Clean Development Mechanism Preferred: Flexibility Mechanism in Kyoto Protocol

( Nam Hoon Kang ),( Min Jung Paik ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2010 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.6 No.-

Despite that the excitement, regarding 1997 Kyoto Protocol faded out, when the U.S. withdrew its signature in 2001. Constituting the word, Clean Development Mechanism, in the provision itself was considered a specific achievement in the industry. An investment in amount of seventeen billion U.S. dollars on average has been constantly collected till today, showing Clean Development Mechanism`s undying popularity. Compared to other Flexibility Mechanisms, Joint Implementation and Emissions Trading, Clean Development Mechanism has an advantage first in its cost-effectiveness. Only Clean Development Mechanism involves a developing country as a project site-less cost is needed in building infrastructure. Overall, Clean Development Mechanism is preferred than Joint Implementation. It can be expected that labor cost at Clean Development Mechanism site is comparably less expensive-the work site being a developing country. Furthermore, Clean Development Mechanism (hereinafter CDM) has an advantage over Emissions Trading, regarding fungibility. Only the banked Certified Emission Reductions, not any other emission reduction credit, can be used during the first commitment period in the Kyoto Protocol. The period ends in 2012. Developed Country`s fund and technological assistance to Developing Country for diminishing in climate change mitigation is an asset that only CDM has. With privilege, CDM is destined for sustainable development. Yet, in article, it is argued that the best way for development is to preserve environment, involving environmental integrity. In order to achieve this ideal, Project Design Documents shall reflect Developing Country`s needs at best extent. Through this way, success in CDM will be guaranteed for sure--capital for developing country-certified emission reductions for developed nation, constantly flowing.

Organizational-Economic Mechanism of Attracting Investment Resources in the Innovative Development of Regions in Teams of Sustainable Development

Krasnonosova, Olena,Perepeliukova, Olena,Papp, Vasyl,Doronina, Maya,Romaniuk, Mykhailo International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2022 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.22 No.2

The article considers the features of the organizational-economic mechanism of attracting investment resources in the innovative development of regions in terms of sustainable development. Factors influencing the investment activity of regions in terms of sustainable development, including: institutional structure, intellectual capital, level of innovation infrastructure, business development, financial and credit component, level of human resources development, information environment, production development, environmental component. Factors influencing the attraction of investment resources in the regions are identified. The dynamics of changes in the volume of capital investments and foreign direct investment in Ukraine is analyzed. The regional features of the distribution of capital investments in the conditions of sustainable development are revealed. The essence of the main principles on the basis of which the organizational - economic mechanism of attraction of investment resources in innovative development of regions in the conditions of sustainable development should be formed is analyzed. A set of measures to regulate the investment processes of the regions has been identified. The mechanism of attraction of investment resources in innovative development of regions in the conditions of sustainable development is outlined. The results of activity of separate Agencies of regional development for 2020 in the direction of investment and innovation activity and increase of level of investment attractiveness of regions are analyzed. Important prerequisites for the effective implementation of the organizational-economic mechanism for attracting investment resources in the innovative development of regions in terms of sustainable development are identified. The main directions of directing the efforts of the organizational-economic mechanism to ensure the attraction of investment resources in the innovative development of regions in the context of increasing the level of investment activity in the regional aspect are substantiated.

