Recognition of Medical Direction in Emergency Medical Service Personnel in Jeju

Sung Kgun Lee,Woo Jeong Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Techn Vol.7 No.6

The purpose of this study was to investigate the recognition of medical direction in emergency medical service personnel in Jeju. The survey, which contained basic characteristics and 10 questions on medical direction using a five-point Likert scale, was conducted in 180 subjects. The sample included 156 men (86.7%), and the mean age was 37.1 ± 6.1 years. On comparing qualification license according to gender, it was found that most men were first responders (48.1%), while most women were nurses (62.5%), showing a significant difference (p<0.001). The need for medical direction in emergency situations was 4.5 ± 0.6 in men, and 4.8 ± 0.4 in women (p=0.026). In addition, the prediction degree of medical direction was 3.7 ± 0.7 in men, and 4.0 ± 0.4in women, showing a significant difference (p=0.017).There were differences of recognition of medical direction according to qualification license. EMT-basics and first responders exhibited a relative lack of professionalism, had higher scores on the need for medical direction during transportation, expectation of and satisfaction regarding medical direction, and efficacy of medical direction while handling severely ill patients. However, they had lower scores in the prediction and accomplishment of medical direction. In contrast, EMT-intermediates and nurses showed higher scores on the expectation of and satisfaction regarding medical direction. In conclusion, based on the experience and qualification license of the emergency medical service personnel, establishment of different educational programs and medical direction systems should be considered, to improve the recognition of medical direction in the community.

흉부 CT 검사에서 Scan Direction이 Automatic Exposure Control을 적용한 선량에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

남태현(Tae Hyun Nam),정용환(Yong Hwan Jeong),김주현(Joo Hyun Kim),권순안(Soon Ahn Gwon),대창민(Chang Min Dae),김성룡(Sung Ryong Kim),민관홍(Kwan Hong Min) 대한CT영상기술학회 2012 대한CT영상기술학회지 Vol.14 No.2

목적 적정한 영상의 질과 합리적인 선량위해 이용되고 있는 Automatic Exposure Control에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있는 가운데 scan direction의 영향에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이기에, 본 논문에서는 AE를 적용한 흉부 CT검사에서 scan direction이 선량에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 Somatom Definition Flash(Siemens Healthcare, 이하 S사), Aquilion 64(Toshiba Medical System, 이하 T사), LightSpeed VCT(General Electric Medical System, 이하 G사), Brilliance iCT(Philips healthcare, 이하 p시)와 인체 등가물질의 whole body phantom을 이용하였다. Phantom position은 supine, feet first로 위치시키고, SPR parameter 중 관전압을 120, 100, 80 kV로 각각 group 1, group 2, group 3으로 분류 후, cranio-caudal scan direction, caudo-cranial scan direction으로 각 5회 반복 scan 하고 선량 비교는 장비에서 제공하는 CTDIvol 값의 평균값을 구하여 scan direction에 따른 변화를 각 제조사별로 비교하였다. 결과 S사의 평균 CTDIvol 값을 비교해 본 결과 cranio-caudal scan direction에 대한 caudo-cranial scan direction의 증감률은 group 1에서 -4.22%, group 2에서 -5.27%, group 3에서 -4.50%로 나타났고, T사의 증감률은 group 1에서 -9.41%, group 2에서 -8.20%, group 3에서 -9.31%로 측정되었다. G사의 증감률은 group 1에서 -1.65%, group 2에서 -3.41%, group 3에서 -3.23%로 나타났으며. P사의 증감률은 group 1에서 +1.21%, group 2에서 -1.58% group 3에서 -2.41%로 나타났다. 결론 AEC를 적용한 흉부 CT검사에서 scan direction이 변화함에 따라 환자에 적용되는 선량에 차이가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 기존에 AEC에 영향을 주는 것으로 알려진 요인 외에 scan direction 또한 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 제조사별 AEC에 대한 심도있는 이해를 바탕으로 그 영향인자에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이며, 이러한 연구들을 통해 검사부위에 맞는 최적화된 기법을 적용한다면 더욱 합리적인 선량감소를 달성할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. I. Purpose There are many studies about automatic exposure control system. However, there is not enough study between scan direction and ABC. The purpose of this study was to compare radiation exposure dose in chest CT depending on scan direction. II. Meterial and Methods Somatom Definition Flash(Siemens Healthcare), Aquilion 64(Toshiba Medical system), LightSpeed VCT(General Electric Medical System), Brilliance iCT(Philips healthcare) and whole body phantom(KUPBU - 50 Kyoto kagaku Co.Ltd) are used in this study, Phantom position was supine, feet first. Study was devided into 3 groups depending on scan projection radiography tube voltage: group 1(120kV), group 2(100 kV), group 3(80 kV). Average CTDIvol values are compared between cranio-caudal scan direction and caudo-cranial scan direction in each group. III. Result The CTDIvol between cranio-caudal scan direction and caudo-cranial scan direction is changed. Siemens result is -4.22% in group 1, -5.27% in group 2, -4.50% in group 3. Toshiba result is -9.41% in group 1, -8.20% in group 2, -9.31% in group 3. GE result is -1.65% in group 1, -3.41% in group 2, -3.23% in group 3. Philips result is +1.21% in group 1, -1.58% in group 2, -2.41% in group 3. IV. Conclusions Radiation exposure dose was changed between cranio-caudal scan direction and caudo-cranial scan direction in Chest CT with ABC. Therefore, scan direction can affect to AEC. We should consider about many factors of AEC and create suitable protocol for each body part in order to reduce radiation dose.

