녹비 작물이 시용된 밭 토양에서의 메탄 배출 특성 평가

제니퍼팔마쿠엘로 ( J. Cuello ),김필주 ( Pil Joo Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2013 No.-

In temperate countries like Korea, cover cropping is commonly adapted agricultural method to conserve the soil during the onset of winter season and after which, the produced biomass yield of winter cover crop then serves as green manure amendments for the subsequent summer crop cultivation. Soil could both serves as CH4source orsink; however, no study has been conducted about the characteristics of CH4 fluxes under different cropping managements.The objective of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of CH4 fluxes in an upland soil applied under different types of cover cropmanagements that include the winter cover crop cultivation and summer crop cultivation, respectively. A field experiment study was conducted at the Agricultural Experimental Station of Gyeongsang National University. The study has two consecutive phases viz (i) winter cover cropping (November 2011-June 2012) and (ii) summer cover cropping (June-September 2012). For winter cover cropping, barley (HordeumvulgareL.) a non-leguminous crop and hairy vetch (Viciavillosa Roth) a leguminous crops were seeded at a rate of 180 kg ha-1 for barley and 90 kg ha-1 for hairy vetch based from Korean RDA, recommended rate. The aboveground biomass of cover crops were then chopped finely and incorporated into the soil by a rotary cultivator at a rate of 12 tons ha-1 barley and 24 tons ha-1 hairy vetch. Corn (Zea mays) was planted as summer crop with a planting distance of 50cm x 40 cm. The treatments of the study include the control (Ct), barley amended plot (BP) and hairy vetch amended plot (HVP).During winter cover cropping, the highest CH4 emission rate was obtained from BP followed by HVP and then the Ct. However, during summer cultivation, where cover crops are incorporated as green manure, a different trend was observed. The emission rate was highest in the HVP treatment followed by Ct and then BP wherein most of the CH4 emission rate values were negative.Cumulative CH4 flux for winter cover crop season followed the order of BP (3.4 kg ha-1) > HVP (2.1 kg ha-1) > Ct (1.8 kg ha-1) on the other hand, cumulative CH4 flux for summer crop cultivation followed the order of HVP (10.5 kg ha-1) > Ct (3.7 kg ha-1) >BP (-8.8 kg ha-1). From the whole duration of the study, HVP gave the highest total CH4 flux (10.5 kg ha-1) followed by Ct (3.7 kg ha-1) and then BP (-8.8 kg ha-1). For the total global warming potential (GWP) from both winter cover crop cultivation and summer crop cultivation, the contribution of HVP was 265 kg CO2 kg ha-1 while Ct contributed by around 51 kg CO2 kg ha-1. BP on the other hand, has a value of226 kg CO2 kg ha-1, which was consumed by microbial oxidation in high proportion.In terms of corn grain yield, HVP (3.7 tons ha-1)and Ct (3.4 tons ha-1) did not significantly differ in its yield productivity; however, a significantly lower grain yield was obtained in BP (2.5 tons ha-1). The result of the study concerningCH4 fluxesduring winter cover crop cultivation and summer crop cultivation can be used to consider the appropriate agricultural management to be implored in order to mitigate CH4 emission, but it may also be important to consider the crop yield productivity for the following crop.

Cover Crops as a Means of Ecological Weed Management in Agroecosystems

Fikre Lemessa,Mulatu Wakjira 한국작물학회 2015 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.18 No.2

Weeds cause an estimated crop yield loss of about 43% world-wide. The heavy use of herbicides in weed management has several environmental and health risks. Therefore, systems-oriented approaches to weed management that make better use of alternative weed management tactics need to be developed. One of these approaches is the use of plants with strong weed-suppressing abilities as a component of integrated crop management. Cover crops are well-suited in such a holistic approach as they provide many other agroecosystem services besides suppressing weeds. However, compared to the use of herbicides, the use of cover crops as a weed management tool needs careful follow-up throughout the intended period to maximize the agroecosystem services they provide, minimize the disservices they exert, and optimize their selectivity between weed and crop suppression. Although there are many review papers that address the contribution of cover crops for managing weed problems in agroecosystems, few systematically address the difficulties that are encountered in fitting in the cover crops in the different cropping systems and the methods how to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, this paper is to examine how to maximize weed suppressive effects of cover crops and minimize the negative side effects of introducing cover crops into annual and perennial cropping systems and how to optimize selectivity between weeds and crops. We suggest further research regarding the selection of cover crops that are compatible with annual and perennial cropping systems under different climatic conditions and identify the traits responsible for adaptation in various cropping systems and environments.

