Definiteness, Anaphora and Deixis of Old English Demonstratives

Yookang Kim 한국영어학학회 2011 영어학연구 Vol.17 No.3

In Old English, there are two types of demonstratives: se-type and þes-type. According to traditional accounts, the se-type demonstratives are used to carry the sense of ‘the’ or ‘that’ while the other pes-type demonstratives have a deictic role expressing ‘this’. The purpose of this article is to investigate the semantic functions of the OE demonstratives with special attention to their semantic properties of definiteness, anaphora and deixis. Investigating the 545 demonstratives found in Beowulf, and employing three semantic features ([±Def, ±Phoric, ±Deict]) to characterize their semantic roles, this article manifests that the primary role of the OE demonstratives is anaphoric ([+Def, +Phoric, -Deict]) and their deictic function ([+Def, -Phoric, +Deict]) is marginal. This paper concentrates on the following points: Is the semantic opposition of the two types of OE demonstratives clear-cut?; What are the main linguistic roles of the two OE demonstratives? Are they deictic or anaphoric?; Are the OE demonstratives considered to be inherently definite?

현대몽골어와 한국어의 지시어 대조 연구

김기성 한국몽골학회 2014 몽골학 Vol.0 No.39

The demonstratives of modern Mongolian refer to the name of people and objects, the features, quantities, and time and space in a sentence. Different demonstratives are used depending on the distance of a particular object or person from the speaker. In Mongolian, there is the following dual pattern: demonstratives with ‘э(э-)’ root referring to close objects; demonstratives with ‘т(тэ-)’ root referring to distant objects. Such rule is very different from Korean demonstratives, which are as follows. First, there is a tri-pattern of ‘이 yi’(‘this’), ‘그 geu’(‘the’), and ‘저 jeo’(‘that’). Second, when a particular object (surrogate referent) is close to a speaker, ‘이 yi’ is used. When an object is close to a listener, ‘그 geu’ is used. When an object is distant from both a speaker and listener, ‘저 jeo’ is used. The following shows how ‘энэ’ and ‘тэр’ of Mongolian compare to Korean demonstratives. ‘энэ’ is equal to ‘this, this one (this thing) and this person (this one, this gentleman, this guy).’ ‘тэр’ is equal to the following: ‘the, the one (the thing); the person (the one, the gentleman, the guy); that, that one (that thing); that person (that one, that gentleman, that guy)’. In terms of ‘тэр’ proper demonstratives should be used selectively depending on the context and a speaker’s psychological state. There are cultural and cognitive differences between Koreans and Mongolians. Thus, different types of demonstratives are used even in the same situation. In modern Mongolian and Korean, each demonstratives can have various meanings depending on the context. The meanings should be identified correctly in each sentence or context. It is essential to selecting and using proper demonstratives and the corresponding forms correctly.

상고·중고 한어에 나타난 *N-계 지시사의 기원 고찰 - 트랜스-동아시아 언어 연구의 일례로

장정임(Chang, Jung-Im) 한국중어중문학회 2022 中語中文學 Vol.- No.88

In Archaic Chinese, there existed demonstratives with an *N- initial such as 爾 *njiai, 乃 *nə, 若 *njiak, and 而 *njiə. The origin of the *N- demonstratives has long been controversial. They were frequently used as second-person pronouns in Archaic Chinese. Their occurrences as second-person pronouns predate those as demonstratives. Therefore, it is commonly assumed that the *N- demonstratives were derived from the second-person pronouns. This paper objects to this idea based on the directionality of grammaticalization. A second-person pronoun frequently derives from a demonstrative, but not vice versa. Demonstratives are considered as so-called “primitives of grammaticalization,” i.e., they may give rise to various kinds of grammatical markers, while they cannot be historically derived from other lexemes(Plank 1979, Diessel 1999, Kuteva et. al. 2019). The origin of the *N- demonstratives is as follows. They were borrowed from the neighboring Proto-Austroasiatic language(PAA). As pointed out by Norman & Mei(1976: 274), the Austroasiatics inhabited the shores of the middle Yangtze and parts of the southeast coast from 1000 B.C. to 500 B.C. and gave an influenced to Old Chinese. In PAA, the word meaning ‘this’ is reconstructed as *niɁ; *nih or *nɔɁ; *nɔh. Therefore, it is not surprising that the *N- demonstratives are borrowings from the PAA word meaning ‘this.’ *N- demonstratives must have been broadly spread in southern China in Archaic and Medieval times. For instance, 爾 appears frequently in Six dynasty texts, such as in Shishuo xinyu 『世说新语』. It may well be because, after the Rebellion in the yǒngjiā era(永嘉之乱), the center of koine moved from the north to Nanjing, which was the capital of Eastern Jin 晋 and the following southern dynasties. 爾 is still broadly used as a near or far demonstrative in modern central and southern dialects, such as Wu, Hui, Southern Xiang, Northern Gan, and Min dialects(Zheng 2017).

