원인이 밝혀지지 않은 균형장애에서 안구운동검사 및 뇌자기공명영상검사 결과

석정임,고재용,이동국 대한평형의학회 2014 Research in Vestibular Science Vol.13 No.4

Background and Objectives: Although disequilibrium is common type of dizziness in older people, it is sometimes difficult to identify a specific cause for this problem. The diffuse brain pathology including subcortical ischemia and atrophy can be a cause for patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause. Aim of this study is to identify the eye movements and neuroimaging features in patients with disequilibrium. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective investigation in patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause. We collected information on demographic characteristics and clinical features of disequilibrium. The impact of dizziness on everyday life was assessed by 25-item dizziness handicap inventory (DHI). Vestibular function test (VFT) includes smooth pursuit, saccade, optokinetic nystagmus, and rotatory chair test. Subcortical white matter lesions and brain atrophy were graded from brain magnetic resonance image (MRI). Results: This study included 14 patients (12 female and 2 male), aged between 64 and 84 years, mean age 74.01±6.02 years. The score of DHI was 39.4±11.8 (20−58). Eye movements were abnormal in 13 patients and normal in only one patient. The degree of subcortical ischemia was mild in 7, moderate in 4, and severe in 3 patients. Ventricular brain ratio was 0.23±0.03. However, there was no significant relationship between MRI findings and the degree of oculomotor alterations (result of VFT). Conclusion: Patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause are usually elderly women. Alterations in oculomotor movements and diffuse brain pathology including white matter lesions and atrophy were observed in patients with disequilibrium of unknown cause.

연관불균형과 분할표의 관계에 대한 평가

문승호 한국자료분석학회 2009 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.11 No.5

As a typical technique of the genetic statistical analysis in a post genome, parametric linkage analysis and non-parametric linkage analysis are mentioned in many areas. There are various methods to take into account besides them. In these methods, one thing which attracts attention especially is linkage disequilibrium analysis. It means that a linkage is a relation in which time has not passed so much through a generation, and a linkage disequilibrium is the state in which the last generation is also related for a long time. It does not lose a linkage in a long time, then a linkage disequilibrium is the phenomenon which attracts attention very much in a trait mapping. And methods of trait mapping based on a theory of linkage disequilibrium analysis have been developed quickly in recent years. In this study, we consider a relation of the independency of each locus in multiple loci, using a test of the independence of a contingency table as a means to investigate a linkage disequilibrium. 포스트게놈(post-genome)에 있어서 유전통계해석의 대표적인 수법으로서 모수적 연관분석과 비모수적 연관분석을 들 수 있는데, 그 이외에도 다양한 방법이 있다. 그 중에서도 특히 연관불균형(linkage disequilibrium) 분석이 주목을 받고 있다. 연관이란 세대를 통해서 그다지 시간이 경과되지 않은 관계를, 연관불균형이란 긴 세대에 걸쳐 최후의 상태에서도 관계가 있는 것을 의미한다. 장기에 걸쳐 연관이 허물어지지 않는 연관불균형은 형질매핑(trait mapping)에 있어서 매우 주목받고 있는 현상이다. 연관불균형 분석 이론을 바탕으로 하는 형질매핑 방법은 최근 몇 년 동안 빠르게 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 연관불균형의 척도 그리고 연관불균형을 탐색해 나가면서 "분할표에 있어서의 독립성 검정"의 유용성에 관해 실제 예를 들어 소개하고자 한다.

청소년의 쏠림소비 영향요인 연구: 무리행동이론 관점에서

이종만 한국콘텐츠학회 2019 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.5

The purpose of this paper is to investigate motivational factors and consequence of the herd behavior of adolescent consumers under the buying decision process in the connected era of internet. For such purpose, this study built a research model and examined how sensitivity to fads, interaction and inaccuracy affect the disequilibrium consumption of adolescents. We also examined the relationship between disequilibrium consumption and consumption happiness. The survey method was used for this paper, and data from a total of 142 students were used for the analysis. And structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The results of this empirical study is summarized as followings. First, sensitivity to fads and interaction have direct effect on the disequilibrium consumption of adolescents. Second, disequilibrium consumption has a positive effect on adolescents’ consumption happiness. This implies that the importance of herd behavior in designing rational choice in adolescents' consumption behaviors. 본 논문의 목적은 인터넷으로 연결된 시대에 청소년 소비자의 구매의사결정과정에서 무리행동에 따른 쏠림소비 현황을 파악하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 유행민감도, 상호작용, 부정확성이 어떻게 청소년의 쏠림소비에 영향을 미치는지와 더불어 쏠림소비와 소비행복 간의 관계를 조사할 수 있는 연구모형을 개발하였다. 본 연구를 위해 설문방법을 이용하였고, 분석을 위한 데이터는 142개의 데이터를 적용하였다. 그리고 자료의 분석은 구조방정식모형을 사용하였다. 실증분석결과는 첫째, 유행민감도와 상호작용이 쏠림소비에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 쏠림소비는 소비행복에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 청소년들의 소비행동에서 합리적인 선택을 설계할 때 무리행동의 중요성을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다.

