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국방 R&D 투자 및 정부, 민간 R&D 투자와 국민소득간의 상호 인과관계 분석
이진우,권오성,Lee, Jin-Woo,Kwon, O-Sung 한국국방경영분석학회 2008 한국국방경영분석학회지 Vol.34 No.1
R&D 투자와 경제성장간의 관계에 대한 많은 기존 논의들은 R&D 투자가 경제성장에 대해 강한 양(+)의 관계가 존재함을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 투자와 성장사이의 강한 결합관계가 반드시 일방적 인과관계를 의미하는 것은 아니기 때문에 인과관계의 방향에 대한 보다 심층적인 연구가 필요하다. 특히 급변하는 안보환경 속에서 국방 R&D 투자가 증대되고 있음을 고려해 볼 때 국방 R&D 투자와 타 부문 R&D 투자 및 경제성장과의 결합관계에 대한 논의에 앞서 각 변수들 간의 인과관계에 대한 연구가 선행되어야 하나, 현재까지 국방 R&D 투자와 타 부문 간의 인과관계를 연구한 실적이 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 국방 R&D 투자와 다른 변수들과의 인과관계 분석을 통하여 국방 R&D 투자정책에 관한 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다는데 본 논문의 의미를 두고자 한다. The purpose of this paper is to find the desirable R&D policies in defense area by analyzing causality between GDP and R&D investments in government, private, defense sectors. We have five variables which are composed of GDP, total R&D investment, R&D investments in government, private and defense sectors to figure out the causality between R&D investment in defense sector and other components. In the course of analysis on causality, we took the unit root test of variables to prevent spurious regression. Also we need to take cointegration test about non-stationary variables before the causality test. According to these test results, we took the causality test using ECM(Error Correction Model) for the models which have cointegrating relations. And we took ordinary Granger causality test for model which doesn't have a long-run stationary relationship. As a result of the causality test, it was shown that there exists the long-nu causality to GDP and R&D investments in government and private sectors from other variables. However, there doesn't exist the causality to defense R&D investment from other variables. We found that there doesn't exist the causality between R&D investments in defense and private sectors, and that they are independent.
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China's Charm Defensive: Image Protection by Acquiring Mass Entertainment
Nilgün Eliküçük Yıldırım,Mesut Aslan 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2020 Pacific Focus Vol.35 No.1
Focusing on discussion of China's soft power resources, this article argues that China performs two kinds of soft power strategies in developing and developed countries: offensive and defensive, respectively. While China's charm offensive aims to consolidate her comprehensive power through a development model, aid, investment, traditional culture, foreign policy, and international broadcasting in developing countries, the defensive aspect of China's soft power strategy aims to soften the rise of China with traditional culture by introducing appealing parts of Chinese culture through investments and international broadcasting in Western countries. China applies classical soft power tools in developing countries while she endeavors to protect her image in Western countries defensively. China's alternative defensive approach to soft power is mostly implemented through the acquisition of media outlets, and via the entertainment sector and gaming industry by Chinese‐owned companies. However, even in the defensive and offensive bifurcation, if charm attacks result in failure, China could turn take a defensive stance in developing countries.
ScienceON
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