요한 카시아누스의 영성지도와 방법에 대한 연구

유재경 한국실천신학회 2019 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.63

A term “soul-care” best describes the meaning of spiritual direction. Soul care is an all round process where through a soul’s healing, advocacy, reconciliation and guidance, one gets closer to the Holy trinity God. Desert Fathers share the purpose of abstinence with the spiritual direction. The spiritual direction of the early churches were guided by the teachings of the directors and elders, and by the church community. The monks who went out to the desert received teachings and spiritual direction through personal relationships with the spiritual Abba and spiritual Amma. Through the life in the desert of Egypt, John Cassian systematised and compiled a survey of the lives and spiritual direction of the Desert Fathers. He claimed that a person who disregards mentor’s teachings, and disobeys rules and regulations that need tobe obeyed, cannot fulfil on the road of spiritual path. More importantly, we can see that there are methods of spiritual direction in his writings. Methods that can lead to fulfilling the purpose of spiritual direction – a spiritual transformation, or deification. Some other methods can include 'purification of mind’, ‘devotion of observation’, ‘meditation of beatitude’,’spiritual friendship’, ‘obedience’, ‘humility’, and ’spiritual grace’. However, John Cassian’s methods include ‘purification of mind’, ‘gradual correction’, ‘benefit of flexibility within rigidness’, ‘activities and observation’, and ‘discernment.’ According to John Cassian, ‘purification of mind’ has three broad roles in the spiritual direction. It purifies one’s mind, allows love, and frees one from sins. Also, one needs various abstinence trainings and time in the spiritual direction, but it is a gradual process.’Strictness and condescension’ is one of the concepts in the spiritual direction and it explains that flexibility can remove dangerous sentiments and is important for effective spiritual direction. There is a path of ‘activities and observation’ and one must spiritually lead whilst maintaining the harmony.’Discernment’ plays the role of restoring humans to their true forms through God’s grace. John Cassian’s spiritual direction is not limited to the walls of monasteries. His spiritual direction is centred around monastery communities but it also opens the door for the monasteries – to connect with the world. Therefore, his spiritual direction and methods can also offer guidepost to the modern churches and societies. 영성지도에 대한 학문적 논의는 꾸준히 증가하고 있지만 목회적 차원의 관심은 여전히 낮다. 학문적 연구도 ‘영성지도의 개론적 이해’와 ‘특정인의 영성지도’ 중심으로 진행되어 왔다. 영성지도의 필요성을 공유하기 위해서는 영성지도에 대한 ‘성경적 기초’와 ‘초기 교회의 이해’를 폭넓게 연구할 필요가 있다. 이 논문은 기독교 초기전통인 사막교부들의 영성지도, 특히 요한 카시아누스의 영성을 탐구하므로 영성지도의 기독교적 전통의 근원과 방법론적 특징을 찾는 데 있다. 이러한 연구는 한국교회가 나아갈 영성지도의 방향과 방법을 이해하는데 큰 도움이 될 것이다. 카시아누스의 영성지도의 이해와 형태를 탐구를 위해서 먼저 현대 영성지도의 관심과 초기교회의 영성지도의 근원을 찾을 것이다. 영성지도의 의미를 가장 잘 표현하는 기독교적 용어는 ‘영혼의 돌봄’이다. 영혼의 돌봄은 영혼의 치유, 지지, 화해, 지도를 통해 삼위일체 하나님께 나아가는 전인적 과정이다. 사막 교부들의 영성지도는 금욕적인 목표와 깊은 관련이 있다. 초기교회의 영성지도는 감독과 장로들의 가르침과 교회 공동체에 의해서 주도되었다. 또한 사막에 들어간 수도사들은 영적 아버지(abba)와 영적 어머니(amma)와 개인적 관계를 통해 가르침과 영성지도를 받았다. 카시아누스의 영성지도의 방법은 그의 두 작품 『담화집』과 『제도집』 잘 나타나고 있다. 그는 먼저 영성지도의 목적을 영적인 변화(transformation) 또는 신화(deification)에 있다고 밝혔다. 따라서 그의 영성지도의 이해는 영적인 여정의 관점에서 내면의 움직임과 변화를 올바른 방향으로 지도하는데 있다. 이러한 영성지도의 목적을 성취하기 위한 방법으로 그는 ‘마음의 정화’, ‘관상에 대한 헌신’, ‘하나님을 관조하는 것’ ‘영적 우정’, ‘복종’,‘겸손’,‘성령의 은혜’등을 제시했다. 하지만 카시아누스의 영성지도의 방법은 ‘마음의 정화’, ‘점진적 교정’, ‘엄정함 속에 유연함의 유익’, ‘활동과 관상’, ‘분별’ 등으로 분류할 수 있다. 우선 그는 ‘마음의 청결’이 영성지도에서 어떤 역할을 하는지를 세 가지 측면에서 밝혔다. 그리고 그는 영성지도의 과정을 점진적 변화로 이해하고 분석했다. 또한 효과적인 영성지도를 위해서는 유연함의 중요성을 강조했을 뿐 아니라 영성지도에서 활동과 관상의 조화롭게 활용해야 한다고 했다. 마지막으로 분별(discernment)의 이해와 역할을 통해 영성지도의 본질을 밝히고 있다. 이와 같이 카시아누스는 다양한 영성훈련 방법이 영성지도에서 어떤 기능을 하는지, 그것을 어떻게 활용해야 하는지를 밝히고 있다. 이러한 카시아누스의 영성지도는 수도사들을 위한 것이었지만 세속 교회까지 영향을 미쳤다. 즉 영성지도는 수도 공동체적이지만 많은 면에서 수도원과 세상을 연결할 수 있는 길을 열어주었다. 이러한 카시아누스의 영성지도와 방법론의 탐구는 현대 사회와 교회가 지향해야 할 영성지도의 길을 제시해 줄 것이다.