テキストにおける指示詞の使用様態に関する日韓対照研究 ― 新聞社説の分析を中心に ―

井ノ上佐織 한국일본학회 2019 日本學報 Vol.0 No.118

본 논문은 학습자의 작문에서 보이는 위화감에 관하여 결속성의 관점에서 접근한 연구의 일환이자 결속성에 영향을 주는 요소 중 하나인 지시사(指示詞)에 초점을 맞춘 연구이다. 분석 자료는 첫 단계로 한국어 신문 사설과 그 일본어 번역판을 자료로 하여 다음 단계로 번역되지 않은 한국어와 일본어 신문 사설을 자료로 각각 2단계, 총 4종류로 나누어서 수집하였다. 분석 방법은 1단계에서 번역된 일본어 사설에 지시사가 얼마나 나타나는가를 제시한 후, 일본어 지시사에 대응(對應)하는 한국어를 조사하였다. 2단계에서는 1단계의 분석에서 얻은 결과를 반영하여 본고에서의 한일 지시사 대응표를 작성하려고 시도하였다. 이어서 작성한 대응표에 포함된 표현들을 기준으로 일본어와 한국어 신문 사설에서 각각 얼마나 사용되고 있는지 개수를 중심으로 관찰하였다. 분석 결과 1단계에서 일본어 지시사에 해당하는 한국어 원문은 ‘이, 그, 저’ 형태가 선호되기 때문에 형태적 교체 현상이 일어나는 것을 다수 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 확인 건수는 적으나 コ계열과 ソ계열 간의 교체 현상 등도 볼 수 있었다. 2단계 결과에서는 일본어 사설에서의 지시사 사용이 한국어 사설의 약 2배가량 관찰되었다. 이상의 과정을 통해 일본어와 한국어의 텍스트에서 보는 지시사 사용 양태는 사용 빈도를 포함해 차이가 있다는 것을 증명할 수 있었다. This thesis focuses on demonstratives, an element that influences grammatical cohesion, from the perspective of grammatical cohesion to study the disharmony found in learners’ writing. The analysis materials that were used in the first stage were Korean editorials and the version translated into Japanese. In the next stage, untranslated Korean and Japanese newspaper editorials were divided into two stages respectively, resulting a total of four types collected. The analysis method entailed determining how many demonstratives are found in translated editorials. Next, we studied how the Korean language responds to the collected Japanese demonstratives. In the second stage, we created a Kr.-Jp. Demonstratives Response table based on the analysis in the first stage. Last, we observed how many expressions in the response table were used in Japanese and Korean newspaper editorials, respectively. The results of the analysis in the first stage shows that the Korean original, which corresponds to the Japanese demonstratives in phase I, was preferred in the form ‘이, 그, 저’ ; thus, many were able to identify the occurrence of a morphological change. In addition, although it was not often found to occur, replacements between Demonstratives Ko and So, and omission were found as well. In the second stage, the usage of demonstratives in Japanese editorials was found to be twice more than that in Korean editorials. As discussed, we proved the aspect of demonstratives usage in Japanese and Korean texts, including the extent to which the usage frequency differs.

Factors Influencing the Use of English Demonstratives

유혜원 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어정보 Vol.0 No.27

Yu, Hyewon. 2018. Factors Influencing the Use of English Demonstratives. Language Information 27, 89-114. The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors influence the choice of English demonstratives and to examine Koreans’ use of English demonstratives. Two experiments were conducted in the research – one was to examine which factors decide the degree of focus, the concept used in the theory suggested by Strauss (1992) as one of the criteria of demonstrative choices, and the other was to explore whether Korean students know that the focus of entities as well as distance affects the use of English demonstratives. For both experiments, task-type questionnaires were used and the results were analyzed using chi-square statistics. In Experiment 1, native English speakers and Korean adults who are advanced learners of English participated. The study indicated that both of the groups were influenced most by ownership among the three factors, ownership, meaningfulness, and price. Experiment 2 was carried out subsequently to investigate if the concept of ownership in fact influence Korean high school students’ use of English demonstratives. The results indicated that ownership, the factor which was used as a substitute of focus in this experiment, did not affect high school students’ choices much. These results suggest that they might not be yet aware of the fact that not only distance but also other aspects such as ownership can have an impact on the choice of English demonstratives.

Factors Influencing the Use of English Demonstratives

Yu, Hyewon 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어정보 Vol.27 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors influence the choice of English demonstratives and to examine Koreans’ use of English demonstratives. Two experiments were conducted in the research – one was to examine which factors decide the degree of focus, the concept used in the theory suggested by Strauss (1992) as one of the criteria of demonstrative choices, and the other was to explore whether Korean students know that the focus of entities as well as distance affects the use of English demonstratives. For both experiments, task-type questionnaires were used and the results were analyzed using chi-square statistics. In Experiment 1, native English speakers and Korean adults who are advanced learners of English participated. The study indicated that both of the groups were influenced most by ownership among the three factors, ownership, meaningfulness, and price. Experiment 2 was carried out subsequently to investigate if the concept of ownership in fact influence Korean high school students’ use of English demonstratives. The results indicated that ownership, the factor which was used as a substitute of focus in this experiment, did not affect high school students’ choices much. These results suggest that they might not be yet aware of the fact that not only distance but also other aspects such as ownership can have an impact on the choice of English demonstratives.