피복작물처리에 따른 잡곡의 생육과 잡초발생

전승호,이세훈,오세윤,김영주,김경문,김석현,황재복,윤성탁,심상인 한국작물학회 2011 한국작물학회지 Vol.56 No.2

본 연구에서는 잡곡 재배 시 가장 문제가 되는 잡초관리방법을 개선하고 피복작물과 잡곡의 작부체계를 개선 및 효율을 비교하기 위하여 피복작물인 헤어리베치와 호밀이 잡곡생육과 수량에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 1. 헤어리베치구에서 수수의 초장과 엽록소 함량, 엽록소 형광, 종실수량은 무처리구 보다 각각 46.4%, 88.7%, 7.9% 높았으며 수량 또한 105.1% 많았다. 조의 경우도 무처리구 보다 각각 45.6%, 50.9%, 37.8%로 초장, 엽록소 함량, 엽록소형광이 높았으며 종실수량도 134.9% 높은 결과를 보였다. 호밀처리구에서 수수의 초장과 엽록소 함량, 엽록소형광은 무처리구 보다 각각 7.1%, 10.8%, 10.8% 높았으나 수량은 25.8% 감소하였다. 조는 무처리구 보다 각각 28.9%, 17.2%, 1.3% 감소하였으며 수량 또한 119.1% 감소하였다. 헤어라베치구에서 잡곡에 대한 녹비 효과가 좋았다. 2. 잡곡 출수 전 헤어리베치와 호밀의 잡초 발생량은 무처리에 비해 감소하였고 건물중은 헤어리베지와 무처리 차이가 없었으나 호밀은 31.6% 감소하여 호밀에서 잡곡 출수 전 잡초억제 효과가 인정되었다. 그러나 출수 후에는 혜어리베치의 장초발생량은 159%, 건물중은 55.2% 증가하였으며 호밀에서는 각각 55.2%, 10.9%로 증가하였다. 따라서 출수 후 헤어리베치와 호밀의 잡초 억제효과는 미약하였다. 3. 발생한 주요 잡초종은 총 16종으로 일년생잡초 12종으로 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 특히 8월~9월의 우점 잡초종으로는 헤어리베치는 바랭이와 돌피였으며, 호밀 처리 시 강아지풀, 바랭이, 돌피 등이 우점하였다. This study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of two winter cover crops, hairy vetch and rye in foxtail millet and sorghum fields in 2010. Crop growth and development and weed occurrences in the fields were examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. In hairy vetch treated plots, heading of minor cereals occurred early. The heading date was earlier by 1 day and 2 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. However, rye treatment delayed heading by 12 days and 8 days in sorghum and foxtail millet, respectively. Besides he effect of cover crop on ear emergence of crops, the Besides changed growth-related characteristics. Plant height, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere increased in hairy vetch treatment by 46.4% 88.7% and 7.9%, respectively. In foxtail millet, the characteristics ere also increased by 45.6%, 50.9% and 37.8%, respectively, s compared to control. Yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were increased by 105.1% and 135% as compared o control by hairy vetch treatment, respectively. However, he yields of cereal crops were decreased by rye cover crop treatment, the yields of sorghum and foxtail millet were decreased by 25.8% and 119.1%, respectively. Rye cover crop treatment inhibited crop growth suggesting nitrogen starvation in rye treated plots. In rye treatment, plant height, chlorophyll contents and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum ere slightly decreased by 7.1%, 10.8% and 10.8%, respectively, as compared to control whereas the inhibitory effects were greater in foxtail millet. Weed occurrences based n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced n weed number in hairy vetch and rye plots were reduced y 27% and 20%, respectively. The smothering effect was weakened or disappeared after heading of crops. Weed number and dry weight in hairy vetch plot were increased by 159% and 55.2%, respectively, as compared to control. The results implied that weed suppressing of cover crops could be reduced drastically after heading of crops.