직업훈련 전문기업 ㈜지아이티아카데미의 환경대응 전략 메커니즘에 관한 연구

이희수(Hee-Soo Lee),고영희(Young-Hee Ko) 한국경영학회 2022 Korea Business Review Vol.26 No.2

국가 차원의 인적자원개발은 4차 산업혁명 시대와 펜데믹 이후 시대에 적합한 국가경쟁력 확보와 개인 발전을 위한 핵심 인력양성 국가 정책이다. 고용노동부가 주관하고 있는 직업능력개발사업은 연간 1조원이 넘는 예산을 투입하고 있고, 약 6,800개의 직업훈련을 직업훈련기관이 위탁운영하고 있다. 특히, 4차 산업혁명과 COVID19로 인하여 사회가 급변하고 있고, 국가와 사회는 다양한 사업의 혁신과 발전에 관심이 매우 높아지고 있다. 하지만 급변하는 환경에 적합한 인재를 양성하기 위한 직업능력개발 분야의 산업과 직업훈련기관에 대한 연구들은 미비한 상황이다. 본 연구는 직업훈련기관 중에서 국내 최대 규모의 훈련기관을 운영 중이며, 훈련참여자 점유율 1위를 차지하고 있고, 직영점 전체가 고용노동부 선정 우수훈련기관이며, 연매출액 300억 원 이상인 ㈜지아이티아카데미를 대상으로 기업의 성장과 발전전략에 대한 사례 연구를 진행하였다. 본 사례 연구에서는 외부환경의 변화와 정책적 변화에 따른 ㈜지아이티아카데미의 성장과 발전과정을 시기별 4단계로 구분하고, 성공과 발전전략을 메커니즘 관점에서 분석하였다. 주체의 강력한 비전과 함께 뉴노멀 시대의 새로운 환경을 창출하는 창조적 메커니즘을 기반으로 ㈜지아이티아카데미는 다시 발전과 긍정적인 변화를 만들어 가고 있다. 메커니즘 기반 관점에서 환경창조(S-E-R)-환경혁신(R-S-E)-자원혁신(E-R-S)-환경창조(S-E-R)메커니즘 유형으로의 성공적인 변화 과정을 이어가고 있다. ㈜지아이티아카데미의 메커니즘 순열을 기반으로 나타난 기업의 성장과 발전과정은 경영자들에게 메커니즘 순열의 구축과 체계적인 전략 실행에 대한 중요한 시사점을 줄 것이다. 본 연구는 직업훈련기관에 대해 성장과 발전전략을 메커니즘 관점에서 살펴본 연구로서 직업훈련기관의 성장과 발전과정을 경영전략과 노하우 축적 과정의 특성, 정책적 기회를 활용하는 경영전략을 중점적으로 분석하여 직업훈련기관의 육성을 위한 성공 전략과 직업훈련 정책에 새로운 정책적 관점을 제시할 것이다. Human resource development at the national level is a national policy for securing national competitiveness suitable for the era of the 4th industrial revolution and post-pandemic era and fostering key human resources for individual development. The vocational competency development project organized by the Ministry of Employment and Labor invests more than 1 trillion won a year, and about 6,800 vocational training institutions are commissioned and operated. In particular, society is rapidly changing due to the 4th Industrial Revolution and COVID-19, and the national and society are very interested in innovation and development of various projects. However, studies on management strategies in the field of vocational skills development industry and vocational training institutions to develop talented people who are suitable for a rapidly changing environment are insufficient. This study will present a success strategy for developing vocational training institutions and a new policy perspective on vocational training policy through case studies on corporate growth and development strategies about GIT Academy Co., Ltd. operating the largest training institution in Korea among vocational training institutions, ranked first in training participants market share, having more than 30 billion won in annual sales and more than 200 full-time workers, with the entire direct management store being an excellent training institution selected by the Ministry of Employment and Labor. This study shows the growth and the development process of GIT Academy according to changes in the external environment and policy changes in four stages by period and analyzes the success and development strategies using a mechanism perspective. Based on the creative mechanism that creates a new environment in the New Normal era with the strong vision, GIT Academy is again developing and making positive changes. As a mechanism perspective, the process of successful change is continuing to environmental creation(S-E-R)-environmental innovation(R-S-E)-resource innovation(E-R-S)-environmental creation(S-E-R) mechanism type. The growth and development process of a company based on the mechanism permutation of GIT Academy will have important implications to CEO what kind of mechanism permutation should be construct and what efforts should be made to. This study examines growth and development strategies for vocational training institutions using a mechanism perspective, It focuses on analyzing the growth and development process of vocational training institutions, the characteristics of the management strategy and know-how accumulation process, and management strategies that utilize policy opportunities and it will provide a practical perspective from a strategic aspect.

Organizational-Economic Mechanism of Providing Sustainability of the Region's Development Based on the Impact of the Potential-Forming Space in the Conditions of the Creative Economy Formation

Khanin, Semen,Derhaliuk, Marta,Arefieva, Olena,Murashko, Mykola,Nusinova, Olena International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2022 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.22 No.2

The article is devoted to substantiation of theoretical and methodical bases of formation of the organizational-economic mechanism of maintenance of stability of development of region on the bases of influence of potential-forming space in the conditions of formation of creative economy. It was found that the organizational-economic mechanism due to its multifaceted nature does not have a single generally accepted definition, and its acceptable scale and complexity is reflected in the structure, which is very dependent on the scope and conditions of its application, can be very different and contain different elements. In view of this, in order to highlight the characteristics that are inherent in the organizational-economic mechanism of sustainable development of the region on the basis of potential-forming space in the formation of creative economy, the article examines the properties and characteristics of direct organizational and economic mechanism. The necessity of basing the process of formation of any organizational-economic mechanism, including the organizational-economic mechanism of ensuring the sustainability of the region on the basis of the potential-forming space in the conditions of creative economy on the system of principles. In this context, the author's vision is proposed and a set of principles for the formation of organizational-economic mechanism for sustainable development of the region on the basis of the potential of the potential-forming space in the creative economy, as well as revealed the essence of each. According to the structural aspect, the organizational-economic mechanism of ensuring the sustainability of the region's development on the basis of the potential-forming space is proposed to be presented as a set of seven stages, which are implemented in a certain sequence. Within the limits of this research the sequence of realization of the stages making process of formation of the organizational-economic mechanism of maintenance of stability of development of region on the basis of influence of potential-forming space in the conditions of formation of creative economy is defined and their maintenance and essence is presented.

