차등 비교 구문과 정도차 표현

송홍규(Song, Hong Kyu) 동악어문학회 2016 동악어문학 Vol.69 No.-

본고에서는 정도차 표현을 포함한 비교 구문의 구성을 살피면서, 정도차 표현이 비교 구문의 의미에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 정도차 표현은 비교 대상들이 일정한 특성이나 성질과 관련하여 갖는 정도의 차이를 표현하는 것으로 여겨져 왔지만, 본고에서는 그것이 비교 대상들이 어떠한 속성과 관련된 일정한 기준을 초과하여 갖는 정도의 차이를 표현하는 것임을 보였다. 비교 구문은 일반적으로 동등 비교 구문과 차등 비교 구문으로 나뉘는데, 정도차 표현은 차등 비교 구문과만 쓰일 수 있다. 정도차 표현으로 쓰이는 것은 정도부사와 수량화구가 있는데 이들은 구성에 있어 차이를 보인다. 정도성 서술어가 쓰인 차등 비교 구문에서 우세 차등 비교를 표현하는 ‘더’는 수의적으로 쓰이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 정도 부사가 정도차 표현으로 쓰이는 경우에 이런 일반화는 유지되지만, 수량화구가 정도차 표현으로 나타나는 경우에는 ‘더’의 쓰임이 의무적이 된다는 점이 논의를 통해 밝혀졌다. 이런 차이는 ‘더’의 쓰임 여부가 차등 비교 구문의 의미 차이에 영향을 미친다는 연구를 검토할 수 있는 바탕이 된다. 기존의 연구에서는 ‘더’가 쓰인 차등 비교 구문에서는 비교되는 두 대상이 정도성 서술어와 관련된 속성을 지녀야 하는 특징을 보이며, 이것이 ‘더’가 쓰이지 않는 구문과 차이를 보이는 점이라고 주장하였다. 본고에서는 ‘보다’에 ‘는’과 ‘더’가 결합한 형태가 쓰인 비교 구문의 의미를 비교 기준 대상의 속성과 관련하여 살핀 연구를 바탕으로, ‘더’가 쓰인 구문과 ‘더’가 쓰이지 않은 구문이 그 의미에서 기본적으로 차이가 없음을 보였다. 본고는 오히려 정도차 표현의 출현 여부가 비교 구문의 의미 차이에 영향을 미침을 관찰하고, 이를 통해 정도차 표현이 정도성 표현과 관련하여 비교 대상들이 갖는 일정한 기준을 넘는 정도의 차이를 표현하는 것임을 주장했다. 아울러 본고에서는 ‘더’의 출현이 두 비교 대상이 정도성 서술어와 관련된 속성을 가짐을 전제하는 것으로 인식하는 모국어 화자의 경향이 정도성 표현이 수량화구로 나타나는 경우 ‘더’의 출현이 의무적인 것과 관련이 있는 것으로 보았다. 일반적으로 우세 차등 비교 구문에서 ‘더’의 출현이 수의적임을 고려할 때, ‘더’가 쓰인 비교 구문의 의미 해석에서 정도차 표현의 존재가 함의되는 방향으로 모국어 화자들의 인식이 굳어져가는 가능성이 있음을 지적하였다. While examining the formation of comparative construction, this paper investigated how the appearance of the differential expression affects the meaning of comparative construction. Even though it has been assumed that the differential expression is used to express the difference between the degrees of the compared objects which are measured with respect to the degree represented by gradable predicates, this paper claims that the differential expression is to express the difference between the degrees of the compared objects which exceed a relevant standard value. The construction expressing the meaning of comparison can be roughly classified into the equative construction and comparative construction, and the differential expression can be used only with the comparative construction. Degree adverbs and measure phrases are used as the differential expression, and they show differences in the formation of comparative construction. It has been known that ‘deo’ being used to form the superior comparatives optionally appears, but this paper revealed that the use of ‘deo’ is obligatory when a measure phrase is used as the differential expression. In a previous research, it is claimed that the comparative construction with ‘deo’ has semantically understood differently from the construction without ‘deo’. However, this paper argued that it is the appearance of differential expression, not the appearance of ‘deo’ that affects the meaning difference of the comparative construction. What is claimed here is that the differential expression expresses the difference between the degrees of the compared objects which exceeds the contextually determined standard. Thus, the compared objects are understood as having the property of a gradable expression used in the comparative construction. In addition, this paper pointed out that considering the fact that the appearance of ‘deo’ in the superior comparatives is optional in general, the perceptual propensity of native speakers that the appearance of ‘deo’ presupposes the compared objects having the degrees over the certain standard value seems to show that their perception becomes to be fixed in a way that the appearance of ‘deo’ entails the existence of the differential expression, especially a measure phrase.

