Effects of Feeding and Processing Methods of Diets on Performance, Morphological Changes in the Small Intestine and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-Finishing Pigs

Yang, J.S.,Jung, H.J.,Xuan, Z.N.,Kim, J.H.,Kim, D.S.,Chae, B.J.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.10

These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding and processing methods of diets on performance, morphological changes in the small intestine and nutrient digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. One-hundred fifty growing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $23.33{\pm}0.75kg$) and one-hundred twenty finishing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $59.22{\pm}0.56kg$) were used in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Pigs were grouped on the basis of body weight and gender, and randomly allotted into 6 different treatments with 5 replications in each treatment in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement. Treatments were 1) dry feeding with a mash diet (DM), 2) dry feeding with a pelleted diet (DP), 3) dry feeding with an expanded crumble diet (DEC), 4) dry/wet feeding with a mash diet (WM), 5) dry/wet feeding with a pelleted diet (WP), and 6) dry/wet feeding with an expanded crumble diet (WEC). In Exp. 1 (growing phase), there was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among treatments during the entire experimental period, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed pelleted diets regardless of feeding method. FCR was best in pigs fed a DP diet and worst in pigs fed a WM diet. Pigs fed a pelleted diet showed a 6.2% or 4.0% improvement in FCR compared with those fed a mash diet or an expanded crumble diet. Water disappearance was not significantly affected by dry/wet feeding or feed processing. Significant differences in villus height were not found among treatments, but villus height tended to be improved by dry/wet feeding. Dry/wet feeding or feed processing did not affect crypt depth. Digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus were significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed an expanded crumble diet compared with pigs fed mash diets. Especially, pigs fed a WEC diet digested 8.1% more P than those fed a DM diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) tended to be increased by dry/wet feeding rather than dry feeding. In Exp. 2 (finishing phase), ADG and ADFI were not significantly different among treatments, but a significant difference in FCR was found among feed processing forms. The best FCR was obtained in pigs fed a pelleted diet. Pigs fed a DP diet showed a 11.3% improvement compared with those fed a DEC diet. Water disappearance was significantly (p=0.0408) decreased by feeding the mash diet. However, water disappearance was not affected by dry/wet feeding during the finishing period. The villus height and crypt depth were not significantly different among treatments. However, crypt depth tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding at the mid part of the small intestine. Fat digestibility was improved by dry feeding rather than dry/wet feeding, and was improved by 4.8% by feeding pellet diets compared with expanded crumble diets. Except for carcass grade, carcass characteristics were not significantly (p<0.05) different among treatments. Carcass grade was the best in pigs fed a WP diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) was significantly decreased in pigs fed a pelleted diet compared with those fed an expanded crumble diet, and tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding. In conclusion, these studies suggest that feeding the pelleted diet to growing-finishing pigs can be beneficial in terms of FCR and production cost. Dry/wet feeding can be helpful for the maintenance of villus height, but may not be reflected in improved growth performance or reduction of production costs.

An Intravenous Replenishment of Salivary Components and Dry Forage Intake in Freely Drinking Large-type Goats

Sunagawa, K.,Hashimoto, T.,Izuno, M.,Hashizume, N.,Okano, M.,Nagamine, I.,Hirata, T. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.4

Large-type goats eating dry forage secreted large volumes of saliva which resulted in the loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood and decreased plasma volume (hypovolemia). This research investigated whether or not the loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood and hypovolemia brought about by dry forage feeding actually depresses feed intake in large-type goats under free drinking conditions. The present experiment consisted of three treatments (NI, ASI, MI). All treatments in this experiment were carried out under free drinking conditions. In the NI control (NI), a solution was not infused. In the ASI treatment, i.v. infusion of artificial saliva was initiated 2 h before feeding and was continued for a total of 3 h concluding 1 h after the commencement of the feeding perod. In the MI treatment, mannitol solution was infused to replenish only water lost from the blood in the form of saliva. The hematocrit and plasma total protein concentrations during feeding in the NI control were observed to be higher than pre-feeding levels. This indicated that dry forage feeding-induced hypovolemia was caused by the accelerated secretion of saliva during the initial stages of feeding in freely drinking large-type goats. Increases in hematocrit and plasma total protein concentrations due to dry forage feeding were significantly suppressed by the ASI treatment. While hematocrit during feeding in the MI treatment was significantly lower than the NI control, plasma total protein concentrations were not different. From these results, it is clear that the MI treatment was less effective than the ASI treatment in mitigating the decreases in plasma volume brought about by dry forage feeding. This indicates that plasma volume increased during dry forage feeding in the ASI treatment which inhibited production of angiotensin II in the blood. The ASI treatment lessened the levels of suppression on dry forage feeding, but the MI treatment had no effect on it under free drinking conditions. The results indicate that despite the free drinking conditions, increases in saliva secretion during the initial stages of dry forage feeding in large-type goats caused $NaHCO_3$ to be lost from the blood into the rumen which in turn caused a decrease in circulating plasma volume and resulted in activation of the renin-angiotensin system and thus feeding was suppressed.