Conceptual bases of the Investment Mechanism of the Innovative Activity of Enterprises in the Context of Achieving the Tasks of Strategic Development

Komandrovska, Veronika,Kolesnyk, Maksym,Barkova, Kateryna,Vasylyk, Sergii,Dorofieiev, Denys International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2021 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.21 No.11

The authors of the study highlight the conceptual foundations of the investment mechanism of innovation of enterprises in the context of strategic development. Such indicators of investment attraction for the enterprise as investment attractiveness, investment activity of the enterprise, critical mass of investments, minimum sufficiency of investments and others are singled out. It is proved that the balance of investment resources is facilitated by the action of the investment mechanism of innovation activity at the enterprise in the context of achievements of strategic development tasks. Investment processes and their intensification have an impact on the expansion of production capacity of economic entities in strategic development and on improving the efficiency of existing capacities. The investment mechanism of innovative activity at the enterprise in the context of achievement of tasks of strategic development contains system of complex actions which provides: definition of the clear purpose and tasks for the mechanism and achievement of the purposes of the enterprise; assessment of the investment potential of the enterprise; definition of tasks of innovative development of enterprises and investment resources necessary for this purpose, etc. The tasks of the investment mechanism of innovative activity at the enterprise in the context of achievements of tasks of strategic development and its economic, organizational and information components are singled out, as well as levers of influence and regulators of the investment mechanism of innovation in the enterprise.

基于区域经济发展视域下的地方高校发展定位及机制研究 - 以长吉图开发开放先导区战略下的延边大学为例

?波(Zhang, Bo),金炫?(Kim, Hyun tae) 동북아시아문화학회 2021 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.69

With the development of the knowledge and economy, the relationship between regional economic development and local universities has become closer. They are both interdependent and inter growth. With the regional economy development and the formation of its own economic characteristics, there is an urgent need for cooperation with higher education. However, there are some problems in the development positioning of some local universities, such as blind development goals, lack of school-running characteristics, profit-seeking of education function and confused service-oriented. Therefore, the author would study form the problems, take Yanbian University as an example, and put forward the reasonable development mechanism research on the basis of the analysis of the localization of him local universities. To set development goals that are in line with reality and within the limits of our capabilities, school-running characteristics of inheriting culture and innovative development, educational function of all-round development, make local universities clarify their service targets and serve the local economy better. Establishes service-oriented industry-university-research cooperation mechanism and a teacher evaluation mechanism of emphasizing difference and seeking development. So as to achieve the goal of local economic development and local universities joint promotion and mutual development. As a local universities, Yanbian university can build a highland for training talents in the Tumen River region and a base for talent and technology export at all levels, and Developmentally achieve the overall sharing of educational resources. Promote the development of the local economy to the greatest extent, so as to achieve the goal of mutual promotion and development between the local economy and local universities.

Effect of the Clean Development Mechanism on the deployment of renewable energy: Less developed vs. well-developed financial markets

Kim, Jeayoon,Park, Kwangwoo Elsevier 2018 ENERGY ECONOMICS Vol.75 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Using a panel dataset of 64 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) host countries for the 2001–2014 period, we examine the effect of the CDM on deploying renewable energy at varying levels of domestic financial development. We find that the positive effect of the CDM on the deployment of renewable energy is pronounced in countries with less developed domestic financial markets. Given that renewable sectors in less developed financial markets experience shortages of debt and equity financing, the CDM plays an active role in improving access to financing for these sectors. Our results suggest that investing in CDM projects to deploy renewable energy is particularly valuable for developing countries with less developed financial markets.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to reduce carbon emissions around the world. </LI> <LI> This paper examines the effect of the CDM on deploying renewable energy with a panel dataset of 64 CDM host countries. </LI> <LI> We show that the CDM is a particularly valuable tool for deploying renewable energy in countries with poor financial markets. </LI> <LI> Our results stress the role of CDM in countries where access to financing is strictly limited for renewable energy projects. </LI> </UL> </P>