The Effect of Recombinant Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression on the Neurogenic Differentiation Potency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Gizem Turac,Gokhan Duruksu,Erdal Karaoz 대한척추신경외과학회 2018 Neurospine Vol.15 No.1

Objective: Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, making the enhancement of its activity a target for ensuring sufficient dopamine levels. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) are known to synthesize TH after differentiating into neuronal cells through chemical induction, but the effect of its ectopic expression on these cells has not yet been determined. This study investigated the effects of ectopic recombinant TH expression on the stemness characteristics of rBM-MSCs. Methods: After cloning, a cell line with stable TH expression was maintained, and the proliferation, the gene expression profile, and differentiation potential of rBM-MSCs were analyzed. Analysis of the cells showed an increment in the proliferation rate that could be reversed by the neutralization of TH. Results: The constitutive expression of TH in rBM-MSCs was successfully implemented, without significantly affecting their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential. TH expression improved the expression of other neuronal markers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, β-tubulin, nestin, and c-Fos, confirming the neurogenic differentiation capacity of the stem cells. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) significantly increased after the chemical induction of neurogenic differentiation. Conclusion: In this study, the expression of recombinant TH improved the neuroprotective effect of MSCs by upregulating the expression of BDNF and CNTF. Although the neuronal markers were upregulated, the expression of recombinant TH alone in rBM-MSCs was not sufficient for MSCs to differentiate into neurogenic cell lines.

Identification of Gene Expression Profiles during BMP-7-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation of Multipotent Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

김형근,김지현,정명호,윤택림 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2009 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.6 No.13

Microarray technology for gene expression profiling has evolved rapidly and provides a powerful tool in studying differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. To investigate the expression of genes that contribute to BMP-7-dependent osteogenesis during osteoblastic differentiation, we performed gene expression profiling on BMP-7-treated mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Specifically, D1 cells (mesenchymal stem cells) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) for 3 days, and next treated with BMP-7 for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol and purified on RNeasy columns. Total RNA was amplified and purified using the Ambion Illumina RNA kit to yield biotinylated cRNA. We analyzed up- and down-regulation of genes by 1.5-fold expression, devided genes into two categories: biological process and molecular function. The two categories consisted of 51 groups containing 25,697 genes. We detected 370 mRNAs that were differentially up-regulated after BMP-7 stimulation, and 332 that were differentially down-regulated. These data indicate that BMP-7 regulates the expression of various genes during osteoblastic differentiation. Microarray technology for gene expression profiling has evolved rapidly and provides a powerful tool in studying differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. To investigate the expression of genes that contribute to BMP-7-dependent osteogenesis during osteoblastic differentiation, we performed gene expression profiling on BMP-7-treated mouse mesenchymal stem cells. Specifically, D1 cells (mesenchymal stem cells) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) for 3 days, and next treated with BMP-7 for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol and purified on RNeasy columns. Total RNA was amplified and purified using the Ambion Illumina RNA kit to yield biotinylated cRNA. We analyzed up- and down-regulation of genes by 1.5-fold expression, devided genes into two categories: biological process and molecular function. The two categories consisted of 51 groups containing 25,697 genes. We detected 370 mRNAs that were differentially up-regulated after BMP-7 stimulation, and 332 that were differentially down-regulated. These data indicate that BMP-7 regulates the expression of various genes during osteoblastic differentiation.

