Arrangement of Subsequent Disposal Facilities in the Complex Disposal Facility

DongBin Shon,HyeongJoon Yun,MuGap Shin 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Currently, the Gyeongju disposal facility is planned to be operated as a complex disposal facility with three types: cave disposal, surface disposal, and landfill disposal. Approximate method and arrangement have been decided up to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd stage disposal facilities, but the optimal method for the arrangement of the entire complex disposal facility has not been established. When establishing the subsequent disposal facility arrangement plan, the generation prospect and disposal capacity setting plan for each level of radioactive waste was established, and the disposal capacity of the subsequent disposal facility, the disposal facility method, etc. were reviewed and reflected. Among the items for deriving an efficient management plan, KEPCO E&C is going to first derive a site arrangement plan for each disposal facility of 800,000 drums of radioactive waste, and has drawn up a plan for each scenario through collaboration with other organizations. When establishing the subsequent disposal facility arrangement plan, the generation prospect and disposal capacity setting plan for each level of radioactive waste was established, and the disposal capacity of the subsequent disposal facility, the disposal facility method, etc. were reviewed and reflected.

사기죄에서 처분행위와 처분의사의 위치

김신 ( Kim Shin ) 한국비교형사법학회 2020 비교형사법연구 Vol.22 No.3

우리 형법 제347조의 사기죄는 “행위자의 기망행위로 피고인이 재물의 교부를 받거나 재산상 이익을 취득하는 것”을 구성요건으로 정하고 있을 뿐, ‘피기망자의 처분행위’와 ‘손해의 발생’을 구성요건에 포함시키고 있지 않다. 그러나 지금까지 판례와 학설은 법률상 구성요건인 ‘피고인이 재물의 교부를 받는 것’보다, 구성요건으로 명시되지 않은 ‘피기망자의 처분행위’를 더욱 주목하여 왔다. 그리하여 처분행위를 중심으로 하여 그 처분행위의 의미와 내용과 효과에 따라 사기죄의 성립 여부를 판단하여 왔다. 그리하여 처분행위에는 처분의사가 필요하고, 그 처분의사에는 처분결과에 대한 인식까지 필요한지 여부를 다투고 있다. 그러나 이러한 해석방법은 사기죄의 문언에 어긋난다. 사기죄에서 처벌하려는 대상은 피고인의 행위이고, 사기죄의 성부를 판단함에 있어 평가해야 할 대상 역시 피고인의 행위이지 피기망자의 행위가 아니다. 즉, 사기죄는 피고인의 행위 측면에서 판단할 문제이지 피기망자의 행위 측면에서 평가할 문제가 아니다. 그런데도 사기죄에서 피고인의 행위가 아닌 피기망자의 처분행위를 중심으로 범죄의 성립여부를 판단하려는 태도는 사기죄의 본질에 어긋난다. 피기망자의 처분행위는 피고인의 행위가 사기죄의 구성요건에 해당하는지 여부를 평가하는 보조적인 수단에 불과하다. 사기죄에서 처분행위는 그 정도 위치에 머물러야 한다. 사기죄의 성립여부는 피고인의 행위측면에서 평가하여, 피고인이 피해자를 기망하여 재물을 교부받거나 재산상 이익을 취득하였는지를 판단하면 충분하다. 이 경우 피기망자의 처분행위가 반드시 필요한 것도 아니고, 어느 경우에나 처분의사가 필요한 것도 아니다. 그런데도 피기망자의 처분행위에 처분의사가 필요하고, 그 처분의사는 행위에 대한 인식을 넘어 처분결과에 대한 인식까지 필요로 한다는 견해는 우리 형법의 사기죄해석으로는 타당하지 않다. Article 347 of the Korean Criminal Act defines fraud as “taking property or obtaining pecuniary advantage from another by defrauding another person.” Thus, ‘act of disposal of another person’ and ‘occurrance of damage’ are not included. However, the Korean court and legal theories have been focusing on ‘the act of disposal’ rather than on the legal component of ‘taking/obtaining property of another person.’ Hence the completion of fraud has been determined based on the meaning, content and effect of the act of disposal. Because the act of disposal requires intent of disposal, whether the intent should include the recognition of the result of disposal is debated. However, such interpretation does not correspond to the phrase of the Article 347 of the Korean Criminal Act. The target of punishment in fraud is the act of the accused, and thus the act of the accused should be evaluated in determining the completion of fraud, not the act of a person who is deceived. In other words, fraud should be determined through the act of the accused, not through the act of the one who is deceived. Nevertheless, the stance of the Korean court in determining the completion of fraud through the act of the one who is being deceived deviates from the essence of fraud. The act of disposal is only the ancillary means in determining whether the act of the accused corresponds to the components of fraud. That is the proper place of the ‘act of disposal’ in fraud. In determining the completion of fraud, evaluating whether the accused obtained property or pecuniary advantage by deceiving another person is sufficient. The act of disposal is not always required, and either way, the intent of disposal is not required. Therefore, the interpretation that there must be the intent of disposal in the act of disposal, and that the intent must include both the recognition of the act and the result of the disposal, is not an adequate interpretation of the Article 347 of the Korean Criminal Act.