119 구급대원 직접의료지도체계 구축 및 간접프로토콜에 의한 업무 수행 확대- 경기도에서의 경험

김재민,박종학,현수엽,신용식,이동우,김진영,김주영,조한진,문성우 대한응급의학회 2015 大韓應急醫學會誌 Vol.26 No.4

Purpose: Medical direction is an integral part of proper prehospital care, which is performed by EMS providers. In Gyunggi province, a number of measures have been implemented to improve the direct medical direction system. We aimed to report on the process and results of the newly implemented medical direction system. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis of the newly implemented medical direction system for community EMS providers from June 2014 to October 2014. Direct medical direction was requested by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) during the study period, as follows: when a destination hospital was selected, EMTs requested medical direction from the physicians at the destination hospital. During the study period specially-trained advanced EMTs were permitted to perform intravenous (IV) access for fluid or glucose infusion without direct medical direction. EMTs were asked to complete records when they requested direct medical direction and performed IV access without medical direction. These records were collected and used in the analysis. Results: Of 5949 direct medical direction requests, 5527 were analyzed; 2958 (53.5%) cases were requested to the destination hospitals, 2569 (46.5%) were requested to the centralized dispatch center. ‘Patient evaluation’ was the most common reason for EMTs to request medical direction to the destination hospitals (1680, 54.4%) and centralized dispatch center (980, 38.1%). EMTs’ degree of satisfaction did not differ significantly between destination hospitals and the centralized dispatch center (4.12±0.82 and 4.09±0.84, p=0.053). IV access rate for hypotensive patients increased 6.1% during the study period compared to the same period of 2013 (17.6% and 11.5%, p<0.01). Conclusion: We found that it is feasible to request direct medical direction to the destination hospitals and perform IV access for fluid or glucose infusion without direct medical direction for specially-trained advanced EMTs. Continuing efforts to establish an optimized medical direction system would be required for proper pre-hospital care.

