Morphological differences according to uterine tissue remodeling during estrus between sika deer and water deer

Min-Gee Oh,Yong-Su Park,Sang-Hwan Kim 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국수정란이식학회) 2023 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.38 No.4

Background: Water deer and sika deer, which breed in the wild environment, are known to have similar reproductive physiology mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences in uterine development between water deer and sika deer during estrus. Methods: MMPs and uterine development-related factors were analyzed and morphological differences were compared in the uterus of sika deer captured near Russia near Korea and water deer captured in the wild in Korea. Results: In terms of morphological differences in the uterus, the glands that form villus within the endometrium of the water deer were newly developed, and the formation of small glands was high, but the villus and glands of the sika deer were expanded, and the stroma zone in the myometrium was higher than that of the water deer. Development has increased. Additionally, the expression of PAPP-A and VEGF factors was increased in the endometrium of water deer than in sika deer, but the actions of MMPs were increased in sika deer. Conclusions: As a result of this study, there is a significant difference in the development of glands in the endometrium of water deer and sika deer during estrus, and it is believed that there is a significant difference in the development of the uterus due to the physiological effects of estrus between water deer and sika deer. Additionally, it is believed that there will be differences in the timing at which pregnancy can be decided.

Morphological differences according to uterine tissue remodeling during estrus between sika deer and water deer

오민기,박용수,김상환 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2023 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.38 No.4

Background: Water deer and sika deer, which breed in the wild environment, are known to have similar reproductive physiology mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences in uterine development between water deer and sika deer during estrus. Methods: MMPs and uterine development-related factors were analyzed and morphological differences were compared in the uterus of sika deer captured near Russia near Korea and water deer captured in the wild in Korea. Results: In terms of morphological differences in the uterus, the glands that form villus within the endometrium of the water deer were newly developed, and the formation of small glands was high, but the villus and glands of the sika deer were expanded, and the stroma zone in the myometrium was higher than that of the water deer. Development has increased. Additionally, the expression of PAPP-A and VEGF factors was increased in the endometrium of water deer than in sika deer, but the actions of MMPs were increased in sika deer. Conclusions: As a result of this study, there is a significant difference in the development of glands in the endometrium of water deer and sika deer during estrus, and it is believed that there is a significant difference in the development of the uterus due to the physiological effects of estrus between water deer and sika deer. Additionally, it is believed that there will be differences in the timing at which pregnancy can be decided.

Quantified Analyses of Musk Deer Farming in China: A Tool for Sustainable Musk Production and Ex situ Conservation

Meng, Xiuxiang,Gong, Baocao,Ma, Guang,Xiang, Leilei Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.10

Adult male musk deer (Moschus spp.) secrete musk, a widely used ingredient in traditional Asian medicine and the international perfume industry. Musk deer are endangered due to historic over-utilization of musk and habitat loss. Musk deer farming, provides an important way of conserving musk deer and ensuring a sustainable musk supply. For over 50 years musk deer farming has been conducted in China with the endangered Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) the predominant farmed musk deer species. To date, few studies have examined the musk production of captive musk deer. This study analyzed musk-extraction data collected from 1997 to 2009 at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu, China. The musk-extraction ratio (MER) of captive male musk deer was 90.30% (n = 732), while the annual average musk extraction (AME) per animal was $7.90{\pm}0.17\;g$ with the range from 0.00 g to 34.20 g (n = 732). The origin of the deer had an influence on AME and MER production, with male wild-captured (WC) individuals recording higher values (AME, $8.76{\pm}0.27\;g$, n = 272; MER, 93.75%, n = 272) than those of captive breeding (CB) males (AME: $7.39{\pm}0.22\;g$, n = 460; MER: 88.26%, n = 460). The origin of an individual's parents, however, did not influence AME and MER. Age also influenced musk production with the MER of 1.5-year-old males being 87.5% with an average musk production of $8.27{\pm}0.47\;g$ (n = 96). The peak period for musk production was from 1.5 to 8.5 years of age. The results of our study demonstrate musk deer farming could work as an effective measure to protect musk deer and provide sustainable musk resources, however, the musk production including MER and AME could be improved through optimizing the managing and breeding system in endangered musk deer farming.