Some Notes on the KBS-3V Disposal Concepts for Spent Nuclear Fuels in Korea

Heui-Joo Choi,Jong Youl Lee,Won-Il Ko,Yung-Zun Cho 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.1

Around 40 years ago, in the mid-1980s, Swedish government approved the KBS-3 method for the direct disposal of spent nuclear fuels (SNF) in Sweden. Since then, this method has become a reference for many countries including Korea, Republic of. The main ideas of the KBS-3 method are to locate SNF at 500 m below the ground surface using a copper disposal canister and a bentonite buffer. In 2016, our government announced the National Plan (NP 2016) regarding the final management of high-level waste (HLW) in Korea. In 2019, new committee were organized to review the NP 2016, and they submitted the final recommendations to the government in 2021. Finally, the government announced the 2nd National Plan in December, 2021. So far, KAERI has developed the technologies related to the final management of SNF in two directions. One follows ‘direct disposal’ based on the KBS-3 concept, and the other ‘recycling’ based on ‘pyroprocessing-and-SFR’ (PYRO-SFR). Even though Posiva and SKB obtained the construction permits with the KBS-3 method in Finland and Sweden, respectively, there are still several technical obstacles to applying directly to our situations. Some examples are as follows: high burnup, huge amounts of SNF, and high geothermal gradient in Korean peninsula. In this work, we try to illustrate some limits of the KBS-3 method. Within our country, currently, the most probable disposal option is the KBS-3 type geological disposal, but no one knows what the best option will be in 20 or 30 years if those kinds of drawbacks are considered. That is, we compare the effects of the drawbacks using our geological data and characteristics of spent fuels. Last year, we reviewed alternative disposal concepts focusing on the direct disposal of SNF and compared the pros and cons of them in order to enhance the disposal efficiency. We selected four candidate concepts. They were multi-level disposal, deep borehole disposal, sub-seabed disposal and mined deep borehole matrix. As mentioned before, KAERI has developed a pyroprocessing technology based on the SFR to reuse fissile radionuclides in SNF. Even though we can consume some fissile nuclides such as 239Pu and 241Pu using PYRO-SFR cycle, there still remain many long-lived radionuclides such as 129I and 135Cs waiting for the final disposal. The authors review and propose several concepts for the future final management of the long-lived radionuclides.