Molecular diversity and distribution of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities colonizing roots of two different winter cover crops in response to their root proliferation

Masao Higo,Katsunori Isobe,Yusuke Miyazawa,Yukiya Matsuda,Rhae A. Drijber,Yoichi Torigoe 한국미생물학회 2016 The journal of microbiology Vol.54 No.2

A clear understanding of how crop root proliferation affects the distribution of the spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the composition of AMF communities in agricultural fields is imperative to identify the potential roles of AMF in winter cover crop rotational systems. Toward this goal, we conducted a field trial using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown during the winter season. We conducted a molecular analysis to compare the diversity and distribution of AMF communities in roots and spore abundance in soil cropped with wheat and red clover. The AMF spore abundance, AMF root colonization, and abundance of root length were investigated at three different distances from winter crops (0 cm, 7.5 cm, and 15 cm), and differences in these variables were found between the two crops. The distribution of specific AMF communities and variables responded to the two winter cover crops. The majority of Glomerales phylotypes were common to the roots of both winter cover crops, but Gigaspora phylotypes in Gigasporales were found only in red clover roots. These results also demonstrated that the diversity of the AMF colonizing the roots did not significantly change with the three distances from the crop within each rotation but was strongly influenced by the host crop identity. The distribution of specific AMF phylotypes responded to the presence of wheat and red clover roots, indicating that the host crop identity was much more important than the proliferation of crop roots in determining the diversity of the AMF communities.

녹비작물의 파종시기와 방법이 무농약 배과원의 시기별 토양화학성과 엽내 무기성분, 과실품질에 미치는 영향

임경호 ( Kyeong Ho Lim ),최진호 ( Jin Ho Choi ),김월수 ( Wol Soo Kim ),김현지 ( Hyun Ji Kim ),송장훈 ( Jang Hoon Song ),조영식 ( Young Sik Cho ),임순희 ( Sun Hee Yim ),정석규 ( Seok Kyu Jung ),최현석 ( Hyun Sug Choi ) 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회지 Vol.33 No.1

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding timing and method of rye and/or hairy vetch on seasonal soil and foliar nutrient concentrations as well as fruit quality in a pesticide-free pear orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments included as followed: single seeding of rye in September (Sep-Mono), November (Nov-Mono), and January (Jan-Mono), or mix seeding of rye+hairy vetch in November (Nov-Mix) and January (Jan-Mix), or sod culture as a control. Cover crops or vegetation was mown and mulched on the soil surface in April and May for two years. Nov-Mix treatment produced the highest dry matter weight of 12,070 kg ha-1, with the lowest dry matter weight for sod culture (6,520 kg ha-1), following Jan-Mix (7,030 kg ha-1). Nov-Mix treatments increased potential amount of N, P, and K from the raw materials of the cover crops as well as improved soil physical properties. Nov-Mix treatments overall elevated soil pH, EC, organic matter, and P2O5 in May compared to other cover crop treatments or sod culture. The difference of the seasonal nutrient concentrations in leaves or fruit qualities were not consistently occurred amongst treatments. CONCLUSION: Nov-Mix treatments showed playing role in a substitute of a chemical fertilizer. Delayed seeding of cover crops such as Jan-Mix did not increase the potential dry matter production due to the short growing period, and the seeding time would affect the dry matter production of cover crops.

The influence of cover-crop, Vicia tetrasperma, on injurious insect pests on pepper in field.

