유전자감식의 제문제 ; 유전자감식의 법적 문제

정규원 ( Kyu Won Jung ) 한국형사정책학회 2006 刑事政策 Vol.18 No.2

Genetic testing is used many purposes. After mid-1980s, genetic testing is also used in the field of forensic science and it also applied to investigate the criminal cases. In Korea, we also have discussed the use of genetic testing in criminal investigation after early 1990s. After about 15-years hot debates, <Draft of Collection and Control of Genetic Database for Criminal Procedure> was born this year. Genetic testing is powerful in excluding suspects from an investigation and acquitting the innocent. DNA profile database is the institute which is constitutes by the results of the individual genetic testings. DNA profile database is composed of Felon Index, Forensic Index, Population Index. Protection of citizen`s privacy is more seriously considered when the institute makes the Population Index. We should consider some points when we discuss the DNA profile database. Firstly, the act of sampling of genetic materials may cause bodily harm and generally constitutes an invasion of privacy. Secondly, we should determine in which kinds of crimes the DNA profile database may be allowed. Thirdly, we also should determine in which stage of the criminal process the genetic material for test and storage may allowed. Fourthly, we always remind that the meaning of the genetic testing in the criminal procedure is limited. Fifthly, the genetic testing and maintenance of the DNA profile database for the criminal procedure should be qualified and regulated by authoritative body whish has the professional knowledge and experiences at that field. Sixthly, the guideline for the DNA profile database should be made for the quality control and the protection of the subjects. Most of all, in genetic testing for the criminal procedure the abuse of the genetic information may not happen because the information which is obtained by that test is very limited. But if the samples are stored and other types of genetic test are performed by using these samples, we may get much information about the subjects. So we should have some means for protection of the collected samples. These has been long and hot discussion in Korea whether the DNA profile database should be allowed or not. But we are on the new stage by the rapid development of the science and technology. We should determine in which kinds of crime the DNA profile database may allowed and how to perform the testing and how to protect the privacy and other harms.

Public Perception of a Criminal DNA Database in Korea

이지현,조수희,김문영,Seung Hwan Lee,이환영,이숭덕,Sarah LoCascio,정규원 충남대학교 아시아여론연구소 2019 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.7 No.2

Background: Since 2010, Korea has maintained a DNA database of those convicted of or awaiting trial for certain crimes. There have been proposals to expand the list of crimes included in this database, or conversely, omit certain crimes if they are committed during protests. An understanding of the feelings of the public as we consider the ethical, legal, and social aspects of a DNA database and as revisions to laws are made is required. Methodology: Questions related to the DNA database were included in the nationally representative Korean Academic Multimode Open Survey (KAMOS) panel (June-August 2016). Results: Of 2,000 randomly selected panel members, 1,013 respondents participated in this survey, including 89.2% who supported the existence of a criminal DNA database. The current system of storing DNA profiles until a suspect’s acquittal or a convict’s death was supported by 79.5% of respondents. In addition, 70.8% of respondents agreed with the expansion of crime categories included in the criminal database. Many (93.4%) respondents favored genetic testing and data storage to determine the identity and cause of death for people who die of unnatural causes. Some differences in attitude related to social class were noted, with those who self-identified as members of the upper class more likely to support the database and its expansion to include additional crimes than those who self-identified as middle or lower class.

Public Perception of a Criminal DNA Database in Korea

Lee, Ji Hyun,Cho, Sohee,Kim, Moon Young,Lee, Seung Hwan,Lee, Hwan Young,Lee, Soong Deok,LoCascio, Sarah Prusoff,Jung, Kyu Won Center for Asian Public Opinion ResearchCollaborat 2019 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.7 No.2

Background: Since 2010, Korea has maintained a DNA database of those convicted of or awaiting trial for certain crimes. There have been proposals to expand the list of crimes included in this database, or conversely, omit certain crimes if they are committed during protests. An understanding of the feelings of the public as we consider the ethical, legal, and social aspects of a DNA database and as revisions to laws are made is required. Methodology: Questions related to the DNA database were included in the nationally representative Korean Academic Multimode Open Survey (KAMOS) panel (June-August 2016). Results: Of 2,000 randomly selected panel members, 1,013 respondents participated in this survey, including 89.2% who supported the existence of a criminal DNA database. The current system of storing DNA profiles until a suspect's acquittal or a convict's death was supported by 79.5% of respondents. In addition, 70.8% of respondents agreed with the expansion of crime categories included in the criminal database. Many (93.4%) respondents favored genetic testing and data storage to determine the identity and cause of death for people who die of unnatural causes. Some differences in attitude related to social class were noted, with those who self-identified as members of the upper class more likely to support the database and its expansion to include additional crimes than those who self-identified as middle or lower class. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Koreans generally support the criminal DNA database.