Morphological differences between Water deer and Sika deer ovaries during estrus and pregnancy

Ji-Hye Lee,Yong-Su Park,Min-Gee Oh,Sang-Hwan Kim The Korean Society of Animal Reproduction and Biot 2023 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.38 No.2

Background: Research on the reproductive physiology of Water and Sika deer, an endemic in Korea, still needs to be completed. This study analyzed the ovarian development and morphological characteristics of wild Water deer and Sika deer. Methods: Water deer and Sika deer ovaries were collected from the Korean Peninsula and Russia-Korean Peninsula border during the estrus and pregnancy seasons, respectively. And, morphological and physiological analysis and immunohistochemistry were conducted to confirm the detection of Ca²⁺ and assess the morphological changes in the ovaries. Results: The results of morphological analysis of ovaries during pregnancy and estrus, the development of the corpus luteum and follicles of Water deer showed similar patterns to other mammals. In contrast, the corpus luteum of Sika deer differed in tissue morphology and composition from Water deer. Ca²⁺ related to tissue metabolism was detected in the theca cells zone of Water deer on the estrus and was highly detected in the luteum cells zone during pregnancy. The hormone receptor protein expression patterns were generally higher in the ovaries of Water deer on the estrus and the pregnancy than in Sika deer. The expression of LH receptor was relatively low in the lutein cell zone, unlikely that of Water deer. The expression of VEGF was also different from Water deer, and the response in Sika deer was relatively very low compared to Water deer in expressing all proteins-related development. Conclusions: Therefore, the results of the study were shown that the composition of the corpus luteum of Sika deer is not clear compared to Water deer, and there are many differences in the functional and morphological formation of the corpus luteum.

Morphological differences between Water deer and Sika deer ovaries during estrus and pregnancy

이지혜,박용수,오민기,김상환 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2023 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.38 No.2

Background: Research on the reproductive physiology of Water and Sika deer, an endemic in Korea, still needs to be completed. This study analyzed the ovarian development and morphological characteristics of wild Water deer and Sika deer. Methods: Water deer and Sika deer ovaries were collected from the Korean Peninsula and Russia–Korean Peninsula border during the estrus and pregnancy seasons, respectively. And, morphological and physiological analysis and immunohistochemistry were conducted to confirm the detection of Ca2+ and assess the morphological changes in the ovaries. Results: The results of morphological analysis of ovaries during pregnancy and estrus, the development of the corpus luteum and follicles of Water deer showed similar patterns to other mammals. In contrast, the corpus luteum of Sika deer differed in tissue morphology and composition from Water deer. Ca2+ related to tissue metabolism was detected in the theca cells zone of Water deer on the estrus and was highly detected in the luteum cells zone during pregnancy. The hormone receptor protein expression patterns were generally higher in the ovaries of Water deer on the estrus and the pregnancy than in Sika deer. The expression of LH receptor was relatively low in the lutein cell zone, unlikely that of Water deer. The expression of VEGF was also different from Water deer, and the response in Sika deer was relatively very low compared to Water deer in expressing all proteins-related development. Conclusions: Therefore, the results of the study were shown that the composition of the corpus luteum of Sika deer is not clear compared to Water deer, and there are many differences in the functional and morphological formation of the corpus luteum.