THE EFFECT OF MOVING DIRECTION ON PRODUCT PREFERENCE

I-Shan Hsieh,Ryoka Asakura,Yuri Komon,Shota Narukawa,Ryoichiro Mitsuda,Mayuko Nishii,Takeshi Moriguchi 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction The concept of “processing fluency” has been widely discussed in various areas, including marketing and consumer behavior (Janiszewski and Meyvis, 2001; Labroo et al., 2008; Herrmann et al., 2013; Shen and Rao, 2016). Processing fluency is defined as the ease with which people process information, and it has been found that experiencing fluency while processing information has a positive effect on decision making. Many researchers have shown that fluency elicits positive evaluation. For example, the mere-exposure effect has been explained by processing fluency; repeated exposure to a stimulus increases processing fluency and the fluency, in turn, increases positive affect (Arkes, 2013; Janiszewski and Meyvis, 2001). Many factors have been examined in fluency studies. Among them, the most common method to affect fluency is font manipulation (e.g., Alter et al., 2007; Alter and Oppenheimer, 2008). In these studies, researchers examined processing fluency of objects with clear fonts or unclear fonts and found the former enhanced processing fluency and thus caused positive evaluation for the objects. There are many other factors related to visual perceptual fluency, such as contrast of letters and background, exposure time, and so on. Processing fluency can be influenced by eye movement. For example, Shen and Rao (2016) focused on the relation between fluency of eye movements and product evaluation. They found that repetition of an eye movement could enhance perceived fluency and that this perceived fluency could increase product evaluation. In their second experiment, they manipulated participants’ eye movement by moving a ball on the computer screen and found that the consistency between the direction of eye movement and the direction of products (pen and sports shoe) could enhance processing fluency and product evaluation. Similar to the study of Shen and Rao, we focus on the relation between the direction of products and processing fluency. Shen and Rao focused on eye movement, whereas our study concentrated on human body movement—namely, walking and riding. There are many advertisements in stores, trains, buses and on the roads. Consumers often see these advertisements while walking or riding. In these cases, they move to certain directions, and sometimes products in advertisements convey direction (e.g., automobiles, shoes, pens, and so on). At the time of exposure, consistency between two directions (consumer’s movement and product) may influence processing fluency and product evaluation. In a walking condition, the direction of physical body movement of the participants can be related to their eye movements. However, in a riding condition, the moving direction of a vehicle the participant rides does not always coincide with the direction of participant’s eye movement. We can therefore assume that if consistency of the two directions affects the product evaluation positively not only in a walking condition but in a riding condition, it is possible to verify the existence of the effects of human body movement. Based on the above considerations, we conducted two experiments. Empirical Studies In two experiments, all participants were undergraduate students at a major university in Tokyo. They were recruited at a university campus or via social network services. The experiments were conducted in two conditions: participants looking at the advertisement while walking or riding on the bus. In prior research focused on eye movement (Shen and Rao, 2016), the researchers examined the relation between eye movement and product location (left side or right side on the advertisements) as well as product direction (directed toward the left or toward the right). They showed that the participants preferred the product directed toward the right (pen or sports shoe) or located on the right side (cupcake) when their eyes moved from left to right. Conversely, the participants liked the product directed toward the left or located on the left better when their eyes moved from right to left. Based on their study, we also chose two types of products, sports shoe and bottled water. Sports shoe has a horizontal direction, so we can place the product in the advertisement with a particular direction (toward the left or toward the right). On the other hand, bottled water does not have horizontal direction, thus we use the product with a particular location (placed on the left side or right side in the advertisements). We hypothesize that the participants will experience processing fluency and express a greater preference towards the products in the advertisement when its direction or location matches the moving direction of the participants. Experiment 1 One-hundred-and-twenty students participated in a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups: 2 moving direction × 2 product layouts. The experiment was set up in a classroom