중국인 학습자의 한국어 지시어 교육 실태 연구

정혜란 ( Zheng¸ Huilan ) 서울대학교 국어교육과 2021 先淸語文 Vol.48 No.-

The purpose of this study is to understand the educational status of Korean demonstratives for Chinese learners, and to lay the foundation for the development of effective Korean education programs. If in the process of understanding the educational status of Korean demonstrators, they can improve the problem points and propose educational solutions, then the learners will systematically learn the morphological & syntactical characteristics and semantic functions of Korean demonstratives, to develop the ability to use appropriate demonstratives according to the situation in real life, and to produce highly cohesive texts. In order to find out the understand the current educational status of Korean demonstratives for Chinese learners, I will investigate how to carry out related discussions in the field of Korean education, and find out deficient parts. Secondly, by analyzing the prompts of the declarative instructions in Korean language textbooks. And I will present a survey of 139 Chinese intermediate and advanced level learners and 4 Korean teachers. Finally, based on the current educational status of Korean demonstratives, a proposal for follow-up research was published. In the future, while investigating the current educational status in more detail, I will develop a variety of tasks that can analyze the usage of demonstratives. Through surveys of learners, I will analyze and summarize the difficulties in the usage of demonstratives to develop effective educational method that address these issues.

영어와 한국어 지시어의 용법 차이 연구

송재영 한국언어과학회 2011 언어과학 Vol.18 No.1

The purpose of this study is to compare the usage of demonstratives in English and Korean. For this, 16,678 words of English texts and 9,870 ejeol of translated Korean texts are analyzed. English demonstratives can be divided into two groups according to the location in a given sentence: proximal and distal. Although Korean has proximal and distal demonstratives, when English demonstratives are translated into Korean, it does not always match in parallel. Many of demonstratives in English are omitted when translated into Korean. And Korean tends to use antecedents with more frequency as opposed to demonstratives. It is interesting to note that there are many examples where the distal demonstrative ‘that/those’ in English are translated into the proximal demonstrative ‘i’ in Korean. This difference can be explained the by speaker’s emotional distance. The usefulness of this study is that the frequency can be clearly seen of each language’s use of demonstratives.

지시사의 지시와 한정기술

이복희(Bok Hee Lee) 언어과학회 2004 언어과학연구 Vol.31 No.-

There are several problems with embedding Kaplan`s account within a more general account of demonstratives. The first theoretical problem is that given (14a), Kaplan`s theory is only applicable to demonstrative NPs in their canonical usage, accompanied by demonstration of some sort. Even permitting a fairly wide range of speaker`s behaviors to count as demonstrations, this rules out several of the common uses of demonstratives, i.e., the anaphoric-to-NP, narrow scope, and bound variable uses. Another empirical problem for Kaplan`s approach arises in connection with discourse deixis. Much deixis to properties does not require gesture, and pointing is often inappropriate. We will conclude from this that gesture with demonstratives is often only an aid to making the intended referent salient, but should not itself be treated as part of the semantics. Existing theories of direct reference, rigid designation, and deictic reference can be extended to cover deixis to properties. It is the presupposed demonstrations themselves which are direct in the way that they pick out some entity. Thus, direct reference in demonstrative NP is actually indirect, via their accompanying demonstrations. Property deixis sheds light on the relation of gesture to communication with deixis.

The Relationship between Spatial and Temporal Uses of Demonstratives

Hyowon Song 한국언어과학회 2013 언어과학 Vol.20 No.4

This study is an extended version of the previous study of H. W. Song(2011). The former study(H. W. Song, 2011) investigates the spatial and temporal uses of demonstratives in 16 languages and finds that i) in all the languages investigated, spatial and temporal demonstratives are identifiable in three syntactic positions such as adnominal, pronominal and adverbial positions; ii) the temporal use is found in the three syntactic positions; iii) the formal constructions of the adnominal and pronominal demonstratives are almost always identical in their spatial and temporal uses if the sample has the temporal use of the demonstratives. The study also presents a possible explanation for the findings: a conceptual metaphor meaning that the target domain (more abstract such as temporal terms) is understood through the source domain (more concrete such as spatial terms)(Kövecses, 2010). With the findings and the relevant explanatory factor, this current research attempts to present an additional approach to the results of the formal similarities between the spatial and temporal demonstratives: the basic function of demonstratives, joint focus of attention, i.e. the communicative partners’ recognition to the same thing(Diessel, 2006) may cause less change in the demonstrative forms when they are used temporally.