Effects of Wet Feeding of Diets with or without Food Waste on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing Pigs

Moon, J.S.,Kwon, I.K.,Chae, B.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.4

Two experiments were conducted. In expt. 1, a total of fifty-four pigs (L$\times$Y$\times$D, 56.14$\pm$1.7 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of a commercial-type diet without food waste (FW). Treatments were dry (Control), wet (WF) and wet+dry feeding (WDF). For wet feeding, the diet was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2.5 (feed:water). A wet feed was given during the whole experimental period for the WF group, but the dry feed was given during the finisher period for the WDF group. In expt. 2, a total of fifty-four pigs(L$\times$Y$\times$D, 55.7$\pm$1.8 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of FW. Treatments were a commercial-type dry (Control), wet fermented food waste (WFFW) and WFFW+dry feeding (WFFW+DF). For wet feeding of fermented food waste, however, some ingredients (concentrate) were added to make nutrient contents comparable to the control diet. The FW collected was ground ($\leq$5 mm), heated with a steam jacket (140$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$) and fermented with probiotics for one day in a steel container at 30-40$^{\circ}C$. For the WFFW group, the wet feed was given during the whole experimental period, but a dry feed was given during finisher period for the WFFW+DF group. In expt. 1, during the grower period, pigs fed wet feed showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed only dry feed (p<0.05). During the finisher period, pigs in the WDF group showed better ADG and FCR than the control group. During the entire experimental period, pigs in the WDF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control group, and the same trend was found in FCR. Also, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, lean %, and pork color were not affected by the wet feeding of diets in this study. In expt. 2, during the grower period, pigs fed diets containing FW showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed the control diet. But FCR was better (p<0.05) in pigs fed FW than in the control group. During the finisher period, pigs in the WFFW+DF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control and WFFW groups. During the entire experimental period, pigs fed the control diet showed better ADG (p<0.05) than those fed FW, but feed intake and FCR were vice versa. Dressing percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the WFFW than in the control group, but backfat was thinner in the WFFW group than in the control group. In summary, it can be concluded that wet feeding of formula feed can improve daily gain, however, feeding fermented wet food waste may reduce daily gain of finishing pigs, even though it was fermented and the nutrient was fortified with concentrates. In addition, dry feeding of a formula feed during the finishing period can improve daily gain in pigs fed a wet feed with or without food waste during the grower period.

Deprivation of Esophageal Boluses and Dry Forage Intake in Large-type Goats

Van Thang, Tran,Sunagawa, Katsunori,Nagamine, Itsuki,Kato, Seiyu Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.9

In goats fed on dry forage twice a day, an esophageal fistula was used to investigate the physiological factors present in the marked suppression of dry forage intake that occurs after 40 min of feeding. The animals used in this study were five large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats. Roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes with any large remaining chunks removed were used as feed for this research. The study was conducted under both normal feeding conditions (NFC) and sham feeding conditions (SFC). In the NFC control, the esophageal fistulae were closed by plugs and the animals ate dry forage in the normal manner. In the SFC treatment, before starting the experiment the plugs for closing the esophageal fistula were removed and the cannulae for collecting boluses were fitted into the fistulae. Therefore, the esophageal boluses were removed via an esophageal fistula before they entered the rumen. In the NFC control, eating rates sharply decreased in the first 40 min of feeding and were subsequently maintained at low levels. However, eating rates in the SFC treatment remained high after 40 min of the feeding period had elapsed and the goats ate continuously during the 2 h feeding period. In comparison with the NFC control ($1,794{\pm}203.80\;g$/2 h), cumulative dry forage intake in the SFC treatment ($3,182{\pm}381.69\;g$/2 h) was 77.4% greater (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. In the SFC treatment, cumulative bolus output ($6,804{\pm}469.92\;g$/2 h) was about twofold the cumulative dry forage intake due to cumulative salivary secretion volume ($3,622{\pm}104.13\;g$/2 h) upon conclusion of the 2 h feeding period. The result indicates that large amounts of secreted saliva during dry forage feeding act in conjunction with consumed feed to form the ruminal load responsible for ruminal distension. The increased plasma total protein concentrations were higher in the SFC treatment than in the NFC control. However, plasma and ruminal fluid osmolalities increased in the NFC control during and after feeding but were mostly unchanged in the SFC treatment. In comparison with the NFC control ($3,440{\pm}548.04\;g$/30 min), thirst level in the SFC treatment ($1,360{\pm}467.02\;g$/30 min) was 60.5% significantly less (p<0.05) upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the present study indicate that In the second hour of the 2 h feeding period, dry forage intake is regulated by factors produced when boluses enter the rumen.