where the advertisements were displayed on the walls. On the wall to the left side of the classroom, the advertisement for sports shoe was displayed with the direction either toward the left or the right. On the wall to the right, the advertisement for bottled water was displayed with the product location either on the left or right side. On the front wall of the classroom, an advertisement for hamburger which had neither particular direction nor location was displayed as a dummy stimulus. The participants were asked to walk around the classroom either clockwise or counter-clockwise. They walked by the wall without stopping while looking at an advertisement and then rated preference and processing fluency regarding the product shown in the advertisement immediately afterwards one by one. For the participants who walked around the classroom clockwise, the products directed toward the right (or located on the right side) might appear more natural and thus enhance their processing fluency. On the other hand, the participants who walked counter-clockwise felt fluency regarding the products directed toward the left (or located on the left side). The results supported our hypotheses. There were significant differences between matched groups and unmatched groups in both preference and processing fluency. Participants who walked around the classroom clockwise showed a higher preference and fluency regarding sports shoe directed toward the right and bottled water located on the right side in the advertisements. Similarly, participants who walked around the classroom counter-clockwise presented a higher preference and fluency regarding sports shoe directed toward the left and bottled water located on the left side. Experiment 2 In experiment 2, we used school buses running between campuses as the vehicle in which the participants looked at the advertisements. We set up two situations of placing the advertisements for considering the effect of the moving scenery outside the bus window on the perception of the participants. We placed one near the ceiling, where participants can barely see the scenery outside the window, and the other on the window, where the participants can easily see scenery moving right behind the advertisement. The participants either stood or sat on the buses and then rated preference and processing fluency regarding the products on the advertisements right after getting off the bus. One-hundred-and-two students participated in a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. The participants were randomly assigned into matched-above, unmatched-above, matched-window, and unmatched-window groups. The matched condition meant that the moving direction and product layouts were consistent. When the moving direction of the bus and the product layout (direction of sports shoe and location of bottled water) were consistent, we defined matched condition. Otherwise, we defined unmatched condition. The results supported our hypotheses. For the advertisements placed near the ceiling, there were significant differences between matched and unmatched groups in both preference and processing fluency for both sports shoe and bottled water. On the other hand, for the advertisements placed on the window, there were no significant differences between matched and unmatched groups. When the advertisements were placed on the window, the direction of the moving scenery outside the bus window was opposite to the direction of the bus. This might have cancelled out the effects of moving direction. Discussion and Conclusion The empirical studies showed that for the condition of participants walking, the orientation and the location of the product pointing in the same direction as the moving direction of the participants resulted in higher processing fluency, and led to higher product preference. Meanwhile, for the condition of participants moving towards a certain direction by passive means, such as taking a bus, product preference and processing fluency increase when the advertisement is placed up near to the ceiling, and the orientation or the location of the product match the moving direction of the participants. At the same time, there is no significant difference in product preference or processing fluency when the advertisement is placed on the window. In closing, our research has provided an initial look at how consistency between two directions (consumer’s movement and product) can have significant effects on consumers’ processing fluency and product evaluation. Consumers often look at the advertisements while walking or riding and advertisers can know the main direction of consumers’ movement. In these cases, they can determine the direction or the location of the products in the advertisements considering the consistency with the moving direction of consumers. Recently, digital signage in trains and buses has become popular and advertisers can easily adjust the direction or the location of the products in the advertisements on it. Therefore, the knowledge extracted from our research may be readily available for advertisers.