부동산 가격 불균형의 동태적 결정요인 : 외환위기 전후 무엇이 달라졌는가?

김윤영(Yun-Yeong Kim) 韓國住宅學會 2011 주택연구 Vol.19 No.1

본고는 외환위기 전후 통화정책 충격 등 거시경제변수가 부동산 가격 불균형에 미치는 동태효과를 Kim and Park(2008) 등을 따라 거시 펀더멘탈 변수들로 구성된 우리나라의 부동산 가격 장기균형과 이에서 정의된 오차항으로 구성된 변환 오차수정모형을 통해 분석하였다. 이 과정에서 본고는 소규모 개방경제인 우리 여건상 비중이 큰 환율과 경상수지 등 대외부문을 명시적으로 반영하였으며 경상수지가 부동산 가격에 미치는 동태적 영향을 비정상 거시변수들과 함께 직접적으로 분석하는 데서 생기는 계량경제학적인 문제점을 해소하고자 하였다. 또한 우리나라 부동산 시장 고유의 충격요인인 강남주택가격 변동을 반영하였으며, 부동산 제도 규제 강화의 반영을 위해 노무현 정부 기간 등에 더미변수를 추가한 분석도 수행하였다. 동태 분석 결과 외화위기 전의 경우 주택가격 불균형에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 통화정책(콜금리 또는 M1 기준)이었으나 외환위기 이후에는 통화정책의 영향력이 감소한 대신 우리 경제의 자율화 개방화를 반영하여 주가, 경상수지, 환율, 산업생산 등 여타 거시변수의 영향력이 증대된 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 외환위기 이후 부동산 가격 불균형에 영향을 미치는 요인이 복잡.다기화 함에 따라 주택가격 불균형 발생 시 통화정책 등의 단선적 대응은 그 효과에 한계가 있는 것으로 보이며 이보다는 거시 펀더멘탈의 건전성 제고라는 원칙에 충실한 대응이 보다 근원적인 정책 처방으로 유효해진 것으로 판단된다. The paper analyzes the dynamic effects of macro-fundamental factors on the housing price dis equilibrium following Kim and Park(2008). For this, the housing price may be decomposed into the long run co-integration equilibrium defined from the macrofundamentals and residual factors (non-fundamental). Using this decomposition and a VAR (vector-autoregressive) representation of error correction model, the dynamic relations of non-fundamental factors between fundamentals and housing price disequilibrium may be analyzed. An empirical application has been conducted based on suggested dynamic VAR model with the variables of interest rates, inflation, industrial production, call rate, stock price and exchange rate. In particular, we also added stationary current account and housing price of KANGNAM area to consider unique feature of Korea. According to the impulse response analysis, variance decomposition and Granger causality, we found that various macro variables become more important to describe Korean housing price disequilibrium after Asian financial crisis. We suspect that these changes are due to the liberation and openness of Korean economy.

고전학파 2부문 불균형동학 모형

이상헌(Lee Sangheon) 한국사회경제학회 2012 사회경제평론 Vol.- No.38

다수의 상품이 생산되는 경제에서 스라파(Sraffa) 균형가격 조건과 균제성장 및 상품시장 균형 조건이 성립하는 경우를 생각하자. 이 모형에서 임금율 결정식과 투자함수를 동시에 부여하면 전체 경제는 과잉결정 되며 균형이 존재하지 않는다. 본 연구는 이 과잉결정 현상을 불균형 상태로 해석하고, 불균형상태에서 실현되는 임금율과 자본축적률이 각각의 동학식을 따라 결정되는 것으로 해석한다. 그리고 이 해석의 유효성을 주장하기 위하여 전체 경제에 대한 단순한 동학모형을 구축하고, 임금율과 자본축적률의 동학경로를 분석한다. 본 연구의 동학모형은 로카-볼테라 식체계의 구성조건을 만족하며, 따라서 전체 경제의 성장경로는 내생적으로 순환변동하는 경로를 따라 결정된다. Consider an n goods production economy. Assume the equilibrium condition of Sraffa’s price system, a balanced growth condition and the goods market clearing conditions. If both equations are given to determine a real wage rate and investment, the economic system is over-determined. It suggests that there exists no long-period equilibrium to satisfy both labor market and goods market conditions. This paper interprets this situation of over-determinacy as a disequilibrium state, and attempts to solve it through disequilibrium dynamics. It constructs a model of accumulation and real wage rates consistent with Lotka-Volterra system, and shows that the overall growth path fluctuates endogenously around a resting point of long-period disequilibrium.