고준위방사성폐기물 처분 Safety Case 개발을 통한 처분안전성 신뢰도 향상

백민훈,고낙열,정종태,김경수 한국방사성폐기물학회 2016 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Many countries have developed a safety case suitable to their own countries in order to improve the confidence of disposal safety in deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste as well as to develop a disposal program and obtain its license. This study introduces and summarizes the meaning, necessity, and development process of the safety case for radioactive waste disposal. The disposal safety is also discussed in various aspects of the safety case. In addition, the status of safety case development in the foreign countries is briefly introduced for Switzerland, Japan, the United States of America, Sweden, and Finland. The strategy for the safety case development that is being developed by KAERI is also briefly introduced. Based on the safety case, we analyze the efforts necessary to improve confidence in disposal safety for high-level radioactive waste. Considering domestic situations, we propose and discuss some implementing methods for the improvement of disposal safety, such as construction of a reliable information database, understanding of processes related to safety, reduction of uncertainties in safety assessment, communication with stakeholders, and ensuring justice and transparency. This study will contribute to the understanding of the safety case for deep geological disposal and to improving confidence in disposal safety through the development of the safety case in Korea for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste. 고준위방사성폐기물 심층처분에서 처분안전성의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있는 방안으로 그리고 처분 프로그램 개발 및 인허가를 위해 많은 나라들에서 자국에 적합한 safety case를 개발하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방사성폐기물 처분을 위한 safety case 의 의의, 필요성, 개발과정들을 정리하고 소개하였다. 그리고 처분안전성을 safety case의 다양한 측면에서 논의하였다. 아울러 스위스, 일본, 미국, 스웨덴, 핀란드 등 해외의 safety case 개발 현황과 현재 KAERI에서 개발 중인 safety case의 개발전략을 간략히 소개하였다. 고준위방사성폐기물 처분안전성의 신뢰도 향상을 위해 safety case 기반 하에서 어떤 노력들이필요한지를 분석하였다. 그리고 국내 상황을 반영하여 신뢰할 수 있는 정보자료의 구축, 안전성 관련 과정들의 이해, 안전성평가의 불확실성 저감, 이해당사자와의 의사소통, 공정성과 투명성 확보 등의 실행 방안을 제안하고 논의하였다. 본 논문에제시된 내용들은 심층처분 safety case를 이해하고, 국내에서 개발하고 있는 고준위방사성폐기물 처분 safety case 개발을 통한 처분안전성 신뢰도 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Confidence Improvement of Disposal Safety by Development of a Safety Case for High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal

Min Hoon Baik,Nak-Youl Ko,Jongtae Jeong,Kyung-Su Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2016 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.14 No.4

고준위방사성폐기물 심층처분에서 처분안전성의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있는 방안으로 그리고 처분 프로그램 개발 및 인허가를 위해 많은 나라들에서 자국에 적합한 safety case를 개발하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방사성폐기물 처분을 위한 safety case 의 의의, 필요성, 개발과정들을 정리하고 소개하였다. 그리고 처분안전성을 safety case의 다양한 측면에서 논의하였다. 아울러 스위스, 일본, 미국, 스웨덴, 핀란드 등 해외의 safety case 개발 현황과 현재 KAERI에서 개발 중인 safety case의 개발전략을 간략히 소개하였다. 고준위방사성폐기물 처분안전성의 신뢰도 향상을 위해 safety case 기반 하에서 어떤 노력들이필요한지를 분석하였다. 그리고 국내 상황을 반영하여 신뢰할 수 있는 정보자료의 구축, 안전성 관련 과정들의 이해, 안전성평가의 불확실성 저감, 이해당사자와의 의사소통, 공정성과 투명성 확보 등의 실행 방안을 제안하고 논의하였다. 본 논문에제시된 내용들은 심층처분 safety case를 이해하고, 국내에서 개발하고 있는 고준위방사성폐기물 처분 safety case 개발을 통한 처분안전성 신뢰도 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Many countries have developed a safety case suitable to their own countries in order to improve the confidence of disposal safety in deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste as well as to develop a disposal program and obtain its license. This study introduces and summarizes the meaning, necessity, and development process of the safety case for radioactive waste disposal. The disposal safety is also discussed in various aspects of the safety case. In addition, the status of safety case development in the foreign countries is briefly introduced for Switzerland, Japan, the United States of America, Sweden, and Finland. The strategy for the safety case development that is being developed by KAERI is also briefly introduced. Based on the safety case, we analyze the efforts necessary to improve confidence in disposal safety for high-level radioactive waste. Considering domestic situations, we propose and discuss some implementing methods for the improvement of disposal safety, such as construction of a reliable information database, understanding of processes related to safety, reduction of uncertainties in safety assessment, communication with stakeholders, and ensuring justice and transparency. This study will contribute to the understanding of the safety case for deep geological disposal and to improving confidence in disposal safety through the development of the safety case in Korea for the disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