한국교회 기도 모임에서의 영성지도 방안

김수천 한국실천신학회 2024 신학과 실천 Vol.- No.89

본 논문은 한국교회의 기도 모임에서 실천할 수 있는 그룹 영성지도를 모색하였다. 먼저, 한국교회에서의 영성지도 사역에 대한 선행연구들을 검토한 후에 영성지도의 주된 내용인 기도의 경험을 강화하기 위한 기도 모임 방안을 제안하였다. 새벽기도 때에는 기도의 경험에 대한 나눔을 할 수 없기에 성경공부처럼 별도의 기도 모임을 할 수 있으면 바람직할 것이다. 별도의 기도 모임이 어려우면 예배 시간 가운데 주일 오후 예배나 수요예배 때에 기도 모임을 진행할 수 있다. 다만, 영성지도 사역에 참여가 어려운 고령의 신자들을 위해서는 동 시간에 별도로 기존의 예배를 드리는 방안도 고려해야 할 것이다. 한국교회에서 주로 실천하는 통성기도 외에 새로운 기도의 방법으로 여섯 가지의 방법들을 제안하였다. 통성기도는 경제적으로 어려운 시기에 호응을 얻었던 기도로 새 신자들이나 젊은 세대에는 동기부여가 적을 수도 있기 때문이다. 일반적으로 신자들은 영적인 필요를 느낄 때 기도의 삶에 헌신하기에 현대사회에서 신자들의 관심들과 관련된 기도 방법들을 제안하였는데 현대사회의 관심 사항인 마음의 힐링, 내면에 대한 성찰, 복된 삶과 존엄한 죽음, 친자연적 삶에 관련된 기도 방법들을 소개하였다. 첫째, 마음의 힐링을 위해 시편의 탄원시를 통해 드리는 기도, 둘째, 의식 성찰을 위해 존 웨슬리가 실천한 질문지를 통한 기도, 셋째, 복된 삶과 죽음을 위해 시 90편을 읽고 드리는 기도, 그리고 넷째, 기독교적 자연 묵상기도를 제시하였다. 이러한 기도들 외에 고전적인 관상기도 방법인 렉시오 디비나 기도와 예수기도를 신학적인 근거를 중심으로 소개하였다. 목회 현장에서 새로운 기도를 소개할 때는 그 기도들의 성서적, 신학적, 역사적 근거를 잘 설명해야 한다. 이어서 그룹영성지도에 대하여 살펴보았다. 전통적인 영성지도는 개인적인 지도 방식이었지만 청교도들이나 웨슬리안들은 일반적으로 목회적인 상황에서 그룹영성지도를 실천해 왔다. 물론 청교도들이나 웨슬리안들이 개인 영성지도도 했기 때문에 한국교회에서도 개인 영성지도를 실천할 수 있다. 하지만 아직 기도 생활에 관심이 있는 신자들을 우선적으로 지도해야 하는 시급성으로 그룹영성지도만 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 영성지도를 하는 목회자들이 영성지도 수퍼비전을 어떻게 받을 수 있는지 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 영성지도 모임에 참여하여 배우기, 또는 영성지도 사역을 하는 동료들 간의 모임을 진행하기를 제안하였고 이러한 것들도 실천하기 어려울 경우 스스로 성령의 인도를 의지하는 방안도 제시하였다. 끝으로 심리학적 분별력 향상을 위해 심리학에 대한 탐구도 필요함을 제안하였다. This paper sought a group spiritual direction that could be practiced in prayer meetings in Korean churches. First, after reviewing previous studies on spiritual direction in Korean churches, a prayer meeting plan was proposed to strengthen the experience of prayer, which is the main content of spiritual direction. Since it is not possible to share prayer experiences during the early morning prayers, it would be desirable to have a separate prayer meeting like a Bible study. If it is difficult to hold a separate prayer meeting, the prayer meeting can be held during the Sunday afternoon service or Wednesday service. Except Tongseong Prayer, six methods were proposed as new methods of prayer. In general, believers devote themselves to a life of prayer when they feel spiritual need, so I proposed prayer methods related to the interests of believers in modern society, such as healing the stressful heart, introspection, blessed life and the death in dignity, and pro-natural life. First, a prayer offered through the Psalms of lamentation for the healing of the mind, second, a prayer offered through the questionnaire practiced by John Wesley to reflect on consciousness, third, a prayer offered by reading Psalm 90 for a blessed life and death, and fourth, Christian natural contemplative prayer was presented. In addition to these prayers, the classic contemplative prayer methods, the Lectio Divina Prayer and the Jesus Prayer were introduced. Next, I looked at group spiritual direction. Due to the urgency of providing priority guidance to believers who are still interested in a life of prayer, I only looked at group spiritual direction. Lastly, I examined how pastors who provide spiritual direction can receive spiritual direction supervision. To this end, it was proposed to participate and learn in spiritual direction meetings or to hold supervision meetings among colleagues in spiritual direction ministry. If these were not possible, it was also suggested to rely on the guidance of the Holy Spirit on one’s own. In addition, it was suggested that exploration of psychology is also recommended to improve psychological discernment.