The DNA Identification Act in South Korea: Issues of Justifiability and Efficacy

( Min Young Choi ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2015 Journal of Korean Law Vol.15 No.1

The DNA Identification Act was enacted in South Korea in 2010 after a long series of discussions spanning 15 years. The DNA Identification Act deals with how to collect and use DNA samples from criminal suspects and how to retain the derived information in a database. First, Part II of this paper describes the legislative process and contents of the DNA Identification Act, illustrating the conflict between different interest groups concerned respectively about public safety and individual freedoms. Part III discusses the implications of this Act to the current criminal justice policy in South Korea and discusses whether the DNA Identification Act is necessary by examining risk management policy as well as asking whether the expanded DNA database has an effect on crime prevention. Part IV analyzes whether the current Act is justifiable by focusing on its three legislative purposes: criminal investigation, crime deterrence, and protection of individual rights and reviews major issues of this Act.

디엔에이신원확인 정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률안'의 위헌성과 기타의 문제점 및 그 대안

임지봉(Jibong Lim) 서강대학교 법학연구소 2009 서강법학 Vol.11 No.2

DNA information was frequently used in the area of a disease in the past. However, the DNA information is actively used these days in the area of identity establishment. Some countries including the United Kingdom have established and managed the DNA Date Bank of the criminals. In Korea, since the mid-1990s, the DNA informations of the individuals have been used in the criminal investigation as well as in identifying biological child. The prosecution and the police in Korea felt convenient for the investigation by using the DNA informations. Therefore, the Ministry of Justice submitted the bills on the use of the DNA informations in the investigation to the Congress before. Last October, the Ministry of Justice submitted again 'the Bill on the Use and Protection of DNA Identity Establishment Information' to the Congress. In this paper, at first, I will survey the background of the submission of the bill and its major contents. Then, I will examine the unconstitutionality of the bill in terms of the infringement of the right of privacy in Art.17, the equality right in Art.11, the double jeopardy in Art.12 Sec.1, the presumed innocence in Art.27 Sec.4, warrants doctrine in Art.12 Sec.3, and the prohibition of guilt-by-association in Art.13 Sec.3 of Korean Constitution. In addition, this paper will examine the problems of DNA database of the criminals in terms of a desirable public policy. Conclusively, this paper will propose an alternative of the bill that has solved the constitutional and public policy problems of the bill.

The DNA Identification Act in South Korea: Issues of Justifiability and Efficacy

최민영 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2015 Journal of Korean Law Vol.15 No.1

The DNA Identification Act was enacted in South Korea in 2010 after a long series of discussions spanning 15 years. The DNA Identification Act deals with how to collect and use DNA samples from criminal suspects and how to retain the derived information in a database. First, Part II of this paper describes the legislative process and contents of the DNA Identification Act, illustrating the conflict between different interest groups concerned respectively about public safety and individual freedoms. Part III discusses the implications of this Act to the current criminal justice policy in South Korea and discusses whether the DNA Identification Act is necessary by examining risk management policy as well as asking whether the expanded DNA database has an effect on crime prevention. Part IV analyzes whether the current Act is justifiable by focusing on its three legislative purposes: criminal investigation, crime deterrence, and protection of individual rights and reviews major issues of this Act.