패션 소비자의 윤리적 소비태도가 처분행동에 미치는 영향 연구

김종욱 한국니트디자인학회 2020 패션과 니트 Vol.18 No.3

This study analyzed the effects of self-determination and norm on ethical consumption attitude and disposal behavior. Furthermore, the effects of ethical consumption attitude on disposal behavior of fashion consumers were analyzed. The survey was conducted among fashion consumers over 20s in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 380 responses were used in the data analysis. As a result, the ethical consumption attitude was composed of practical, eco-friendly, recycling, and community consumption. The disposal behavior was composed of recycling, economic, passive, and altruistic disposal. The relatedness and autonomy of self-determination positively affected the ethical consumption attitude, and the higher the norm, the higher the ethical consumption attitude of fashion consumers. The recycling and community consumption of ethical consumption attitude positively affected the recycling and economic disposal, and the practical and eco-friendly consumption were positively affected the altruistic disposal. The relatedness of self-determination positively affected the recycling, passive and altruistic disposal, and the competence positively affected the economic disposal. The autonomy of self-determination negatively affected the passive disposal, while it had positively effect on the altruistic disposal. The subjective norm positively affected the recycling, economic, passive and altruistic disposal. Also, the moral norm negatively affected the passive disposal, while it had positively effect on altruistic disposal. The results of this study suggest the action plan for sustainable fashion consumption considering ethical consumption attitude and disposal behavior. And it will be useful for the developing ethical products, social responsibility activities, and establishing sustainable strategies of fashion companies.

Assessment of Structural Improvements in Disposal Containers Through Metal Composite Coating

Ji-Hoon Kang,Dong-Seok Lim,Woo Young Jung,Hyun Chul Lee 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.2

Radioactive waste is typically disposed of using standard 200 and 320 L drums based on acceptance criteria. However, there have been no cases evaluating the disposal and suitability of 200 L steel drums for RI waste disposal. There has been a lack of prior assessments regarding the disposal and suitability of 200 L steel drums for the disposal of RI waste. Radioactive waste is transported to disposal facilities after disposal in containers, where the drums are loaded and temporarily stored. Subsequently, after repackaging the disposal drums, the repackaged drums are transported to disposal facilities by vehicle or ship for permanent disposal. Disposal containers can be susceptible to damage due to impacts during transportation, handling, and loading, leading to potential damage to the radiation primer coating during loading. Additionally, disposal containers may be subject to damage from electrochemical corrosion, necessitating the enhancement of corrosion resistance. Metal composite coatings can be employed to enhance both abrasion resistance and corrosion resistance. The application of metal composite coatings to disposal containers can improve the durability and radiation shielding performance of radioactive waste disposal containers. The thickness of radioactive waste disposal containers is determined through radioactive shielding analysis during the design process. The designed disposal containers undergo structural analysis, considering loading conditions based on the disposal environment. This paper focuses on evaluating the structural improvements achieved through the implementation of metal composite coatings with the goal of enhancing corrosion and abrasion resistance.

농촌지역 환경복지 증진을 위한 가축매몰지 피해 관리방안 연구

황상일 ( Sang-il Hwang ),박용하,신용승,현윤정,이정석,정우현,김윤정,이성태,박지연,양윤정 한국환경정책평가연구원 2016 사업보고서 Vol.2016 No.-

