건설공사 설계변경 계약금액 조정 방식에 관한 고찰

김미자 한국지방계약학회 2018 지방계약연구 Vol.9 No.2

「국가계약법」에 따르면 건설공사 도급계약은 상호 대등한 입장에서 합의에 따라 공정 하게 계약을 체결하고 신의를 지켜 성실하게 계약을 이행하여야 한다. 물가변동이나 설 계변경에 의한 계약금액 조정은 관련법 및 계약조건에 따라 대부분 계약당사자간 분쟁까 지 가지 않고 원만하게 진행을 하고 있다. 그러나 일부 발주기관은 관련 법규의 모호함 등을 이유로 설계변경 계약금액 조정 등에 대하여 책임을 회피하여 발주자와 계약상대자 간 법적 분쟁이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 당초 계약이 계약상대자의 책임 없는 사유로 인 해 공사기간이 연장되거나 추가비용이 발생한다면 계약금액을 조정함이 마땅하다. 따라 서 물가변동이나 설계변경에 의한 계약금액 조정은 관련법 및 계약조건에 따라 대부분 계약당사자간 분쟁까지 가지 않고 원만하게 진행하여야 한다. 17) 「국가계약법」은 장기공사 또는 발주자가 요구하여 설계변경이 발생하는 경우, 신규비 목 단가 적용함에 있어 설계변경 당시를 기준으로 산정한 신규 단가와 낙찰률 범위 내에 서 협의하여 결정하도록 규정하고 있다. 하지만 일부 기관에서는 설계변경의 규모가 변 경되어 공사량이 증가하거나 공사기간이 장기화 됨에도 불구하고, 단순히 계약단가를 적 용하여 계약금액을 조정하는 사례가 존재하고 있다. ‘FIDIC 계약조건’, 미국 ‘FAR 규정’, 영국 ‘JCT 계약조건’, 독일 BGB(민법), 일본의 ‘계약 금액 조정 규정’ 등의 외국 규정을 살펴보면, 계약금액을 조정할 때 ‘Variation’이나 ‘Change Order’ 조항에 근거하여 발주자와 시공자가 협의하여 공정한 금액을 지급하도록 규정하고 있다. 입찰자가 직접 소요물량과 시공원가를 산출하는 순수내역입찰, 총액계약 이나 단가계약이 주로 활용되고 있다. 또한, 신규 비목(품목)은 원칙적으로 추가공사의 일 종으로 볼 수 있기 때문에 별도 계약이 가능하다. 때문에 설계변경을 요구한 주체와 상관 없이 발주자와 시공자가 합의하여 신규 단가를 결정한다. 우리나라 설계변경 환경과 매 우 다르다. 우리나라의 경우에는 보통 낙찰률을 적용하여 설계변경 계약금액을 변경한다. 시공자가 해당 공사를 수주하고자 할 때, 이를 위하여 전략적인 가격 투찰이나 덤핑으로 낙찰률 을 이용하는 경우가 종종 있다. 물론 이렇게 계약된 공사 내용에 대하여는 시공자가 감수 하는 것이 당연하다. 하지만, 발주자나 설계자를 원인으로 하여 이루어지는 설계변경에 대해서까지 계약시점의 낙찰률을 적용하여 계약금액을 조정하는 것은 불합리하다고 판 단된다. 때문에 장기공사의 경우 발주자나 설계자의 원인으로 설계변경이 발생할 때 설 계변경 시점에서 새로운 신규단가를 산출하여, 여기에 낙찰률을 적용하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. According to the 「National Contract Law」, contracts for construction contracts must be concluded in a fair and equitable manner, mutually agreed, and honorable and faithful to the contract. The adjustment of the contract amount due to the price change or design change is proceeding smoothly without the dispute between the contracting parties mostly according to the related laws and contract conditions. However, some of the ordering organizations have avoided responsibility for adjustment of design change contract amount due to ambiguity of relevant laws and regulations, and legal disputes between contractor and contractor are increasing. If the contract is originally due to the contractor’s non-liability, extension of the construction period or additional costs may be necessary. Therefore, the adjustment of the amount of contracts due to price fluctuations or design changes should be smoothly proceeded in accordance with the relevant laws and contract conditions, without dispute among the contracting parties. The “National Contract Law” requires that, in the case of a long-term construction or a change of design required by the client, the new unit price shall be decided within the range of the new unit price calculated at the time of design change and the successful bid rate. However, in some organizations, there is a case where the contract amount is adjusted by simply applying the contract price, even though the size of the design change is changed and the construction amount is increased or the construction period is prolonged.39) If you look at foreign regulations such as ‘FIDIC contract condition’, US ‘FAR regulation’, UK ‘JCT contract condition’, German BGB (Civil law), Japan ‘Contract amount adjustment regulation’, ‘Variation’ The contractor and the contractor agree to pay a fair amount based on the “Change Order” clause. The pure bidding, the total contract or the unit price contract, which calculates the required quantity and the construction cost directly, is mainly used by the bidder. In addition, new contracts (items) can be contracted separately because they can be regarded as a kind of additional construction in principle. Therefore, the contractor and the contractor decide the new unit price regardless of the subject who requested the design change. It is very different from the design change environment in Korea.