신원확인 유전자정보은행 설립을 둘러싼 쟁점 연구

김병수(Kim Byoung-Soo) 한국과학기술학회 2003 과학기술학연구 Vol.3 No.2

「디엔에이신원확인정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률」의 문제점과 개선방안

서계원(Seo Gae Weon) 세계헌법학회 한국학회 2010 세계헌법연구(世界憲法硏究) Vol.16 No.2

범죄인에 대한 유전자정보를 데이터베이스화하여야 한다는 주장의 논거는 크게 두 가지로 대별할 수 있다. 첫째로는 수사과정에서 피의자를 손쉽게 특정할 수 있다는 점이고 둘째는 범인의 검거율을 높이기 위한 수단으로서 기능한다는 점이다. 이러한 측면에서 범죄인에 대한 유전자정보의 데이터베이스를 구축하여야 한다는 주장은 꾸준히 제기되어 왔고 외국의 경우 1995년 영국을 시작으로 여러 국가들이 관련법을 제정하고 유전자정보 데이터베이스를 구축하여 현재까지 실제 수사과정에서 이용하고 있다. 그러나 이는 인권침해 논란이 있는 등 해결하여야 할 숙제를 안고 있는데다가, 도입과 관련하여 시각차가 있어 국내에서는 번번이 입법과정에서 합의를 보지 못하다가 최근 「디엔에이신원확인정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률」(이하 ‘동법’이라고 함)이 국회를 통과하여 다가오는 7월부터 그 시행을 앞두고 있다. 동 법률은 기본적으로 위험형법의 시각에 입각하여 수형자와 구속 피의자에 대한 디엔에이신원확인정보, 수사과정의 편의라는 측면에서 범죄현장에서 수집한 디엔에이감식시료를 통한 신원확인정보 및 변사체의 신원확인정보의 데이터베이 스화를 규율하고 있다. 본 논고는 동 법률이 실제 수사과정에서 얼마만큼의 기여를 할 수 있는가에 대하여는 일단 논외로 하고 선행도입 국가에서조차 아직까지 인권 침해 등의 논란이 끊이지 않고 있다는 점에 그 관심을 두려 한다. 즉 앞으로 살펴보게 될 것은 수형자와 구속 피의자의 신원확인정보 및 범죄현장을 통하여 수집된 신원확인정보의 합헌성이다.디엔에이신원확인정보의 데이터베이스 구축과 관련하여 구체적으로 ① 범죄에 대하여 이미 처벌을 받고 있는 수형인을 잠재적 범죄자로 취급하는 것에 대한 이중처벌 해당의 문제, ② 개인의 프라이버시에 속하는 유전정보를 수록하고 관리하는 것에 대한 프라이버시권 침해의 문제, ③ 디엔에이 정보 및 검사 후의 잔여 디엔에이의 오남용 가능성의 문제가 제기되었다.1) 또한 이와 더불어 인간을 잠재적인 범죄자로 파악하게 되는 무죄추정의 원칙 위반의 문제 및 적법절차와관련하여 문제를 제기할 수 있다. 본 논고는 헌법적인 시각에서 동법이 그 이루고자 하는 목적2)을 달성하기 위하여 유효적절한 방법 및 수단을 채택하고 있는지 검토하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 먼저 법률의 내용을 검토하고, 관련 해외법령을 살펴본 후 비교법적 시각에서 이를 비교 고찰한다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 동법 제정 이전부터 제기된 문제들을 포함하여 동법에 문제점은 없는지, 만약 문제점이 있다면 각 쟁점과 관련하여 개선방안을 제안하고자 한다. The discovery of DNA technology is considered one of the most revolutionary and beneficial contribution to the modern industrial world. DNA technology has become an mportant tool to law enforcement personnel and the legal community. DNA samples provide a lot more information about an individual, including health conditions and traits. And since DNA information could be easily taken from traces of hair, skin, fingernails and other body tissue, tracking individual activities may become easier for law enforcement authorities. Since 1986, police officers and lawyers have creation of the first DNA criminal investigative database in 1995 in Britain further enabled law enforcement to better exploit the uses of DNA technology and effect more acts of justice. As many more countries developed the criminal DNA database including the UK, Austria, Germany, and US, the Use and Protection of DNA Identification Act is proposed to enable the operation of a criminal DNA database in Korea. And the bill got through the National Assembly in December 29, 2009. This act is criticized as an excessively wide range of offenses, and also pointed out that the law is lax about controlling how law enforcement authorities collect DNA samples or how long they could hold the genetic data. The act doesn't include provisions about the procedures for the collecting of DNA samples, either. too. The Purpose of this study is to examine the problems of the Use and Protection of DNA Identification Act in Korea and to suggest thereby the way that can improve the law-related perspective.