본 연구는 농촌지역 환경복지 증진을 도모하기 위해 가축매몰지로 인한 환경-경제-사회적 영향 및 피해를 검토하고 그 피해 저감방안을 도출하기 위해 수행되었으며, 1차년도에는 특히 전국을 대상으로 가축매몰지로 인한 농촌지역의 영향 및 피해 요인의 분석을 수행하였다. 우리나라의 가축매몰지는 2010~2011년 구제역 및 조류인플루엔자를 중심으로 전국적으로 확산되기 시작하였다. 대량의 가축매몰지 발생에 따라 가축매몰지로 인한 환경적, 사회경제적 영향과 피해가 언론을 통해 보도되고 사회적 불안을 가중시킨 바 있으며, 이후 농림축산식품부 및 환경부는 여러 번의 법 개정을 통하여 가축매몰지의 관리를 체계적으로 정비한 바 있다. 그러나 가축매몰지의 관리는 주로 환경부문에 집중되어 수행되어 왔다. 구체적으로 가축매몰지의 관리는 침출수 유출이 가장 큰 환경적 문제로 불거지며 침출수 유출에 따른 환경오염 방지에 집중되어 수행된 바 있다. 그러나 이러한 현행 관리방식은 환경오염을 방지하는 측면에는 유용할 수 있으나 사회안전망을 확충하고 환경불평등 해소를 위한 농촌지역의 환경복지 향상 측면에서는 개선이 필요할 수 있다고 사료된다. 즉, 농촌지역의 쾌적한 환경을 조성하고 환경-경제-사회적 측면이 종합적으로 고려된 일정 수준 이상의 환경 질과 환경서비스를 도출하기에는 보완이 필요하다고 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구는 1차년도 연구수행을 통하여 환경-경제-사회적 부문의 가축매몰지 영향 및 피해를 국내외 문헌분석 및 인식조사를 기반으로 고찰하고 환경질, 환경서비스, 환경안전, 참여ㆍ공개ㆍ소통의 4가지 환경복지적 측면을 고려하여 현행 가축매몰지 영향을 진단하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 문헌분석을 통해 가축매몰지 영향 및 피해 요인을 각 부문별로 도출하였으며, 본 영향 및 피해 요인에 축산농가, 중앙정부 및 지방자치단체의 관리자(담당 공무원), 지역주민, 일반국민의 의견을 인식조사를 통해 파악 하였다. 환경부문에서는 일반적인 환경오염 외에 환경보건 영향이 검토되었으며, 이 밖에 사회경제적 부문에서는 주로 농가경제, 지역관광산업, 사회적 갈등 요소를 검토하였다. 분석결과, 기존에 주로 언론보도를 통해 알려진 바와 같이 가축매몰지의 환경적 영향 및 피해 요인 중 침출수 유출로 인한 수질오염, 토양오염이 가장 주요한 환경피해 유형으로 조사되었다. 더불어, 관리자 및 지역주민에 비해 축주(축산농가)가 환경 영향 및 피해를 더 크게 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 추가 상수관로 보급, 토양오염조사 의무화 등 사업 필요성을 피력한 바 있다. 현행 가축매몰지의 의무관리는 「가축전염병 예방법」에 의거하여 3년이나 축주, 지역주민, 관리자와 상반되게 일반국민은 관리기간의 증대가 필요하다고 응답하여 가축매몰지로 인한 환경적 불안감은 직접 피해율과 관계없이 일반국민이 더 높은 것으로 사료된다. 환경보건 부문의 경우, 조사결과 모든 이해관계자가 가축매몰지 조성이 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 의견을 피력하였으며, 대장균 등 병원균으로 인한 건강영향보다 정신적 스트레스가 주요한 환경보건적 영향 및 피해 요인으로 분석되었다. 특히 축주와 관리자 모두 가축을 매몰한 후 3~5년이 경과하여도 정신건강에 대한 피해가 지속되는 것으로 조사되어 정신건강 관리를 위한 체계적인 대안이 필요하다고 판단된다. 경제적 부문의 경우, 가축매몰지 조성이 농가경제 및 관광산업에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 농가경제 영향은 지역주민의 경우, 과반수 이상이 가축매몰지로 인해 발생한 오염물질이 농업활동에 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 응답하였으며, 농지가격, 지역 농업 브랜드 가치 하락 등 가축매몰지가 농가경제에 전반적으로 부정적 영향을 미쳤다고 응답하였다. 관광부문의 경우, 가축매몰지 발생 이후의 관광산업 영향을 고려하기보다 가축질병 발생 및 가축매몰지 조성 당시의 영향 및 피해 사례를 전국을 중심으로 검토하였으며, 축제ㆍ행사 취소 및 문화관광시설 휴관 등으로 관광객 수요 및 관광수입 감소, 관광지 자연환경 훼손 및 이미지 실추, 문화관광지 운영손실이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가축매몰지 발생 지역의 문화관광 분야 관리자(담당 공무원)를 대상으로 조사한 결과, 가축매몰지에 대비한 관광정책 시행 사례가 전무한 것으로 조사되었다. 사회적 부문의 경우, 가축매몰지의 조성 및 관리가 상호간 의사소통 부족으로 인해 발생하는 관계의 문제, 각 이해관계자 간 가치관의 차이에서 나타나는 가치관의 문제, 이해당사자 간 상실감, 울분 등 상황 및 정서의 문제, 가축매몰지의 실제 피해에 대한 과학적 신뢰도에 대한 사실의 문제, 법ㆍ제도의 불완전성 등 구조의 문제가 사회적 영향 및 피해 요인으로 분석되었다. 더불어, 각 이해관계자를 대상으로 가축매몰지에 대한 인식을 조사한 결과, 가축매몰지가 사회갈등 요소라고 대체적으로 인식하고 있었으며, 관계의 문제, 가치관의 문제가 주요한 사회갈등의 원인이 된다고 조사하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구에서 조사된 환경-경제-사회적 영향 및 피해는 환경복지적 측면에서 고려할 때 <그림 1>과 같이 재분류될 수 있다. 즉, 가축매몰지는 환경오염으로 인해 발생하는 각종 환경 질 저하를 유발할 수 있으며, 농지, 산림, 깨끗한 물 등 환경서비스의 저하를 초래할 수 있다. 