Gene expression signatures after ethanol exposure in differentiating embryoid bodies

Mandal, Chanchal,Kim, Sun Hwa,Chai, Jin Choul,Lee, Young Seek,Jung, Kyoung Hwa,Chai, Young Gyu Pergamon 2018 Toxicology in vitro Vol.46 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>During the differentiation process, various epigenetic factors regulate the precise expression of important genes and control cellular fate. During this stage, the differentiating cells become vulnerable to external stimuli. Here, we used an early neural differentiation model to observe ethanol-mediated transcriptional alterations. Our objective was to identify important molecular regulators of ethanol-related alterations in the genome during differentiation. A transcriptomic analysis was performed to profile the mRNA expression in differentiating embryoid bodies with or without ethanol treatment. In total, 147 differentially expressed genes were identified in response to 50mM ethanol. Of these differentially expressed genes, 78 genes were up-regulated and 69 genes were down-regulated. Our analysis revealed a strong association among the transcript signatures of the important modulators which were involved in protein modification, protein synthesis and gene expression. Additionally, ethanol-mediated activation of DNA transcription was observed. We also profiled ethanol-responsive transcription factors (TFs), upstream transcriptional regulators and TF-binding motifs in the differentiating embryoid bodies. In this study, we established a platform that we hope will help other researchers determine the ethanol-mediated changes that occur during cellular differentiation.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ethanol differentially regulates gene expressions during differentiation. </LI> <LI> It correlates to post-translational modifications and target-gene expressions. </LI> <LI> Transcription factor-encoding genes were also altered by ethanol exposure. </LI> </UL> </P>

5-6세기 중국 회화의 채색(彩色) 및 선묘(線描) 분화(分化)

김병모 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2022 동방학 Vol.- No.46

This study aims to review the form the expression method was differentiated into under which circumstances targeting the paintings in the 5th-6th century, and also the causes that triggered the differentiation. The Chinese paintings in the 5th-6th century pursued the basic characteristics of expression method such as precise and detailed drawing line, elaborate description of objects, delicate coloring, and highly-concentrated thick coloring. In other words, the coloring-oriented position and concept since the period of Qin, Han, Wei, and Jin were continuously accepted by pursuing the thin drawing for delicate coloring. Moreover, by extensively realizing various coloring methods and more sophisticated drawing expression method reflecting dynamics, speed, rhythm, and light/shade of ancestors, more advanced boundary and will of expression were expressed than earlier times. The differentiation of expression method in the 5th-6th century under the concept of expression method like this was mostly originated from the issue of coloring. The expression method that was mostly differentiated in situations when it was tough to fully realize the coloring-oriented expression was selected and used. In other words, they aimed for croquis-style drawing of rough lines, rather than drawing of fine and delicate outlines for coloring. At the same time, including the weakened and omitted coloring, the coloring method with less exquisiteness appeared. As a constraint factor of coloring-oriented expression, the issue of supply and demand of pigment played the most direct and important role. The research contents above are expected to provide the important basics and perspective for handling and interpreting the cases of differentiation in the early Tang Dynasty that adopted the six theories as the basic concept of painting expression just as the 5th-6th century. 본 연구는 6法論이 주류 표현법 개념으로 등장하는 5-6세기의 중국 회화를 대상으로 표현법 분화가 어떤 상황에서 어떠한 형태로 구현, 전개되는지, 나아가 그러한 분화를 촉발시킨 원인이 무엇인지를 검토하고자 한 것이다. 5-6세기 중국 회화는 선조의 정세함, 대상에 대한 윤곽 표현의 정치함, 채색의 정교함, 짙은 농도의 채색 등을 표현법의 기본 특징으로 추구했다. 즉 정교한 채색을 위한 세선 구륵의 선묘를 추구함으로써 진한위진시대 이래의 채색 지향적 입장 및 개념을 지속 수용했다. 더불어 선조의 강약, 완급, 장단, 농담 등을 반영한 보다 세련된 선묘 표현법과 평도법, 선염법, 삼백화법 등의 다양한 채색법을 광범위하게 구현함으로써 이전 시기보다 진전된 표현 경계 및 의지를 표출했다. 이와 같은 표현법 개념 하에서 전개된 5-6세기 표현법 분화는 주로 채색의 문제에서 비롯했다. 채색 위주의 표현을 충분히 실현시키기 어려운 상황에서 주로 분화된 표현법을 선택, 사용했다. 즉 채색을 위한 세선의 정치한 구륵의 선묘 대신 거친 선조의 크로키식 선묘를 지향했다. 동시에 채색의 약화 및 생략화를 포함하여 정교함이 줄어든 채색법을 수반, 출현시켰다. 채색 위주의 표현을 제약하는 요인으로 안료 수급의 문제가 가장 직접적이고 우선적인 고려 대상으로 주목되었다. 이상의 연구 내용은 6법론이 출현하는 5-6세기 화단의 토대를 이해하는데, 그리고 5-6세기와 마찬가지로 6법론을 회화 표현의 기본 개념으로 삼았던 초당시대의 분화 사례를 취급하고 해석하는데 중요한 기초 및 관점을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Identification of Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray and Confirmation of Gene Expression by RT-PCR during Osteoblastic Differentiation by BMP-2