교토의정서의 조림 청정개발체제에 대한 법적 검토

이재협 서울국제법연구원 2008 서울국제법연구 Vol.15 No.1

The Clean Development Mechanism is one of the market mechanisms created by the Kyoto Protocol in order to offset the carbon emissions of Annex I countries and to promote the sustainable development of non-Annex I countries. The Afforestation and Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (A/R CDM) has many benefits in terms of sustainable development, but the current emission trading markets have not responded favorably to the A/R CDM project participants. The extremely low registered number of A/R CDM demonstrates essential weaknesses of forestry-based CDM projects': non-permanance, socio-economic impact assessment, and the sovereignty retained for pursuing nation's sustainability objects. The current architecture of CDM rules, however, cannot enhance sustainable development and these rules must be amended to follow accomplish the ultimate goal of the Kyoto Protocol. First, the eligibility requirement must be streamlined. Second, the ownership of CERs must be resolved through entering into a contract that has a provision on sequestration right. A model law specifying nation's legislation related to legal ownership of the CER's legal right needs to be developed. Third, a number of CDM reform proposals must be considered seriously. Discounting the value of CERs arising from particular regions or type, as well as recognizing the deforestation abatement projects as A/R CDM activities are viable options for the post-2012 negotiations. Fourth, a variety of economic incentives and governmental assistance to induce project proponents to participate in the A/R CDM must be provided.

아시아적 가치와 한국의 개발협력

이경구(Lee Kyong Koo) 국제개발협력학회 2014 국제개발협력연구 Vol.6 No.1

아시아 “네 마리 용”의 성공은 이들에게는 전후 이들의 급속한 경제․사회적 진보가 가능하게 했던 특별하고도 공통적인 무엇인 가가 있다는 강력한 메시지를 세상에 던져주었다. 유사한 경제․ 사회적 배경과 경제적 유산을 바탕으로 그 유례를 찾아보기 어려울 만큼의 특출한 국가의 경제․사회적 발전과 근대화를 이룩한 이들 몇몇의 사례에 세계가 주목하였다. 홍콩, 한국, 싱가포르, 대만은 빈곤과 미개발의 단계로부터 발전된 공업화의 단계로 급격한 전환을 이룩하였다. 이 논문은 아시아적 가치와 국가의 발전이 라는 맥락에서 개발과 국제협력에 있어서 성공을 거둔 한국의 개발경험을 이른바 “한국적 개발협력”이라는 것으로 보편화할 수 있을지에 관한 논란을 다루고 있다. 아시아적 가치는 동아시아 지역의 오랜 유교적 전통과 중국의 문화적 영향으로 인하여 이 지역의 사회에 깊이 자리하고 있는 것으로 믿어지고 있다. 과연 다양한 동아시아인들이 공유하고 있는 아시아적 가치라는 것이 존재하는 것인가? 그렇다면, 그것이 그들의 특출한 경제성과를 촉진시켜준 것인가? 진정 그렇다면, 그 교훈을 보편화하여 세계 다른 지역에도 적용할 수 있을 것이다. 특히 한국은 개발도상국의 경제 파트너로 부상하면서 한국적 협력의 정체성 모색에 부심하고 있는 자신의 경험을 전수하는 노력을 강화하면서 국제개발협력을 보다 새롭고 적극적으로 추진해나갈 수 있을 것이다. The success of Asia’s “Four Tigers” gave the world a strong message that there was something particular and common by which rapid socio-economic progress was possible in those Asian economies in the post-world-war-era. The world witnessed several examples of unprecedented and outstanding socio-economic development and modernization in countries with similar socio-cultural backgrounds and economic endowments. Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan made a drastic transformation in their national development from poor, less-developed stages to more advanced industrialized ones. This paper brings up the controversy over the so-called “Korean type development cooperation” by exploring the possibility of universalizing Korea s development and international cooperation success in the context of Asian values and national development. Asian values are believed to be embedded in East Asian society, as a result of the long Confucian tradition and Chinese cultural influence over the area. Are there really Asian values that diverse East Asians share in common and if so, have they facilitated the extraordinary performance of their economies? If indeed so, the lessons could be universalized and localized for other regions of the world. In particular, Korea, an emerging development partner of developing economies, and eager to establish a Korean development cooperation identity, may push ahead with efforts to transfer its own experience, and renew and empower itself in international development cooperation.