Physiological Factors Depressing Feed Intake and Saliva Secretion in Goats Fed on Dry Forage

Sunagawa, K.,Ooshiro, T.,Nakamura, N.,Ishii, Y.,Nagamine, I.,Shinjo, A Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.1

Ruminants eating dry forage secrete large volumes of saliva which results in decreased plasma volume (hypovolemia) and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood. The present research investigated whether or not hypovolemia and the loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood in goats brought about by dry forage feeding actually depresses feed intake and saliva secretion, respectively. The present experiment consisted of three treatments (NI, ASI, MI). In the control treatment (NI), a solution was not infused. In the ASI treatment, i.v. infusion of artificial parotid saliva was initiated 1 h before feeding and continued for the entire 2 h feeding period. In the MI treatment, iso-osmotic mannitol solution was infused. The NI treatment showed that hematocrit and plasma total protein concentration were increased due to decreased circulating plasma volume brought about by feeding. In the ASI treatment, the fluid and $NaHCO_3$ that were lost from the blood because of a feeding-induced acceleration of saliva secretion was replenished with an intravenous infusion of artificial parotid saliva. This replenishment lessened the levels of suppression on both feeding and parotid saliva secretion. When only the lost fluid was replenished with an intravenous infusion of iso-osmotic mannitol solution in the MI treatment, the degree of feeding suppression was lessened but the level of saliva secretion suppression was not affected. These results indicate that the marked suppression of feed intake during the initial stages of dry forage feeding was caused by a feeding-induced hypovolemia while the suppression of saliva secretion was brought about by the loss of $NaHCO_3$ from the blood due to increased saliva secretion during the initial stages of feeding.

A Physiological Stimulating Factor of Water Intake during and after Dry Forage Feeding in Large-type Goats

Thang, Tran Van,Sunagawa, Katsunori,Nagamine, Itsuki,Kishi, Tetsuya,Ogura, Go Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.4

When ruminants consume dry forage, they also drink large volumes of water. The objective of this study was to clarify which factor produced when feed boluses enter the rumen is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period in large-type goats fed on dry forage for 2 h twice daily. Six large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 2 to 6 years, weighing $85.1{\pm}4.89kg$) were used in two experiments. In experiment 1, the water deprivation (WD) control and the water availability (WA) treatment were conducted to compare changes in water intake during and after dry forage feeding. In experiment 2, a normal feeding conditions (NFC) control and a feed bolus removal (FBR) treatment were carried out to investigate whether decrease in circulating plasma volume or increase in plasma osmolality is mainly responsible for the marked increase in water intake in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. The results of experiment 1 showed that in the WA treatment, small amounts of water were consumed during the first hour of feeding while the majority of water intake was observed during the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. Therefore, the amounts of water consumed in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period accounted for 82.8% of the total water intake. The results of experiment 2 indicated that in comparison with the NFC control, decrease in plasma volume in the FBR treatment, which was indicated by increase in hematocrit and plasma total protein concentrations, was higher (p<0.05) in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period. However, plasma osmolality in the FBR treatment was lower (p<0.05) than compared to the NFC control from 30 min after the start of feeding. Therefore, thirst level in the FBR treatment was 82.7% less (p<0.01) compared with that in the NFC control upon conclusion of the 30 min drinking period. The results of the study indicate that the increased plasma osmolality in the second hour of the 2 h feeding period is the main physiological stimulating factor of water intake during and after dry forage feeding in large-type goats.

Physiological Relationship Between Thirst Level and Feed Intake in Goats Fed on Alfalfa Hay Cubes

Prasetiyono, Bambang W.H.E.,Sunagawa, Katsunori,Shinjo, Akihisa,Shiroma, Sadao Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.11

The present study was carried out to measure changes of feed intake and thirst level caused by water deprivation in goats fed on dry feed and to elucidate the relationship between those two parameters. Water deprivation significantly (p<0.01) decreased cumulative feed intake and rate of eating at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively, after feed presentation. Cumulative feed intake, after completion of 2 h feeding, was reduced by about 20, 21 and 64 % due to water deprivation during feeding for 2 h (WD2), for 22 h (WD22) and for 46 h (WD46), respectively, compared to free access to water (FAW). Compared to the FAW, WD2, WD22 and WD46 increased thirst level by about 5, 5 and 9 times, respectively. Mean thirst level (X, g/30 min) was negatively correlated with cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=1302-0.2 X, $r^2=0.97$, p<0.05). Water deprivation depressed plasma volume and there was a significant positive regression between plasma volume (X, ml) and cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=-1003+0.6 X, $r^2=0.99$, p<0.01). Mean plasma osmolality (X, mOsmol/l) correlated significantly and negatively with cumulative feed intake (Y, g DM) after completion of 2h feeding (Y=27004-84.9 X, $r^2=0.95$, p<0.05). In conclusion, a decrease of feed intake during water deprivation is mainly due to an increase of thirst level quantitatively, and the act of feeding itself induces thirst more than the length of water-deprivation periods in goats fed on dry feeds. The present findings suggest that plasma osmolality and plasma volume which affect thirst level are involved in the decrease of feed intake in water-deprived goats.