또한 과도한 환경오염이 발생하거나 보건적 부문에 부정적 영향을 미쳐 환경안전을 침해할 수 있으며, 사회적 갈등 인자로 역할하여 공개/참여/소통적 측면에 부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 본 연구에서 밝힌 가축매몰지의 종합적 영향 및 피해는 향후 농촌지역의 환경복지적 측면을 고려한 법적, 제도적 제언을 수행하는 데 있어 필수적인 결과라 인식되며, 향후 2~3차년도의 사례지역 연구, 각 부문별 정책 및 관리현황 분석을 통하여 개선방안을 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 다양한 피해 및 영향 유형과 이해관계자를 고려하여 환경복지적 측면의 관리방안을 도출하는 것은 단순한 환경오염 저감 수준을 넘어 농촌지역의 삶의 질을 개선하는 보다 진보된 환경정책을 수립하는 데 기여할 것으로 사료된다. As carcass disposal is increasing widely in Republic of Korea, and it requires management strategy to reduce negative impacts on cascass disposal, this study aims to analyze actual impacts and damages of cascass disposal, especially focused on rural area, to develop effective management method that enhance environmental welfare. Therefore, in this study, impacts and damages of cascass disposal, which is occurred with foot and mouth disease and AI, was widely surveyed and suggested. Specifically, 1) environmental impact 2) economical impact 3) social impact were considered to investigate various influences on environmental welfare. Furthermore, to analyze perceived impacts and damages of relevant stakeholder, field study based on questionnaires was performed. As such, each potential impact and damage was posed that can used to analyze comprehensive influence of carcass disposal in rural area. In the end, investigated impacts and damages were classified under four categories of environmental welfare, which were 1) quality of environment 2) level of environmental service 3) safety of environment 4) participation, openness to public, communication. For each category on environmental welfare, there were discrepancies of level of impacts and damages among stakeholder. In most cases, owner of livestock was the main stakeholder, who had wider and higher environmental, social, and economical impact. In specific, owner of livestock had higher environmental damages such as water pollution and mental harm than regional community or managers of carcass disposal. Furthermore, there were negative impact on regional economy, because carcass disposal had lower consumptions on tourism activities and agricultural products. Since most of public had know about increased occurrence of cascass disposal, most of respondents were negative to buy productions in the region with carcass disposal. Moreover, there were obvious social conflicts among stakeholder, and each stakeholder differently perceived the principal agent, which should work to reduce overall damages of carcass disposal. As a whole, this study was able to analyze impact, damage and perceived influence on carcass disposal. In line with that, it suggests influences to environmental welfare on rural area. For further research, this study would like to have in-depth analysis in up-coming years to quantitatively analyze impact and damage of carcass disposal on environmental welfare. We expect the results of this study would contribute to improve management methods and relevant regulations of carcass disposal, which will also enhance the overall welfare of rural area.