모래놀이치료에서의 ‘사슴 상징에 대한 고찰

신유순(Shin, You Soon) 한국모래놀이치료학회 2017 모래놀이상담연구 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구는 분석심리학적 확충의 방법을 활용하여 사슴의 생태학적인 특성과 신화, 민담과 전설, 종교, 문화 등을 통해 상징적 의미를 고찰해보고, 모래놀이치료에서 사슴의 상징이 어떻게 표현되는지 분석하여 사슴의 상징성에 대해 확충해 보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과 신화, 민담과 전설, 종교, 문화와 모래놀이 치료 사례에서 사슴의 다의적인 상징성이 나타났다. 즉, 사슴은 뿔이 해마다 나고 자라고 떨어지고 다시 자라는 특성에서 삶의 순환과 관련한 진리, 지혜, 재생과 재탄생, 장수, 부활, 영생과 생명의 상징적 의미가 나타났다. 그리고 사슴은 나무모양의 뿔이 하늘과 땅을 연결하는 나무와 갇은 상징으로, 신선이나 신과 함께 출현하는 동물로 고귀함과 신성함, 영성의 상징적 의미가 있다. 또한 사슴온 남성성과 힘, 날쌤과 강함의 상징이며, 지위와 권위의 상징이기도 하다. 뿔로 싸울 때는 공격성과 난폭함이 드러난다. 사슴의 녹용은 노약자, 임산부와 태아를 보호하고 성장시키는 효능으로 치유와 보호와 여성성의 상징적 의미도 있다. 또한 새끼가 태어나면 매우 강한 모성성으로 돌보고 집단생활을 하며 은혜를 입었을 때 보은 하는 상징이 나타났다. 그리고 사슴은 짝으로 표현 되는 벽화들이 많아 연인으로서의 상징적 의미도 있고, 많은 민담과 모래상자에서 영적 인도자로서 아니무스를 아니마에게 로 인도하며, 결합과 통합의 상징으로 나타났다. 사슴은 모든 부분들을 인간에게 내어주는 유용성과 풍요의 상징적 의미가 있으며, 갇힘과 잡힘, 희생의 상징적 의미도 나타났다. 본 연구는 사슴의 상징성을 다양한 방법으로 확인하고 다의적인 사슴의 상징성을 찾아보았다는 점과 이러한 상징에 대한 이해가 모래놀이치료과정에서도 사슴이 모래상자에 등장할 때 다양한 상징적 의미를 내담자의 상황과 연결하여 살펴보면서 내담자가 가는 치유와 성장과 자기실현의 여정에 동행 하는데 도움이 될 것이라는 점에서 의의가 있다고 본다. This study was to examine the symbolic meaning of deer by using amplification of analytical psychological methods through the ecological characteristics of deer, and myths, folktales, legends, religion, cuture and examples of Sandplay therapy. In addition, study intended to analyze how the symbol of deer is expressed in sandplay therapy and to amplify the symbolism of deer. The polysemantic symbolism of deer found as a result of this study can be summarized as follows. The common symbolism of deer is characterized in that its antlers are shed and regrown each year. Therefore, there are symbolic meanings of truth and wisdom related to the cycle of life, regeneration and rebirth, longevity, eternal life, and resurrection. Deer s branch-shaped antlers symbolize a tree connecting the heaven and the earth, and deer appeared with a wizard or god as a symbolic animal of nobility, divinity, and spirituality. A deer symbolizes masculinity, power, quickness, and strength. It also symbolizes status and authority. When a deer fights with antlers, it shows aggression and barbarousness. The antlers of deer can be used as a medicine effective in protecting the weak, a pregnant woman and a fetus and helping the growth of the fetus. There is also a symbolic meaning of healing, protection and femininity. When a mother deer gives birch to a fawn, the mother cakes care of it with strong maternity. Deer live in group, and there were several stories where a deer repays when it receives benefits. There are many murals portraying deer in pairs, and thus, the deer have a symbolic meaning of lovers. In many folktales and the sand tray, deer were represented as a symbol of a spiritual leader, and unity and unification. Deer have a symbolic meaning of usefulness of giving everything to humans as well as a symbolic meaning of affluence. Deer have a symbolic meaning of confinement, being caught, and sacrifice.