Influence of Non-Flat Terrain and Wind Direction Shear on Canopy Turbulence

이영희 한국기상학회 2012 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.48 No.3

We have analyzed eddy covariance data collected within open canopy to investigate the influence of non-flat terrain and wind direction shear on the canopy turbulence. The study site is located on non-flat terrain with slopes in both south-north and east-west directions. The surface elevation change is smaller than the height of roughness element such as building and tree at this site. A variety of turbulent statistics were examined as a function of wind direction in near-neutral conditions. Heterogeneous surface characteristics results in significant differences in measured turbulent statistics. Upwind trees on the flat and up-sloping terrains yield typical features of canopy turbulence while upwind elevated surface with trees yields significant wind direction shear, reduced u and w skewness, and negligible correlation between u and w. The directional dependence of turbulence statistics is due that strong wind blows more horizontally rather than following terrain, and hence combination of slope related momentum flux and canopy eddy motion decreases the magnitude of Skw and ruw for the downslope flow while it enhances them for the upslope flow. Significant v skewness to the west indicates intermittent downdraft of northerly wind, possibly due to lateral shear of wind in the presence of significant wind direction shear. The effects of wind direction shear on turbulent statistics were also examined. The results showed that correlation coefficient between lateral velocities and vertical velocity show significant dependence on wind direction shear through change of lateral wind shear. Quadrant analysis shows increased outward interaction and reduced role of sweep motion for longitudinal momentum flux for the downslope flow. Multi-resolution analysis indicates that uw correlation shows peak at larger averaging time for the upslope flow than for the downslope flow, indicating that large eddy plays an active role in momentum transfer for the upslope flow. On the other hand, downslope flow shows larger velocity variances than other flows despite similar wind speed. These results suggest that non-flatness of terrain significantly influences on canopy-atmosphere exchange. We have analyzed eddy covariance data collected within open canopy to investigate the influence of non-flat terrain and wind direction shear on the canopy turbulence. The study site is located on non-flat terrain with slopes in both south-north and east-west directions. The surface elevation change is smaller than the height of roughness element such as building and tree at this site. A variety of turbulent statistics were examined as a function of wind direction in near-neutral conditions. Heterogeneous surface characteristics results in significant differences in measured turbulent statistics. Upwind trees on the flat and up-sloping terrains yield typical features of canopy turbulence while upwind elevated surface with trees yields significant wind direction shear, reduced u and w skewness, and negligible correlation between u and w. The directional dependence of turbulence statistics is due that strong wind blows more horizontally rather than following terrain, and hence combination of slope related momentum flux and canopy eddy motion decreases the magnitude of Skw and ruw for the downslope flow while it enhances them for the upslope flow. Significant v skewness to the west indicates intermittent downdraft of northerly wind, possibly due to lateral shear of wind in the presence of significant wind direction shear. The effects of wind direction shear on turbulent statistics were also examined. The results showed that correlation coefficient between lateral velocities and vertical velocity show significant dependence on wind direction shear through change of lateral wind shear. Quadrant analysis shows increased outward interaction and reduced role of sweep motion for longitudinal momentum flux for the downslope flow. Multi-resolution analysis indicates that uw correlation shows peak at larger averaging time for the upslope flow than for the downslope flow, indicating that large eddy plays an active role in momentum transfer for the upslope flow. On the other hand, downslope flow shows larger velocity variances than other flows despite similar wind speed. These results suggest that non-flatness of terrain significantly influences on canopy-atmosphere exchange.

1.5T MR 영상에서 Phantom을 이용한 Susceptibility Artifact 감소 효과 연구

조재환 ( Jae Hwan Cho ),동경래 ( Kyung Rae Dong ),정운관 ( Woon Kwan Chung ),최은진 ( Eun Jin Choi ) 조선대학교 공학기술연구원 2012 공학기술논문지 Vol.5 No.2

Geometric transformation of magnetic field occurs in MRI scan that is conducted for patient who have underwent fixation with non-magnetic material screw, which lead to generation of susceptibility artifact in image. It was reported that susceptibility artifact appeared differently according to change in frequency encoding gradient direction. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to conduct experiment to examine and compare the degree of image distortion depending on frequency direction when susceptibility artifact was generated and these experiments results could be useful in clinical practice. The study method was to manufacture phantom which is titanium-contained and non-magnetic material screw that was inserted to investigate the degree of distortion in region of interest (ROI) depending change in frequency encoding gradient direction. QD extremity coil was used to set the ROI before images were obtained as frequency direction was changed from anterior to posterior and from right to left in axial scan, from right to left and from superior to inferior in coronal scan, and from superior to inferior and from anterior to posterior in sagittal scan, which aimed at comparing and investigating degree of distortion in the ROI depending on change in frequency encoding gradient direction (equipment used: MRI Signal l.5T by GE, TR/TF : 600/9 m/sec, matrix size: 512×192, slice thickness : 3 mm, Gab: 0.5 mm). According to the study results, the degree of distortion in the ROI which is depending on generation of susceptibility artifact that showed difference with change in frequency direction in axial scan. But in coronal scan, the distortion degree showed a bigger difference in the direction from superior to inferior than in the direction from right to left. In sagittal scan, the distortion degree showed a bigger difference in the direction from superior to inferior than in the direction from anterior to posterior. Such distortion degree in the ROI could be confirmed with the naked eye when phantom was used to change frequency direction. In MRI scan, when titanium-contained and non-magnetic material screws were inserted, image distortion was obtained due to generation of susceptibility artifact appeared differently according to frequency direction. Based on the results of this experiment, it is believed that image can be obtained with reduction of image distortion effect by susceptibility artifact if frequency direction is properly changed according to a body part to be examined in scan.