( Ju Youn Lee ),( Jin Chung ),( Ji Hyun Kim ),( Myung Ho Jeong ),( Taek Rim Yoon ),( Hyung Keun Kim ) 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2010 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.7 No.2

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors. Microarray technology for gene expression profiling has evolved rapidly and provides a powerful tool in studying differentiation. To investigate the osteoblastic differentiation gene expressions that contribute to BMP-2 dependent osteogenesis, we performed gene expression profiling on BMP-2-treated mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Specifically, D1 cells (mouse bone marrow stromal cells) were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) for 3 days, and next treated with BMP- 2 for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted using Trizol buffer and purified using RNeasy columns. Total RNA was amplified and purified using the Ambion Illumina RNA amplification kit to yield biotinylated cRNA. And, we confirmed up- and down-regulation genes by RT-PCR. We analyzed up- and down-regulation of genes by 1.5-fold expression, divided genes into two categories: biological process and molecular function. Two categories consisted of 49 groups containing 25,697 genes. We detected 42 mRNAs that were differentially up-regulated after BMP-2 stimulation and 20 mRNAs that were differentially down-regulated. And, we confirmed up-regulation 8 genes expression and down-regulation 4 genes expression by RT-PCR. These data indicate that BMP-2 regulate various genes expression during osteoblastic differentiation.

Study on the differential gene expression of elm leaves fed on by Tetraneura akinire Sasaki

Hai‑bo Lu,Ling‑pin Jin,Dong Wei,Zhi‑hong Huang 한국유전학회 2019 Genes & Genomics Vol.41 No.12

