO듀레이션의 결정요소는 무엇인지 잘 알려지지 않았다 . 따라서 본고는 CMO의 듀레이션이 어느 정도인지 CMO 듀레이션의 결정요소가 무엇인지를 보여주고 있다 본고는 실제로 듀레이션이 법정만기보다 현저하게 짧다는 것을 확인하여 듀레이션이 보다 장기적인 MBS구조 도입이 모색되어야함을 보여주고 있다. 금리확률과정하에서 CMO 듀레이션을 추정한 결과 조기상환속도가 증가함에 따라 CMO 듀레이션이 감소하고 원금대비 콜한도가 감소함에 따라 듀레이션이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다 본고는 발행기관이 조기상환위험의 일부를 인수할 때 듀레이션과 요구수익률에 미치는 영향을 구체적으로 추정하여 조기상환구조의 설계에 중효한 근거를 제공한다. Pesidential mortgage loans as well as the MBS(mortgage-backed security), which securitizes these loans. are exposed to prepayment risk We examine the effect of prepayment process on the duration of the CMO (multi-tranche MBS).ln particular. we examine the effect of partial pass-through where there is a call limit expressed as a percentage of initial tranche balance Due to the absence of empirical research on the CMO duration. neither the catual CMO duration nor the determinants of the CMO duration have been reported. Our study reports the actual CMO duration and the determinants of the CMO duration. By showing that the CMO duration is much shorter than the nominal time-to-maturity we point to the need to search for longer duration MBS structures We find that in both the deterministic and stochastic interest rate environments duration is reduced as prepayment speed rises and duration rises as call limit decreases.We make contribution to the literature by shedding light on the effect of prepayment and call limit on the duration of multi-tranche MBS. ln particular, this research characterizes the impact of the partial pass-through structuring approach on the CMO duration as well as CMO pricing Finally,it assists CMO investors in better assessing and managing reinvestment risks of pass-through products.

Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Body Mass Index, Household Income According to Sleep Duration: Findings From a Community Health Survey

Lee Jihyung,Um Yoo Hyun,Jeong Jong-Hyun,Seo Ho-Jun,Kim Young-Chan,Yoon Sung Hoon,김석영,Kim Tae Won,Hong Seung-Chul 대한수면학회 2023 sleep medicine research Vol.14 No.1

Background and Objective Research on the relationship between sleep duration and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), body mass index (BMI), and income in South Korea was scarce. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and the PHQ-9, BMI, and household income.Methods We used data from the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2018 which included a total of 228340 participants from across the country. We divided the participants into four groups based on their sleep duration and used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the mean values of PHQ-9, BMI, and household income among the groups.Results A total of 227899 respondents were included in the study. Based on a one-way ANOVA, the mean PHQ-9 score tended to increase as sleep duration decreased. However, the group with a sleep duration of 9 hours or more had an exceptionally higher mean PHQ-9 score than the group with a sleep duration of 7 to 9 hours. The BMI score generally decreased as the sleep duration increased. Additionally, the group with a sleep duration of 5 to 7 hours and 7 to 9 hours had higher household income than the group with a sleep duration of 5 hours or less or 9 hours or more.Conclusions This study demonstrated the association between sleep duration and PHQ-9, BMI, and household income. Sleep duration was found to be a factor influencing PHQ-9, BMI, and household income.

연구논문 : 레스토랑의 서비스 제공단계별 Meal duration이 고객의 서비스품질 평가 및 고객만족에 미치는 영향

조미희 ( Me Hee Cho ),이경희 ( Kyung Hee Lee ) 한국식생활문화학회 2010 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

This study, which took place in an Italian restaurant in Seoul, investigated the impact of meal duration on the evaluation of satisfaction and service quality, according to the service stages (order, cook, check) of a restaurant. Research procedures included two phases: during the first phase, data on expected-perceived meal duration, and service quality and satisfaction were collected by surveys, which were distributed at the restaurant. The second phase investigated the relationships among meal duration, customers` satisfaction, and service quality. T-tests and regression analyses were used to examine relationships between these variables. Results indicate that both failing to meet customers` expected meal duration, as well as the perceived meal duration could negatively impact the satisfaction and evaluation of service quality. The study confirmed that meal duration is indeed related to the responsiveness aspect of service quality. The important aspect of meal duration management is to improve service quality and satisfaction, which can lead to a restaurant`s success. Therefore, understanding the relationships among meal duration, satisfaction, and service quality is a part of a good foundation for effective meal duration management.