이세종의 영성지도와 한국교회 목회 현장 적용에 관한 연구

이강학 한국실천신학회 2016 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.49

기독교 영성지도는 전통적으로 기독교 영성사에 이름을 남긴 영성지도자의 경험과 활동의 터 위에서 발전되어 왔다. 한국 기독교의 영성지도가 지닌 특징들을 이해하기 위해서는 한국 기독교 영성가들을 탐구해볼 필요가 있다. 이세종(1877-1942)은 한국 기독교 영성사에 있어서 주목할만한 영성지도자들 중 한 명이다. 이 논문의 목적은 한국 개신교 영성의 대표적인 인물들 중 한 명인 이세종의 영성지도의 특징을 살펴보는 것이다. 물론 이세종은 현대적인 영성지도 사역에 대해 알지 못했다. 그러나 그가 제자들의 영적인 성장을 위해 어떤 방식으로 도움을 주었는가를 영성지도라는 맥락에서 살펴보려고 한다. 이세종의 영성을 탐구한 논문들은 있지만 이세종의 영성지도에 관한 논문은 아직 전무하다. 이 논문에서는 첫째, 전통적 영성지도 및 영성지도자가 지닌 특징들을 살펴보았다. 둘째, 이세종의 영성의 특징들을 정리하였다. “이세종선생기념사업회”는 이세종을 “한국 기독교 토착신앙 영성의 뿌리”로 소개하고 있는데, 이 소개문에 담긴 네 가지 개념을 바탕으로 이세종의 영성을 탐구했다: 영성가, 기독교 영성, 토착화 영성, 그리고 한국 기독교 영성의 뿌리의 역할 등. 셋째, 이세종의 영성지도의 특징을 대표적인 두 제자 이현필 (1913-1964)과 손임순 (1893-1963)의 경우를 예로 들어 살펴보았다. 아울러 이세종의 영성지도와 현대 영성지도를 비교해보았다. 마지막으로 이세종의 영성지도가 한국 교회의 목회에 주는 통찰을 찾아보았다. 이세종의 영성지도는 스승의 권위를 강조하는 전통적 스승-제자 모델의 틀 안에 있으므로, 은사적이고 비제도적인 것을 강조하는 현대 영성지도와는 다르다. 또 이세종의 영성지도에서 추구했던 순결과 가난의 방식을 현대 기독교인들에게 적용하는 것은 무리가 따른다. 그러나 이세종은 스스로 권위를 내세운 것은 아니며, 이세종의 영성지도는 피지도자의 다양성을 보여주고 있으므로 현대 영성지도에 좋은 통찰을 던져준다. Christian spiritual direction has been developed on the ground of the experiences and practices of renowned spiritual masters in the history of Christian spirituality. In order to understand the characteristics of Korean Christian spiritual direction, we need to explore Korean Christian mystics. Lee Sejong(1877-1942) is one of the great spiritual masters in the history of Korean Christian spirituality. This paper purposes to explore the characteristics of Lee Sejong’s spiritual direction, who is one of the representatives in Korean Protestant spirituality. Lee Sejong certainly did not know about spiritual direction. However, it is possible to explore his guidance for his disciples from the perspective of spiritual direction. There have been several papers which explored Lee Sejong’s spirituality but none on Lee Sejong’s spiritual direction. In this paper, first, I describe the characteristics of traditional spiritual direction and spiritual directors. Second, I summarize the salient points of Lee Sejong’s spirituality. The Society of Lee Sejong’s Legacy introduces Lee Sejong as “a root of Korean Indigenous Christian Faith.” Based on the four terms in this introduction, I explain Lee Sejong’s spirituality: mystic, Christian spirituality, indigenous spirituality, and the role of a root. Third, I explore the characteristics of Lee Sejong’s spiritual direction by looking into his relationship with his two disciples, Lee Hyunpil (1913-1964) and Sohn Imsoon (1893-1963). I also compare Lee Sejong’s spiritual direction and contemporary spiritual direction. In conclusion, I provide some insights of Lee Sejong’s spiritual direction for the ministry in Korean churches. His spiritual direction which was done in the traditional model of master-disciple which showed the authority of the master is different from contemporary spiritual direction which emphasizes gifted-ness and non-systematic. His ways of spiritual direction which led his disciples to pursue extreme purity and poverty cannot be easily applied for contemporary Christians. However, the facts that Lee Sejong himself did not press his authority and his directees showed diversity provide insights for contemporary Korean spiritual direction.

Flow Direction Characteristics in the Vicinity of the Spark Plug in an S. I. Engine

Han, Sung-Bin,Chang, Yong-Hoon,Chung, Yon-Jong The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers 2000 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.14 No.8

The flame speed may be decomposed into the burning speed and the flame transport speed. The flame transport speed is affected considerably by the flow direction, variation rate of flow direction, and flow speed in the combustion chamber. Especially, the flow direction and the variation rate of flow direction at the spark plug location during the ignition period have an important effect on the ignition process and the early flame propagation process. We measured the flow direction component and the variation rate of flow direction with a hot wire probe at the spark plug location. It was shown that the representative flow direction of ignition period is the right-vertical direction of crank shaft and it was used to investigate the variation rate of flow direction.