Analyses on Thermal Stability and Structural Integrity of the Improved Disposal Systems for Spent Nuclear Fuels in Korea

Jongyoul Lee,Hyeona Kim,Inyoung Kim,Heuijoo Choi,Dongkeun Cho 한국방사성폐기물학회 2020 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.18 No.S

With respect to spent nuclear fuels, disposal containers and bentonite buffer blocks in deep geological disposal systems are the primary engineered barrier elements that are required to isolate radioactive toxicity for a long period of time and delay the leakage of radio nuclides such that they do not affect human and natural environments. Therefore, the thermal stability of the bentonite buffer and structural integrity of the disposal container are essential factors for maintaining the safety of a deep geological disposal system. The most important requirement in the design of such a system involves ensuring that the temperature of the buffer does not exceed 100℃ because of the decay heat emitted from high-level wastes loaded in the disposal container. In addition, the disposal containers should maintain structural integrity under loads, such as hydraulic pressure, at an underground depth of 500 m and swelling pressure of the bentonite buffer. In this study, we analyzed the thermal stability and structural integrity in a deep geological disposal environment of the improved deep geological disposal systems for domestic light-water and heavy-water reactor types of spent nuclear fuels, which were considered to be subject to direct disposal. The results of the thermal stability and structural integrity assessments indicated that the improved disposal systems for each type of spent nuclear fuel satisfied the temperature limit requirement (< 100℃) of the disposal system, and the disposal containers were observed to maintain their integrity with a safety ratio of 2.0 or higher in the environment of deep disposal.

Post-closure safety assessment of near surface disposal facilities for disused sealed radioactive sources

Lee, Seunghee,Kim, Juyoul Elsevier 2017 Nuclear engineering and design Vol.313 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Great attention has been recently paid to the post-closure safety assessment of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (LILW) disposal facility for disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRSs) around the world. Although the amount of volume of DSRSs generated from industry, medicine and research and education organization was relatively small compared with radioactive wastes from commercial nuclear power plants, some DSRSs can pose a significant hazard to human health due to their high activities and long half-lives, if not appropriately managed and disposed. In this study, post-closure safety assessment was carried out for DSRSs generated from 1991 to 2014 in Korea in order to ensure long-term safety of near surface disposal facilities. Two kinds of disposal options were considered, i.e., engineered vault type disposal facility and rock-cavern type disposal facility. Rock-cavern type disposal facility has been under operation in Gyeongju city, republic of Korea since August 2015 and engineered vault type disposal facility will be constructed until December 2020 in the vicinity of rock-cavern disposal facility. Assessment endpoint was individual dose to the member of critical group, which was modeled by GoldSim, which has been widely used as probabilistic risk analysis software based on Monte Carlo simulation in the area of safety assessment of radioactive waste facilities. In normal groundwater scenario, the maximum exposure dose was extremely low, approximately 1×10<SUP>−7</SUP> mSv/yr, for both disposal options and satisfied the regulatory limit of 0.1mSv/yr. However, in the drinking well scenario, the maximum exposure dose for engineered vault type disposal facility was assessed as 2.022mSv/yr where the value exceeded the regulatory limit of 1mSv/yr. The maximum exposure dose for rock-cavern type disposal facility was calculated to be 0.634mSv/yr, whose results was relatively very close to the regulatory limit considering high uncertainty of long-term environmental conditions. It was demonstrated that DSRSs including the radionuclides of <SUP>14</SUP>C, <SUP>226</SUP>Ra and <SUP>241</SUP>Am significantly contributed to the large portion of exposure dose to the public based on the long-term safety assessment. Therefore, it was recommended that the near surface disposal of DSRSs containing <SUP>14</SUP>C, <SUP>226</SUP>Ra and <SUP>241</SUP>Am should be restricted and managed by long-term interim storage option in order to minimize their potential radiological health effects.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Post-closure safety assessment of near surface disposal facility for DSRS was performed. </LI> <LI> Engineered vault and rock-cavern type were considered for normal and well scenario. </LI> <LI> <SUP>14</SUP>C, <SUP>226</SUP>Ra, <SUP>241</SUP>Am were primary nuclides contributing large portion of exposure dose. </LI> <LI> Near surface disposal of DSRSs containing <SUP>14</SUP>C, <SUP>226</SUP>Ra and <SUP>241</SUP>Am should be restricted. </LI> </UL> </P>