Background To study the essential molecular mechanism of gall formation is very important. Objective To investigate the differential gene expression in leaves fed on by Tetraneura akinire Sasaki and to provide a basis for the better understanding of the essential molecular mechanism of gall formation. Methods The infected leaves of the elm were divided into three periods: initial formation period (T2), growth and differentiation period (T3), and cracking period (T4). The untouched leaves were used as the control (T1). RNA-Seq was performed, and the high-quality sequences were mapped to the reference genome and the elm gene database to obtain the gene expression profiles. The expression level of each gene was calculated by the RPKM method. A combination of FDR ≤ 0.01 and the absolute value of |log2 ratio (T/CK)| ≥ 2 was used as the threshold to determine the significance of gene expression. Finally, GO and pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify the significantly enriched functional classification and metabolic pathways in DEGs. Results The results revealed that approximately 244 mRNAs were detected between T1 and T2, including 192 up-regulated and 52 down-regulated mRNAs; approximately 175 mRNAs were detected between T1 and T3, including 145 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated mRNAs; and approximately 372 mRNAs were detected between T1 and T4, including 360 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated mRNAs. Approximately 34 differentially expressed genes were identified by Venn analysis. Comparing the three infection periods to the control, there were 28 up-regulated and six down-regulated mRNAs. Additionally, 562 genes were used for cluster analysis, which revealed that the gene expression in T2 and T3 changed greatly. Genes related to cell proliferation and respiration, such as microtubulin and 6-phosphoric acid fructose kinase were mainly up-regulated during the T2 period. Genes encoding lipoxygenase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and protease inhibitor were up-regulated during T2 and T3. Genes encoding lignocellulose synthase were up-regulated during T4, which suggests the reinforcement of the cell wall to improve the resistance to the damage of the Tetraneura akinire Sasaki. Conclusions The results showed that the feeding of Tetraneura akinire Sasaki caused the differential expression of elm genes and influenced cellular energy metabolism. These changes in physiological response and gene expression of the elm compose the physiological and molecular basis of the gall formation and may improve the resistance of elm to Tetraneura akinire Sasaki.

Identification and characterization of the promoter of a gene expressing mainly in the tapetum tissue of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Kumar Paritosh,Amarjeet Kumar Singh,Amita Kush Mehrotra,Deepak Pental,Pradeep Kumar Burma 한국식물생명공학회 2018 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.12 No.6

Anther and tapetum-specific genes are important for understanding male gametophyte development, as well as for their use in the development of barnase/barstar-gene based male sterility and restorer system for hybrid seed production. An essential component of the system is the availability of tapetum-specific promoters. In the present study, anther-specific genes were identified in cotton using microarray-based differential expression analysis, some of which show expression specific to the anthers at a stage where tapetum tissue was fully developed. Validation of the identified genes using RT-PCR and in situ hybridization identified one novel gene (AEG—Anther Expressing Gene) encoding a putative lipid binding protein as having a tapetum-specific expression. Further, three paralogs of the gene were identified in the cotton genome out of which the gene AEG1 (Anther Expressing Gene1) was found to express in the tapetum layer. Analysis of transgenic plants developed in cotton using 1.5 Kb promoter region of the of AEG1 gene fused upstream to the reporter gene β-glucuronidase revealed a broad window of expression of the AEG1 promoter in the tapetum tissue from the tetrad stage of anthers till the degeneration of the tapetum cells. Low levels of expression were also observed in the root tissues. Expression was not observed in the stem and leaves. The broad window of expression of AEG1 promoter in the tapetum tissue makes it a suitable candidate for the expression of the barstar gene for effective fertility restoration in the barnase/barstar system.