사슴 품종별 녹육의 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구

이길왕 한국생명과학회 2004 생명과학회지 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구는 사슴의 각 품종별로 성록 5두를 도축 발골하여 배최장근과 우둔부위와 설도부위를 이용하여 실험에 이용하였다. 녹육내의 수분 함량은 대체로 74∼75% 범위내에 있었으며, 조지방 함량은 Elk와 Red deer에서 낮게 나타났고, Sika deer에서는 비교적 높은 함량을 보였으며, 단백질과 회분의 함량은 대체로 높게 나타났다 부위간 유리아미노산의 함량은 모든 부위에서 alanine함량이 높게 나타났고, 품종간에는 Sika deer가 가장 높게 나타났다. 사슴의 부위별 무기물 함량은 배최장근에서 Red deer가 $Cu^{2+}$ 함량이 높았고, $Fe^{3+}$) 함량은 낮게 나타났으며, 대퇴근에서는 Red deer가 $Cu^{2+}$ 함량이 낮았고, $Fe^{3+}$는 Elk에서 낮게 나타났다. 사슴육의 배최장근 중의 지방산 조성은 myristic acid가 Elk에 유의적으로 적게 함유되어 있었으며, palmitic acid는 Elk에 37.5로 가장 많았고, Sika deer, Red deer 순이었다. 사슴육의 대퇴근 중의 지방산 조성은 myristic acid가 Red deer에 유의적으로 많이 함유되어 있었으며 Sika deer, Elk의 순이었다. palmitic acid는 Red deer에 34.5로 가장 많았고, Elk, Sika deer 순이었다. 녹육의 유리양이온은 대체적으로 대퇴부위에 많이 함유되어 있었고, 품종간 함량에서는 두드러진 차이는 보이지 않았다. This study has been performed to examine physico-chemical properties and composition of venison in Deer breeds. According the results, moisture content in the venison ranged between 74% and 75%, and there were no significant differences among the breeds, or among the cutting parts. Fat content in the meats was estimated as less than 1% except in loin, protein contents was estimated as more than 22%, and ash content was estimated as more than 1.5%. For the contents of inorganic material in the loin, Fe$^{3+}$ content was higher in Elk than in other breeds, the contents of $Cu^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$were higher in Red deer than in others, and the contents of $Fe^{3+}$, $K^{+}$, and $P^{+}$ were higher in Sika deer than in others. For the contents of inorganic material in the leg, the contents of $Cu^{2+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were higher in Elk than in other breeds, the contents of $Fe^{3+}$ and$P^{+}$ were higher in Red deer than in others, and the contents of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{3+}$were higher in Sika deer than in others. Amino acid contents in the venison alanine, proline, glycine, lycine and histidine were highly contained. and the contents of asparagine, cysteine, isoleucine and threonine were low. For the differences of amino acid contents among the breeds, the level was the higher in Sika deer than those of others. For the fatty acid in loin, the contents of myristic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid in Sika deer were higher than those of others, the contents of myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and arachidonic acid in Red deer were higher than those of others and in Elk, the contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid were higher than those of others. For the contents of unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids, the level was higher in Red deer than those of others. For the fatty acid in leg, the contents of oleic acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonine acid in Sika deer were higher than those of others, the contents of myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in Red deer were higher than those of others and in Elk, the contents of stearic acid and linolenic acid were higher than those of others. For the contents of saturated fatty acid, the level was lowest in Sika deer. For the contents of unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids were respectively highest in Sika deer. Comparing the contents inorganic materials between loin and leg, the concentrations in leg were generally higher than that of loin.n.