파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행에 관한 연구

강병준,김태윤,강문정 한국환경법학회 2023 環境法 硏究 Vol.45 No.3

파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전에 관한 규범이 국내 법・정책적으로 체계화되어 가는 과정에 있다. 「기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립・녹색성장 기본법」과 「기후변화대응 기술개발 촉진법」이 제정되었고, 각 법률에 따라 기본계획이 수립되어 향후 10년간의 기후기술 연구개발(R&D) 정책의 체계화 방안 및 국제협력의 추진 방향성이 정립되었다. 이러한 배경 하에 본 연구는 파리협정을 통해 발전된 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행 현황을 검토하고, 국제법과 국내법 간 비교분석을 토대로 국내 법・정책적 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저 본 연구는 유엔기후변화협약에서부터 파리협정까지 규범이 구체화되어 가는 과정에서의 핵심 쟁점을 살펴본다. ’10년 당사국총회를 통해 설립된 ‘기술 메커니즘(Technology Mechanism)’ 및 그 방향성을 제시하는 ‘기술 프레임워크(Technology Framework)’와 관련하여 발전적인 논의가 이루어지고 있는바, 이와 관련하여 협상에 임하는 선진국과 개발도상국 간의 상반된 입장을 확인하고, 합의를 통해 도출되는 주요 당사국총회의 결정사항을 분석한다. 다음으로, 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국내적 이행 현황을 분석하기 위해 「기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립・녹색성장 기본법」과 「기후변화대응 기술개발 촉진법」 및 각 법률에 따라 수립된 기본계획 내에서 ‘기후기술’과 ‘개발 및 이전’ 두 요소를 어떻게 규율하는지를 검토한다. 그 과정에서 기후기술법상 기후기술 분류체계의 구성을 살피고, ‘국제협력’으로 표현되는 개발 및 이전의 국내 이행현황을 진단한다. 마지막으로, 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범의 국제법적 발전과정에 대한 분석 및 국내 이행 현황에 대한 평가를 바탕으로 국제법과 국내법을 비교분석하고, 이를 토대로 국내 법・정책적 과제를 제언한다. 첫째, 기술 메커니즘과의 협력 강화 및 활동 지원 시책을 마련함에 있어 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범에 대한 올바른 이해를 바탕으로 기술 프레임워크의 핵심 요소가 고려될 필요가 있다. 둘째, 기후기술기본계획은 탄소중립기본법에서 제시한 국가전략을 구체화 및 실증할 수 있도록 연계성을 가지고 계속적으로 수정・보완되어야 하며, 그 과정에서 다양한 이해관계자의 의견을 종합적으로 수렴할 수 있는 방안이 고민될 필요가 있다. 셋째, 국내에서 ‘기후기술 국제협력’으로 이해되는 파리협정상 기후기술 개발 및 이전 규범이 국내 기후기술의 해외 수출을 위한 수단이라는 소극적인 관점에서 탈피하고, 대한민국이 기후변화대응 선도국으로 도약할 수 있도록 하는 핵심 요소임을 인식하는 차원에서 규범의 정밀한 국내적 이행이 필요하다. The climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement are in the process of being systematized in domestic law and policy. This process includes the ‘1st National Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Master Plan(’23-’42)’ based on the ‘Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality’ and the establishment of the ‘1st Climate Change Response Technology Development Master Plan(’23-’32)’ based on the ‘Climate Technology Act’ which is instrumental in systematizing the Republic of Korea’s climate technology R&D policies and projects for the next 10 years. The objective of this study is to review the domestic implementation status of climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement and to suggest domestic legal and policy implications based on comparative analysis between International and domestic laws. First, this study examines key issues in the process of developing International norms from the UNFCCC to the Paris Agreement. Progressive discussions are taking place regarding the ‘Technology Mechanism’ established by COP16 and the ‘Technology Framework’ that presents its direction. In this context, the conflicts between developed and developing countries in negotiations are identified, and the meaningful decisions of the COP are analyzed. Next, in order to analyze the domestic implementation of climate technology development and transfer under the Paris Agreement, the study examines how the two elements of ‘climate technology’ and ‘development and transfer’ are regulated within the ‘Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality’ and the ‘Climate Technology Act.’ In this process, the study analyze the detail of the Korean climate technology taxonomy and the current status of implementation of climate technology development and transfer, expressed as ‘International cooperation on climate technology.’ Finally, based on the comparative analysis of the International and domestic laws on climate technology development and transfer, the study presents domestic legal and policy implications as a conclusion. The policy adjustments are needed to ensure that the core elements of the ‘Technology Framework’ under the Paris Agreement are consistently integrated into domestic laws and policies. Also, it is important to establish strong linkages and complementarity among the various master plans and policies related to climate change and climate technology. Lastly, it is necessary to move away from the previous view that climate technology development and transfer is just understood as a means of exporting domestic climate technology overseas, and to recognize that the ‘International cooperation on climate technology’ could be a key factor for Korea to become a leading country in global Carbon Neutrality society.