설화에 나타난 서사 확장의 두 패턴

심우장 한국구비문학회 2022 口碑文學硏究 Vol.- No.65

When approaching a narrative from an oral culture point of view, one important passageway is patterns. This is because, in an oral culture where texts do not exist, the composition, storage, and transmission of information is done through patterns. Among folktales, there are basic narratives in a single form of disequilibrium-equilibrium, while there are many cases in which the narrative is expanded as the basic type is repeated. There are certain elaborately woven patterns in these narrative expansions. Among them, this paper pays attention to the pattern of disequilibrium-equilibrium-disequilibrium-equilibrium. In order to expand the narrative, it is necessary to newly secure the exhausted narrative drive. According to this securing method, the narrative expansion patterns are divided into two types: a context expansion pattern and a view shift pattern. In the recognition that the narrative equilibrium of the preceding story unit is incomplete, the “context expansion pattern” finds an incomplete point through context expansion to secure additional narrative drive. the “view shift pattern” finds the hidden disequilibrium through another view implied in the preceding story unit to secure a new narrative drive. These narrative expansion patterns have the effect of amplifying the subject, deepening and expanding the world perception, and strengthening the narrative closure. The narrative expansion pattern commonly found in a wide variety of works deserves attention as it reflects the process of dialectical thinking. This process of recognition from negation to unity and reconciliation through deepening and expansion of knowledge is a typical dialectical process of knowledge. In the end, the narrative expansion pattern shown in folktales can be said to be a refined process of oral cultural thinking that is wary of dogmatic recognition and aims for reflective thinking, just like dialectical thinking.

Evaluation of a New Fine-mapping Method Exploiting Linkage Disequilibrium: a Case Study Analysing a QTL with Major Effect on Milk Composition on Bovine Chromosome 14

Kim, JongJoo,Georges, Michel Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.9

A novel fine-mapping method exploiting linkage disequilibrium (LD) was applied to better refine the quantitative trait loci (QTL) positions for milk production traits on bovine chromosome 14 in the pedigree comprising 22 paternal half-sib families of a Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian grand-daughter design in the Netherlands for a total of 1,034 sons. The chromosome map was constructed with the 31 genetic markers spanning 90 Kosambi cM with the average inter-marker distance of 3.5 cM. The linkage analyses, in which the effects of sire QTL alleles were assumed random and the random factor of the QTL allelic effects was incorporated into the Animal Model, found the QTL for milk, fat, and protein yield and fat and protein % with the Lod scores of 10.9, 2.3, 6.0, 25.4 and 3.2, respectively. The joint analyses including LD information by use of multi-marker haplotypes highly increased the evidence of the QTL (Lod scores were 25.1, 20.9, 11.0, 85.7 and 17.4 for the corresponding traits, respectively). The joint analyses including DGAT markers in the defined haplotypes again increased the QTL evidence and the most likely QTL positions for the five traits coincided with the position of the DGAT gene, supporting the hypothesis of the direct causal involvement of the DGAT gene. This study strongly indicates that the exploitation of LD information will allow additional gains of power and precision in finding and localising QTL of interest in livestock species, on the condition of high marker density around the QTL region.

Distribution and Haplotype Associations of XPD Lys751Gln, XRCC1 Arg280His and XRCC1 Arg399Gln Polymorphisms with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in the Malaysian Population

Visuvanathan, Shaneeta,Chong, Pei-Pei,Yap, Yoke-Yeow,Lim, Chin-Chye,Tan, Meng-Kuan,Lye, Munn-Sann Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.6