Significance of Hypovolemia in Feed Intake Control of Goats Fed on Dry Feed

Sunagawa, Katsunori,Prasetiyono, Bambang W.H.E.,Shinjo, Akihisa Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.9

The objective of this study was to examine the significance of feeding induced hypovolemia (decrease in plasma volume) in controlling the feed intake of goats fed on dry feed. In order to alleviate hypovolemia with feeding, a 2 h intravenous infusion (16-18 ml/min) of artificial saliva or mannitol solution was begun 1 h prior to feeding and continued until 1h after the start of the 2 h feeding period. In comparison with no infusion (NI), cumulative feed intake was increased by 41% with artificial saliva infusion (ASI) and by 45% with mannitol infusion (MI) by the completion of the 2 h feeding period. Both infusion treatments (ASI and MI) were significantly different (p<0.05) from the NI treatment in terms of the cumulative feed intake. The cumulative feed intake between the ASI and MI treatments was not significantly different (p>0.05). No infusion treatment (NI) had the lowest cumulative feed intake (929 g DM), whereas MI had the highest (1345 g DM), after completion of the 2 h feeding period. Generally, infusion treatments also increased the rate of eating at all time points after feeding was commenced. Following the first 30 mins of feeding, the rate of eating decreased sharply, and subsequently declined gradually in all treatments. Compared to the NI, both ASI and MI significantly (p<0.05) decreased thirst level (water intake for 30 mins after the completion of the 2 h feeding period) by approximately 13%. However, the thirst level caused by ASI and MI was not significantly different (p>0.05). Both ASI and MI decreased the plasma concentrations of osmolality and total protein, and hematocrit at 1 h after infusion. The results suggested that the thirst sensation in the brain could be produced by feeding induced hypovolemia. Moreover, the results indicate that hypovolemia is one of the factors controlling the feed intake of goats fed on dry feed.

음식물찌꺼기 진공건조사료 급여가 비육돈의 생산성에 미치는 영향

김언현,문상호 建國大學校 自然科學硏究所 2000 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.11 No.-

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding different levels of food waste vacuum-dried feed on productivity of fattening pagis. Totally 80 pgis were assigned into four groups and fed vacuum-dried food waste mixture at the level of 0%(Control), 30%(FW30%), 50%(FW50%), and 70%(FW70%), respectively. Vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed contained 17.1% of crude protein, 21.8% of ether extract, and 24.7% of crude fiber on the average and nutritive value of vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed varied highly with manufacturing time. Dry matter intake was significantly lower (P<0.05) in FW70% than in other groups at the beginning of fattening. Body weight of pigs was significantly higher(P<0.05) in control than in FW50% and FW70% at the middle of fattening(158 days after birth). That was highest in control at the late stage of fattening(189 days after birth) and there were no differences in groups fed vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed. Daily gain was the highest in control and was decreased with level of vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed. Daily gain was the highest in control and was decreased with level of vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed increased at the beginning of fattening. But that was significantly high(P<0.05) in FW70% at the late stage of fattening As a result, it is greatly demanded to improve internal availability for efficient utilization of vacuum-dried food waste mixture feed in fattening pigs.

Effect of Dietary Processed Sulfur Supplementation on Texture Quality, Color and Mineral Status of Dry-cured Ham

Kim, Ji-Han,Ju, Min-Gu,Yeon, Su-Jung,Hong, Go-Eun,Park, WooJoon,Lee, Chi-Ho Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2015 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.35 No.5

This study was performed to investigate the chemical composition, mineral status, oxidative stability, and texture attributes of dry-cured ham from pigs fed processed sulfur (S, 1 g/kg feed), and from those fed a basal diet (CON), during the period from weaning to slaughter (174 d). Total collagen content and soluble collagen of the S group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). The pH of the S group was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas the S group had a lower expressible drip compared to the control group. The S group also showed the lower lightness compared to the control group (p<0.05). In regard to the mineral status, the S group had significantly lower Fe²⁺ and Ca²⁺ content than the control group (p<0.05), whereas the proteolysis index of the S group was significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.05). The feeding of processed sulfur to pigs led to increased oxidative stability, related to lipids and pigments, in the dry-cured ham (p<0.05). Compared to the dry-cured ham from the control group, that from the S group exhibited lower springiness and gumminess; these results suggest that feeding processed sulfur to pigs can improve the quality of the texture and enhance the oxidative stability of dry-cured ham.