제주도 한라산 노루에 관한 시스템적 접근

김도훈 ( Doa Hoon Kim ),홍영교 ( Young Kyo Hong ) 한국시스템다이내믹스학회 2006 한국시스템다이내믹스 연구 Vol.7 No.2

Increasing of the number of Roe Deer in Jesudo is regarded as an direct cause of the damages of Roe Deer - i.e. damages of crops and trees by Roe Deer and traffic accidents between human and Roe Deer. But, no study of the number of Roe Deer in Jejudo has been found and never has been progressed it and nobody convinces about the total number of Roe Deer in Jejudo. In this paper, we focus at the moving pressure which enforces Roe Deer to move the other places. Moving pressure is appeared when the habitat environment destruction of Roe Deer and it forces Roe Deer in hilly section to move the middle mountains section and the low section. This moving pressure promotes the moving of Roe Deer to the other places and then the total number of Roe Deer in new places are increasing. High density of Roe Deer makes the habitat environment bad and increases the competition of Roe Deer. These patterns are repeated continuously. The habitat environment of Roe Deer is related with human life area very closely. We should keep and preserve our nature and environment, and if we develop our nature then we must consider our ecosystem in all aspects. It`s the most important thing to us and Roe Deer and other living things.

Optimization of the in vitro fertilization system in pigs

이송희,최향순 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2023 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.38 No.2

Background: Research on the reproductive physiology of Water and Sika deer, an endemic in Korea, still needs to be completed. This study analyzed the ovarian development and morphological characteristics of wild Water deer and Sika deer. Methods: Water deer and Sika deer ovaries were collected from the Korean Peninsula and Russia–Korean Peninsula border during the estrus and pregnancy seasons, respectively. And, morphological and physiological analysis and immunohistochemistry were conducted to confirm the detection of Ca2+ and assess the morphological changes in the ovaries. Results: The results of morphological analysis of ovaries during pregnancy and estrus, the development of the corpus luteum and follicles of Water deer showed similar patterns to other mammals. In contrast, the corpus luteum of Sika deer differed in tissue morphology and composition from Water deer. Ca2+ related to tissue metabolism was detected in the theca cells zone of Water deer on the estrus and was highly detected in the luteum cells zone during pregnancy. The hormone receptor protein expression patterns were generally higher in the ovaries of Water deer on the estrus and the pregnancy than in Sika deer. The expression of LH receptor was relatively low in the lutein cell zone, unlikely that of Water deer. The expression of VEGF was also different from Water deer, and the response in Sika deer was relatively very low compared to Water deer in expressing all proteins-related development. Conclusions: Therefore, the results of the study were shown that the composition of the corpus luteum of Sika deer is not clear compared to Water deer, and there are many differences in the functional and morphological formation of the corpus luteum.

Allelic characterization of the second DRB locus of major histocompatibility complex class II in Ussuri sika deer (Cervus nippon hortulorum): highlighting the trans-species evolution of DRB alleles within Cervidae

Bo Li,Yanchun Xu,Jianzhang Ma 한국통합생물학회 2013 Animal cells and systems Vol.17 No.4

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-DRB variability reflects evolutionarily relevant and adaptive processes within and between populations, and is suitable for the investigation of a wide range of questions in evolutionary ecology. Using motif-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP)analyses and direct sequencing, 15 DRB-2 alleles were identified from 43 Ussuri sika deer. Extensive sequence variation was detected at peptide-binding region (PBR) or positively selected sites (PSS) sites among DRB loci, which were proved to be maintained by positive selection. DRB-2 loci of the Ussuri sika deer were strikingly similar to those of red deer after comparing sequences. In phylogenetic analysis, DRB-2 alleles of Ussuri sika deer were not monophyletic with respect to red deer, white-tailed deer, fallow deer, and roe deer sequences. Two DRB-2 alleles of the species tended to cluster together with those of white-tailed deer or red deer with high bootstrap values,respectively. Considering that sika and red deer are closely related, and their hybridization is occasionally seen in areas of range overlap, and their mtDNAs are paraphyletic to white-tailed deer, fallow deer, and other Cervus species,we suggested that these similarities result from trans-species evolution rather than convergent evolution.