시스템 다이내믹스 기반 해양구조물 분리시스템의 설계검증 방법에 관한 연구

황존규,고재용,이동건,박본영 해양환경안전학회 2020 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.26 No.6

본 연구는 시스템 다이내믹스를 기반으로 해양구조물 분리시스템(Separation system)의 설계검증 방법을 제안하였다. 해양구조물 분리시스템은 부가가치 측면에서 EPC 프로젝트의 성공 여부를 결정할 수 있는 상부구조(Topsides)의 가장 중요한 시스템 중 하나이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 설계검증에 대한 지금까지의 실태는 설계 작업의 프로세스 진행이나 도면작성 및 제공에 국한되어 있어 기본설계 단계에서 설계검증의 미흡으로 인하여 계약 후 잦은 설계변경에 의한 기업손실이 발생되어 왔다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구의 목적은 해양구조물의 전체 프로젝트 수행 기간에 성공적인 사업수행을 도모하고자 설계검증 모델을 구축하여 적용하도록 하였다. 제안된 설계검증 방법은 상세설계의 효과적인 실행뿐만 아니라 초기설계 단계에서 기술적 오류나 불일치 사항을 미리 찾아냄으로써 해양구조물의 엔지니어링, 조달 및 건조에 대한 경쟁력을 향상시키는데 기여 할 것으로 예상한다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 건조한 실적선 자료를 바탕으로 설계검증을 수행하여 FPSO 분리시스템에 적용하고 ISO 15288 국제 표준을 준수하였다. 결과적으로, 제안된 설계검증 방법이 해양구조물의 FEED 검증 프로세스에 적용될 수 있으며, 향후 해양 프로젝트의 성공적인 수행에 의한 이익창출을 도모할 수 있을 것이다. 또한, 해양구조물 건조 시 설계변경에 의한 막대한 손실을 최소화 할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. This paper proposes a design verification method based on system dynamics for offshore separation systems. Oil and gas separation systems are key components of offshore oil platforms; these systems determine the competitiveness of engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects, especially in terms of added value. However, previous research on design verification has been limited to the process and deliverables of design. To address this, the study aims to develop a comprehensive design verification method and the associated functions from the perspective of project management, for the entire project life-cycle of offshore structures. The proposed methodology for design verification is expected to contribute toward effective and detailed designs as well as improve the competitiveness of EPC companies in constructing offshore structures during the early design stages. We first analyzed the separation system of the FPSO using the design verification method adopted by advanced countries and compared it with the system dynamics process formalized as ISO 15288. Subsequently, a tailored process for the design verification of the offshore structure was derived. It is shown that the proposed design verification method can be applied to the front-end engineering design process of offshore structures. Moreover, it can contribute toward the successful performance of offshore projects in the future and also minimize design changes and critical risks during the construction of these offshore structures.