한우의 간 조직에서 성장단계별로 발현하는 유전자의 분리

윤혜숙,구용범 인제대학교 1998 仁濟論叢 Vol.14 No.1

생명체에서 발현되어지는 여러 종류의 유전자들은 조직 특이적으로, 흑은 성장단계별로 다른 발현 양상을 보인다. 한우의 경우에서도 그 발현 양상이 다른 유전자가 있을 것으로 추정된 바, 한우의 간 조직을 이용하여 성장단계별로 그 발현 정도가 다른 유전자를 탐색하고자 하였다. 성장단계에 따른 유전자 발현의 차이는 생시, 6개월, 12개월, 24개월 된 한우의 간 조직에서 합성한 cDNA의 subtraction과 PCR 방법을 이용하여 탐색하였다. PCR로 증폭한 cDNA library에서 임의적으로 선택한 622개의 clone들을 slot-blot hybridization를 이용하여, 간 조직의 성장단계별로 차이가 나는 140개의 clone을 얻었으며, 140개의 clone 중 101개의 clone은 성장단계가 증가할수록 발현 양상이 점차적으로 증가하는 유전자인 반면, 39 개의 clone에서 얻은 유전자는 태어난 후 6 개월 이내에 급격히 발현이 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 점차적인 증가 양상을 보인 유전자들을 조사한 결과, 생체 내에서 유해한 free radical로부터 조직이나 세포 구조의 손상을 방지하는 역할을 하는 유전자들과 지방의 생합성 및 지방산이나 지방의 이동과 관련이 있는 유전자들인 것으로 생각되어진다. In many organisms, many genes are expressed differentially depending on developmental stages and ages. It was believed that some genes are expressed differentially in bovine liver tissue during growth. To analyzed the differentially expressed genes, cDNAs from bovine liver tissues of 0, 6, 12, 24 months old oxen were used for cDNA subtraction and PCR. 622 clones were randomly selected from the subtracted cDNA clones and were used for slot-blot hybridization to screen the clones showing differential expression. 140 clones out of 622 were found to exhibit different levels of hybridization signal to the cDNA probes prepared from liver tissues of different growth stages. Of 140 clones, 101 clones exhibited incremental expression during postnatal growth up to 24 months, whereas the 39 clones showed abrupt increase in expression within 6 months of age. It seems that some of the genes which showed gradual increase in expression during growth are related to removal of free radicals, and the others are related to biosynthesis or transport of lipids. Key words : cDNA subtraction, bovine liver, differential gene expression.

늦둥이 자녀 어머니의 자아분화와 유아의 정서조절능력의 관계에서 정서표현 양가성의 매개효과

이현숙 ( Lee Hyun-suk ),서현아 ( Seo Hyun-ah ) 한국유아교육학회 2022 유아교육연구 Vol.42 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 늦둥이 자녀 어머니의 자아분화와 유아의 정서조절능력의 관계에서 정서표현 양가성의 매개효과를 알아봄으로써 유아가 정서조절능력을 통해 전인적 성장을 이룰 수 있도록 돕는 어머니의 자아분화 제고 및 정서표현 양가성의 경감방안을 마련하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 A 및 B 지역에 거주하는 늦둥이 자녀 어머니 300명을 대상으로 자아분화, 정서표현 양가성, 유아의 정서조절 능력을 조사하였으며, 수집된 자료는 Pearson 적률상관분석과 회귀분석 및 Sobel test를 통하여 응답 결과를 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 늦둥이 자녀 어머니의 자아분화와 정서표현 양가성에는 부적 상관관계, 유아의 정서조절능력에는 정적 상관관계가 나타났으며, 정서표현 양가성은 유아의 정서조절능력에 부적 상관관계가 나타났다. 둘째, 늦둥이 어머니의 자아분화와 유아의 정서조절능력 간의 관계에서 정서표현 양가성은 부분 매개하여 유아의 정서조절능력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 늦둥이 자녀 어머니의 자아분화를 높이는 방안을 모색하고, 정서표현 양가성을 줄임으로써 유아의 정서조절능력에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating effect of ambivalence in emotional expression on the relationship between self-differentiation of mothers with children born in their later years, and the ability of infants to regulate their emotions. The aim is to improve the self-differentiation of the mothers with children born in their later years, and prepare a plan to reduce the ambivalence of emotional expression to help the infants achieve holistic growth through emotional regulation ability. This study investigated self-differentiation, emotional expression ambivalence, and infant emotion regulation ability for 300 mothers of infants and toddlers residing in areas A and B. The collected data were analyzed through Pearson moment correlation analysis, regression analysis, and Sobel test. As a result, first, there was a negative correlation between the mother's self-differentiation and the ambivalence of emotional expression, and there was a positive correlation with the infant's ability to regulate emotions. Second, in the relationship between the mother's self-differentiation of the mother with her child born in her later years, and the infant's emotional regulation ability, the ambivalence of emotional expression was found to be partially mediated and affecting the infant's emotional regulation ability. Therefore, this study suggests that a positive effect can be exerted on the children's ability to regulate emotions by seeking ways to increase the self-differentiation of mothers with children born in their later years, and reduce the ambivalence of emotional expression.