극치호우사상에 기초한 설계강우의 지속기간

박민규,박무종,김형수 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.5

Rainfall duration of design storm is one of most important factors of hydrologic design. However the study is rare to investigate the characteristics of rainfall duration, this make it difficult the efficient design procedure. In Korea, the critical storm duration has been used for calculating peak discharge for design. The critical storm duration is defined as the storm duration which produces the biggest flood peak discharge in considering various storm durations. However the suitability of this critical storm duration has not been proved in actual rainfall runoff relationships. In this study, annual maximum storm events and observed maximum rainfall-runoff data at dam stations are evaluated to assess the design rainfall duration, and the results are as follows. The most frequent rainfall duration is about 24 hours as extreme storm events in Korea. There was no significant trend between basin areas and design rainfall durations. The bigger basin area shows wider rainfall durations. The duration of 24 hours is most appropriate for the fixed design storm duration if the rainfall is uniformly distributed throughout the whole basin area. 설계강우의 지속기간은 수공설계에서 고려해야할 가장 중요한 인자 중의 하나이지만 이와 관련해서 연구성과의 부족은 효과적인 설계를 어렵게 하는 요인이 되고 있다. 우리나라의 수공설계에서는 첨두홍수량을 구하기 위해 임계지속기간을 고려하고 있다. 이를 위해 다양한 지속기간별로 유출계산을 실시하고 가장 큰 첨두홍수량이 얻어지는 지속기간을 설계강우의 지속기간으로설정하고 있다. 이와 관련하여 이러한 방법론이 적절한지를 관측극치호우를 기초로 평가한 연구는 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 설계호우의 지속기간을 평가하기 위해 연최대호우사상 계열과 댐유역의 강우유출자료를 평가하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 우리나라에서 극치호우 사상들이 보여주는 가장 빈번한 지속기간은 24시간 내외였다. 한편, 유역면적과 강우의 지속기간은뚜렷한 경향성을 가지고 있지 않았으며 다만 유역면적이 커질수록 면적강우의 지속기간의 범위가 보다 폭넓게 나타나는 특성이관찰되었다. 유역전체에 강우가 균등하게 내리는 경우를 가정할 수 있을 경우 적절한 설계강우의 지속기간은 대체로 24시간 내외를 가진다고 평가할 수 있었다. 핵심용어 : 설계강우, 지속기간, 연최대

한국 성인의 수면시간과 체성분 인자와의 연관성

김은영(Eun Young Kim),최윤선(Youn Seon Choi),김선미(Seon Mee Kim),최선영(Sun Young Choi),김은혜(Eun Hye Kim),김정은(Jung Eun Kim),김이연(E Yeon Kim),정재훈(Jae Hoon Jeong),진로사(Rosa Jin),정상아(Sang Ah Jung) 대한임상노인의학회 2014 대한임상노인의학회지 Vol.15 No.1

연구배경: 수면부족은 당 대사조절 등 체내 생리적 시스템에 영향을 주면서 비만의 유병률을 높일 것으로 생각되는데, 국내외적으로 수면시간과 비만과의 연관성을 다룬 연구는 많이 있으나 체지방량의 분포 등 체성분과의 연관성을 다룬 연구는 거의 없는 실정 이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 우리나라 성인의 수면시간과 체성분과의 연관성을 확인하고자 했다. 방법: 제 4기(2008∼2009)와 제 5기(2010) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 분석하였으며 고령, 미측, 갑상샘 질환, 신부전, 임신을 제외한 총 9880명을 대상으로 하였다. 체성분인자로 BMI, 허리둘레, 총체지방률, 몸통체지방률, 제지방률, 몸통제지방률, 근량을 사용하였고, 수면시간에 따른 체성분 분석의 연관관계를 보기 위해 선형 회귀분석 및 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하였으며, 나이, 흡연, 운동, 음주 등의 교란변수를 보정하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 남성과 여성 모두 BMI, 허리둘레, 몸통체지방률, 근량에서 수면시간과 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, 비만 관련 위험도를 알아보기 위하여 BMI≥25 kg/㎡, 허리둘레(남자≥90 cm, 여자≥85 cm), 체지방률과 제지방률, 근량의 상위 25%값의 비율에 대해 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였을 때는, 남성에서만 유의한 교차비를 보였다. 남성에서 수면시간이 1시간 증가할수록 BMI 25이상의 위험은 0.89배, 허리둘레 90 cm이상 위험은 0.90배, 몸통 체지방률과 근량도 각각 0.93배, 0.89배 감소하였다. 결론: 우리나라 성인의 수면시간은 체성분인자 중 BMI, 허리둘레, 몸통 체지방률, 몸통 제지방률, 근량과 유의한 연관성이 있었으며, 남성에서는 수면시간이 부족할수록 BMI 25 kg/㎡ 이상, 허리둘레 90 cm이상 될 위험이 증가하고, 몸통체지방률이 증가할 위험도 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 수면부족이 몸통에 체지방량의 분포를 증가시켜 중심비만을 야기시키는 원인이 될 수 있음을 뒷받침하며, 적절한 수면관리를 통해 이를 예방할 수 있을 것으로 사료되므로 이를 지키기 위한 노력이 필요하겠다. Background: Despite the large number of epidemiological studies linking obesity and short sleep duration, there is paucity of data carefully examining the relationship between body composition and sleep duration. So, through national undertaking Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES), we examined the relationship between sleep duration and BMI, waist circumference, and percent body fat in Korean adults. Methods: From the data of KNHANES in the year of 2008∼2010, over 19 years old 4337 men and 5543 women, relationship between sleep duration and indices of body composition was examined. Anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of body composition were used. Sleep duration was measured using information obtained from self-reported questionnaires. Results: The study results revealed a negative association between sleep duration and most of body composition variables - body mass index, waist circumference, truncal fat percentage, muscle mass - and positive association with truncal lean mass percentage. In men, increasing sleep duration 1 hour, prevalence of obesity (BMI≥25 kg/㎡) is decreasing (OR=0.89, CI:0.837-0.939), risk of waist circumference over 90 cm is decreasing (OR=0.90, CI:0.851-0.966), truncal fat percentage (OR=0.93, CI:0.869-0.992) and muscle mass (OR=0.89, CI: 0.835-0.949) are also decreasing. Conclusion: Our results are consistent with previous findings that sleep duration is associated with obesity. However, the relationship between sleep duration and body composition may be stronger in men than in women. Short sleep duration was associated with increased truncal fat. And it supports that short sleep duration may increase prevalence of central obesity in Korean men.