설계변경분석 기반 소규모 공공공사 설계협업 프로세스 개선모델

이민재(Lee Min-Jae),박형진(Park Hyung-Jin),윤수호(Yun Su-Ho),구교진(Koo Kyo-Jin) 대한건축학회 2009 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.25 No.7

Since building design outcomes become bigger and more complex and are based on inter-dependence of numerous specialized participants, design cooperation has been considered more important in the design process. In small-scale public building projects, there is no established procedures and guidelines for building design cooperation in contrast to large public building projects. For this reason, communication and cooperation between participants for the design are difficult, furthermore the quality of the final design results is deteriorated. In this study, the 231 cases of design changes for 8 small-scale projects have been analyzed in terms of design phases and participants, and the critical management items of the design cooperation have been induced. A design cooperation process model is presented for small-scale public building projects, which includes a decision-making step in the design development phase. From the interviews of 14 design practitioners, we conclude that the model can contribute to the reduction of design changes and the improvement of design quality.

건설공사 설계상 하자에 의한 설계변경 프로세스 재구축

남경우,김종협,장명훈 대한건축학회 2022 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.38 No.8

한국에서 공공부문 건설프로젝트 시공단계 참여자는 공공단체의 절차서를 참고하며 행정규칙에 따라 설계변경 업무를 수행한다. 그러나 이들 문헌들 간에는 각각의 제정 취지와 목적에 따라 형식, 구조, 요소 등에서 차이가 있어서 실무자들이 설계변경 업무를 수행하는데 혼란이 발생하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 설계변경 사례 중 가장 높은 비중을 차지하는 설계상의 하자에 의한 설계변경을 대상으로 기존 문헌상의 설계변경 프로세스를 분석한 후 체계적으로 프로세스를 재구축하였다. 재구축한 설계변경 프로세스에 대한 적절성을 검토하기 위하여 전문가를 대상으로 면담조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 기존 설계변경 프로세스의 중복, 누락, 상충의 문제점이 해소되었다는 의견이 조사되었다. 이 연구의 결과는 향후 법규 개정 시 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

사례분석에 의한 설계 변경 지원 프로세스 개선에 관한 연구

신창현(Shin Chang-Hyun),이종식(Lee Jong-Sik),전재열(Chun Jae-Youl) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.10

The purpose of this study is to suggest a method to improve the current building construction change order process, which has been a major cause of inefficiency and cost increases. Due to the non-standardized nature of design and construction projects, it is inevitable that design changes will occur frequently. Through a case study, the reasons for design changes and the elements of such changes were derived. Using the suggested assessment techniques, an objective and reasonable approach to design changes can be realized to support the design and construction process.

설계시공일괄입찰공사에서 설계변경 클레임요인의 분석에 관한 연구

이상범,황재우 대한건축학회지회연합회 2007 대한건축학회연합논문집 Vol.9 No.2

The insistence of rights and interests in contract is being generalized by opening in the construction market which is following FTA, internationally. The special conditions of a contract in the construction industry should be established, because those have the special characteristics as compared with other industries. Although the order of Design-Build is being expanded by increasing construction scale and demanding hybrid function, the suitable regulation of the contracts is not settled. Design-Build is way by government because there are big construction of much government leading in contract relation high position occupy. So, case that prebendary's claim institution develops by litigation is very rare. But, recently Design-Build is magnified Design-Build. So, these dispute factors is becoming visualization gradually. The contract system is needed to be consistent by international standard to deal with the problem. This study suggests the useful solutions in detail concerned with the main factor of Change Order-Claim by each Design-Build phases through practical sorting and analysis of the causes of Change Order-Claim.

건축 프로젝트 적정 설계변경 관리를 위한 사례조사

김성욱(Kim Sung-Wook),남혜원(Nam Hye-Won),이종식(Lee Jong-Sik),신창현(Shin Chang-Hyun),전재열(Chun Jae-Youl) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.29 No.1(구조계)

Recent design changes in the existing research on the factors and issues of design changes and analysis, responsible for analyzing the relationship, procedural issues, and issues of research that can be active. However, changes in the design of problems are essentially designed to complement the book is for the procedure. Methodology for dealing with design changes in the characteristics of the country and to reflect more realistically, and various design changes and looked at trends in related research. the design Change of this study to examine the domestic status and problems, identify the status of the country about the design changes, and in suggesting the direction to the development of the design changes.