Background: DNA repair pathways play a crucial role in maintaining the human genome. Previous studies associated DNA repair gene polymorphisms (XPD Lys751Gln, XRCC1 Arg280His and XRCC1 Arg399Gln) with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These non-synonymous polymorphisms may alter DNA repair capacity and thus increase or decrease susceptibility. The present study aimed to determine the genotype distribution of XPD codon 751, XRCC1 codon 280 and codon 399 polymorphisms and haplotype associations among NPC cases and controls in the Malaysian population. Materials and Methods: We selected 157 NPC cases and 136 controls from two hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for this study. The polymorphisms studied were genotyped by PCR-RFLP assay and allele and genotype frequenci es, haplotype and linkage disequilibrium were determined using SNPstat software. Results: For the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism, the frequency of the Lys allele was higher in cases than in controls (94.5% versus 85.0%). For the XRCC1 Arg280His polymorphism, the frequency of Arg allele was 90.0% and 89.0% in cases and controls, respectively and for XRCC1 Arg399Gln the frequency of the Arg allele was 72.0% and 72.8% in cases and controls respectively. All three polymorphisms were in linkage disequilibrium. The odds ratio from haplotype analysis for these three polymorphisms and their association with NPC was 1.93 (95%CI: 0.90-4.16) for haplotype CGC vs AGC allele combinations. The global haplotypte association with NPC gave a p-value of 0.054. Conclusions: Our study provides an estimate of allele and genotype frequencies of XRCC1Arg280His, XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XPD Lys751Gln polymorphisms in the Malaysian population and showed no association with nasopharyngeal cancer.

피브리노겐의 수치 및 중요한 아미노산 변형 돌연변이가 뇌중풍에 미치는 영향

양용준,신용철,고성규,Yang, Yong-Jun,Shin, Yong-Cheol,Ko, Seong-Gyu 대한예방한의학회 2010 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Backgrounds : Stroke is characterized by loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain, and classified into hemorrhage and ischemia. Stroke is known to be affected by genetic factors and other diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. However, the distinctive association between stroke and genetic variations has not discovered yet. Objectives : This study investigated the effects of fibrinogen level and genetic variations in FGA (Fibrinogen alpha chain) gene on stroke in Korean stroke patients and controls. Methods : DNA samples from 674 stroke patients diagnosed by Oriental medical hospitals and 267 controls were used in this study. Two common single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) with high minor allele frequency(MAF), rs2070011G/A of promoter region and nonsynonymous rs6050A/G of exon 5 in FGA gene, were targeted for Taqman genotyping. Because the TOAST classification is important to the factors and symptoms of stroke, ischemic patients were further classified into five subtypes using diagnosis and clinical data. One-way ANOVA and chi-square test were used for clinical data and genetic association, respectively. Haploview v4.1 program was used for linkage disequilibrium(LD), haplotype and haplotype block analysis. Results : The levels of red blood cells and fibrinogen from clinical data were shown to be significant factors for the sub-groups of TOAST classification. No significant associations of stroke, hemorrhage, ischemic and subtypes of TOAST with rs2070011 and rs6050 of FGA gene were found(P > 0.05). However, rs2070011 in promoter region and nonsynonymous rs6050 in exon 5 which produce the amino acid change from threonine to alanine showed a haplotype block and three haplotypes of A-G, G-A, A-A, suggesting that rs2070011 and rs6050 might be co-segregated in generic recombination. Although A-A haplotype of stroke patients showed 64-69% low frequency compared to controls, there was no significant association between stroke and haplotype(P > 0.05). Conclusion : This study showed that there was no significant association between stroke and two SNP of rs2070011G/A and nonsynonymous rs6050A/G in FGA gene. However, these two SNP compose a haplotype block and three haplotypes of A-G, G-A, A-A. This finding suggests that rs2070011 and rs6050 are so close as to be positioned as linkage disequilibrium. Nevertheless, no significant association between haplotypes and stroke was found.

Comparison of the disequilibrium error dynamics for the Won‧Dollar foreign exchange rate before and after financial crisis

김윤영 한국계량경제학회 2008 계량경제학보 Vol.19 No.4

The paper analyzes whether there was any change in the dynamics of disequilibrium error of Korean Won-Dollar foreign exchange rates before and after Asian financial crisis. We used a transformed error correction model where the dependent variable is the disequilibrium error deduced from the cointegration theory, following Kim and Park (2008). The long run equilibrium of exchange rate is basically defined from the monetary approach. From the estimation using the data for the period before the Asian financial crisis, we found there was the negative effect of exchange rate disequilibrium shock on the real growth rate, even though the disequilibrium error has been quickly disappeared probably through the government intervention. After the crisis, the disequilibrium error of exchange rate did not disappear quickly possibly due to the choice of free floating system. However the detrimental effect of disequilibrium shock for the real growth rate has been mitigated. The result confirms a policy dilemma that is a trade-off between the exchange rate stabilization and sound growth in the real sector which may not be attained simultaneously.