디엔에이신원확인정보 데이터베이스의 효용성 강화를 위한 법정책

김택수 ( Taek Su Kim ) 한국비교형사법학회 2015 비교형사법연구 Vol.17 No.3

By the DNA Act enacted in 2010, the database contains DNA profiles of the people who are arrested or convicted due to 11 types of crimes carrying a high rate of recidivism. Since 2010, after the passing of total unresolved cases through an analysis of the DB 6,259 cases were resolved. But for this fact, we should not overestimate the effects of operation DB. The number of DNA profile in the DB in order to maximize the effectiveness of the DB management is required to reach a certain scale, but also DNA profiles contained in the DB should have the availability that can be used to substantially solve crimes that have already occurred or occur in the future. In this respect, it is necessary to review the crimes to be recorded, the category of people, the period of conservation, the conditions of deletion. To improve the effectiveness of DB operations, as a priority, the size of DNA database should reach a certain level for the population, and considering that offenders are less likely to commit a crime for the age of the offender and the elapsed time, it is necessary to increase the list of crimes and the category of offenders who should be recorded.

유전자활용에 따른 형사법적 문제점과 개선방안

임석원(LIM, Seok-Won) 한국법학회 2014 법학연구 Vol.53 No.-

재범의 위험성이 높은 강력범들의 유전자채취와 그 감식 결과를 국가가 저장하고 관리하며 이를 범죄가 발생한 경우에 대비하여 수사를 위하여 유전자를 활용하게 할 목적으로 제정되고 현실화 된 것이 2010년 4월 15일자로 시행하는 “DNA 신원확인정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률”이다. 그러나 이러한 법률에 따른 유전자활용은 형사법적으로 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 문제점의 핵심은 국가의 수사편의적인 발상으로 인하여 유전자채취 대상자의 기본적인 권리침해가 심각하다는 점과 범죄수사의 효율성제고를 목적으로 절차적 보장이 이루어지지 않고 있다는 것이다. 무엇보다도 형법과 관련하여서 범죄수사를 목적으로 한다고 하지만 예방형법의 한계에 봉착하고 있다는 점, 죄형법정주의 원칙의 파생적 내용인 명확성의 원칙과 적정성의 원칙을 침해한다는 점, 직권남용죄, 강요죄 및 폭행 ? 가혹행위죄, 명예훼손죄의 성립가능성이 있다는 점, 적용대상범죄의 범위와 해석에 대한 문제점을 지적할 수 있다. 형사소송법과 관련하여서는 역시 예방형사소송법의 한계에의 도전, 무죄추정원칙에의 위반, 영장발부 세분화의 무시 등을 지적할 수 있다. 이러한 문제점을 합리적으로 해결하기 위한 입법론적 개선방안으로서는, 형법과 관련하여서 대상 범죄군의 조정, 구체적인 목적성의 명확한 입법, 재범의 위험성과 관련된 평가기준의 마련, 영리를 목적으로 한 경우의 가중처벌규정 신설에 대한 검토가 이루어져야 한다. 형사소송법과 관련하여서는 영장의 세분화와 법적근거가 명시되어야 하고, 침해법익의 구분에 따른 별도의 영장청구의 필요성에 따라서 특수영장과 특수채취영장의 발부 → 감식을 위한 감정처분허가장의 발부 → 감식유전자의 보관을 위한 보관영장의 발부에 의거한 3단계의 순차적 영장이 발부되어야 한다. 아울러 동의능력이 결여된 자를 위한 의무적 성년후견제의 활용으로 인한 단순한 형식적 서면동의의 지양이 이루어져야 하고, 범행현장등으로부터의 직접 채취 규정에 대한 대상자의 거부규정과 영장발부 전 심문제도의 명시를 통한 적법절차의 보장도 충분히 논의되어야 할 것으로 본다. 모든 일반시민은 주민등록제도를 통하여 지문과 사진에 대한 개인정보를 국가가 모두 통제하고 관리하고 있다. 이러한 상태에서 대상자의 유전자를 채취하고 감식하고 데이터베이스화하여 저장하여 범죄수사의 편의에 활용한다는 것은 일단 국가의 통제 하에 놓인 국민을 다시 이원화하여 고 위험군을 걸러내서 별도의 법률로써 통제한다는 적대형법의 전형적인 모습을 보여주고 있는 것이다. 필자가 제시하는 입법론상의 개선방안이 완벽하지는 않다고 하더라도 범죄수사를 위하여 유전자의 활용이 반드시 필요하다면 어떻게 하든 위헌의 소지를 최대한 벗어나서 형사법체계내에서 부합되고 조화될 수 있도록 노력하는 것이 바람직한 입법자의 자세일 것이다.