건축 설계변경 지원 개선 프로세스의 적용사례

신창현(Shin Chang-Hyun),남혜원(Nam Hye-Won),전재열(Chun Jae-Youl) 대한건축학회 2012 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.28 No.4

The purpose of this study is to clarify design purposes required by project characteristics, sizes, and order methods for “Design Adjustment Examples” that incurred in construction projects, this study proposes an example case that applies an evaluation method called “Multiple Weighted Value” which reflects review of similar cases of design adjustment process, alternative design adjustment creation, and expert review and opinions while considering participating entities’ influences. The purpose is to apply the cases to assess “A Study on Process Improvement of the Building Design Change Support by Case Studies” applicability, which can generate objective results that reflect participating entities’ intentions accurately to select the final alternative for design adjustment through the “Improvement Process for Building Design Change Support” which is the result of the study paper “A Research on Actual Design Adjustment Improvement Process.”

건설공사도급계약에서 계약변경제도에 관한 연구 - 미국에서의 설계변경에 의한 계약금액 조정을 중심으로 -

김태관(KIM, TAE-KWAN) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2021 國際去來와 法 Vol.- No.33

In this treatise, we examined the doctrine of contract changes in US construction contracts, focusing on the change clauses. based on the contents, we critically examined the adjustment system of the contract amount of the design change in the domestic construction contract. the contents can be summarized as follows. First, it is necessary to reorganize the design change system for general conditions of construction contracts into a contract change system. the contract change system centered on the design document has the advantage of its clarity. however, it is not suitable for contract changes other than design documents, and there is an aspect that the original purpose of the contract change system of changing existing contracts based on the intention of the ordering party cannot be fully utilized. Second, it is necessary to set limits for contract changes. general conditions for construction contracts Article 46 stipulates that contracts should be canceled only when the contract amount is reduced or the construction period is extended, but more diverse and clear limits for contract changes are required. Third, it is necessary to establish new provisions regarding the doctrine of constructive change. court practice is so biased towards contract law theory that it is unable to offer a proper solution in areas where the constructive change doctrine must work. Fourth, it is necessary to realize the purpose of equitable adjustment in contract changes. this is because the general conditions of current construction contracts are that the scope of compensation is extremely limited.

공공건설공사 설계변경 등에 따른 계약금액조정에 관한 고찰 - 발주기관의 책임 있는 사유를 중심으로 -

김춘,신만중 원광대학교 법학연구소 2019 圓光法學 Vol.35 No.3

Public construction projects ordered by the state, local governments, and public corporations have a significant impact on the national economy. Recently, as SOC budgets decrease and construction companies increase, the size of public ordered construction projects is decreasing, and accordingly, orders by companies are decreasing. In addition, construction companies are suffering from a double hardship due to the extension of the construction period due to working 52 hours per week. Public construction works are carried out over a long period of time, and there are frequent design changes to change the original design contents due to various complaints, unexpected occurrences, changes in plans, and increase / decrease of construction volume. However, due to inadequate design change regulations and excessive demand for design changes by the owner or application of unfavorable unit prices to the contractor, the auditor pointed out or disputes occurred between the owner and the contractor. In this regard, this study analyzed and reviewed the regulations related to design changes and derived the resason for disputes and improvement measures. Reasons for dispute in design change include ① unclear size of design change, ② one-sided application of contract price adjustment unit, ③ unclear criteria for design change, ④ non-compliance with calculation of cost statement and notification method, Improvement measures included ① clarification of the scale and target of design changes, ② securing appropriate budgets, ③ establishment of unit price application criteria when adjusting the contract amount, and ④ reinforcement of professionalism of contracting officer.