Eun Jung Han,Jong Ho Park,Sung Jun Hong,Yeo Jun Yoon,Hyung Jin Jee,Yong Ki Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.10

In organic agriculture, various cover-crops have been used to control weeds. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schred. (Eolchigiwandu) which is native to on major insect pests of pepper. Redpepper seedlings at 8 leaves stage were transplanted in 20th May 2009 into experimental field located in the farm of the department of agricultural biology, Suwon, Korea. A cover-crop cultivation plot was compared with a control plot mulched by black plastic-film. Density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, were surveyed ten times from 21 days after transplanting (DAT) to 82 DAT. Fifty and forty pepper plants were sampled to count the density of aphids and damaged fruits by oriental tobacco budworm per a plant, respectively. In current study, three aphid species namely, cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae were collected. Overally, the density of aphids on pepper in the control plot was higher than the cover-crop plot. Especially, aphid density increased up to 67.44±26.8 in early stage of control plot, whereas aphid was not found in cover-crop plot. The rate of fruit damage by oriental tobacco budworm was significantly higher in the cover-crop plot than the control plot in early stage of pepper, however damaged fruit rate of pepper in the control plot was significantly higher since the middle of July.

콩과 피복작물 리빙멀치에 따른 옥수수 무경운 재배지의 잡초군락 변화

최봉수(Bong Su Choi),김충국(Chung Guk Kim),성기영(Ki Yeong Seong),송득영(Duk Young Song),전원태(Weon Tai Jeon),조현숙(Hyun Suk Cho),정광호(Kwang He Jeong),강위금(Ui Gum Kang) 韓國雜草學會 2011 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.31 No.1

이른 봄 녹비피복작물 생육에 따른 잡초의 발생은 헤어리베치구에서 크림손클로버구의 76%수준이었으며, 발생한 잡초총은 헤어리베치구에서 4종(냉이, 쇠별꽃, 점나도나물 및 꽃다지), 크림손클로버구에서 3종(냉이, 쇠별꽃 및 꽃다지)이었다. 두 피복작물 재배지에서 발생한 잡초 중 냉이는 다른 초종보다 현저히 많았고, 이에 따른 건물생산량도 가장 높았다. 크림손클로버구는 냉이 외에도 쇠별꽃의 개체수가 많았으며, 건물생산량도 쇠별꽃이 가장 높았다. 옥수수 생육중기의 경작지 발생 잡초는 관행구에서 9종으로 다양하였으며, 잡초의 개체수도 가장 많았다. 한편 헤어리베치구와 크림손클로버구의 발생 잡초는 각각 4종과 6종이었으며, 건물생산량은 각각 관행구의 18과 25% 수준으로 낮았다. 옥수수 수확 후 각 재배지 발생 잡초는 초종이 현저히 감소하여 바랭이를 비롯한 5종, 헤어리베치와 크림손클로버구에서 각각 5종과 4종이었다. 잡초의 건물율은 관행구에서 23.5%였으며, 헤어리베치와 크림손클로버는 각각 13.8과 14.7%로 관행구에 비해 현저히 낮았다. 한편 피복작물 재배구는 토양 피복에 의한 낮은 지온과 광차단 등으로 인하여 관행구에서 발생하지 않았던 쇠별꽃이 지속적으로 생육하였다. Cover crop can be used to suppress weeds by competition for light and nutrient. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of legume cover crops on change of weed community in no-till corn cultivation. Two legume cover crops, hairy vetch and crimson clover were grown in the field, and succeeding corn was sown on 4 May, 2010. The distribution of weed was surveyed at 15 April, 1 June, and 20 August. At 15 April, the weed biomass in hairy vetch field was higher than in crimson clover field. The dominant weeds were Capsella bursa-pastoris L. and Stellaria aquatica L. in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. At vegetative stage of corn, occurred weeds in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields were four and six species, respectively, while the weed was occurred with nine species in conventional. Also the dry weight of weed was decreased by 82 and 75% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields compared to conventional. On the other hand, after harvest of corn, occurred weed in hairy vetch, crimson clover and conventional was five, four and five species, respectively. Dry weight percentage of occurred weed in conventional was 23.5%, and the value was higher than 13.8 and 14.7% in hairy vetch and crimson clover fields, respectively. Stellaria aquatica L. as winter annual weed only occurred in cover crop field during corn growing season. It is these possibilities that low soil temperature and light interception by soil cover of legume cover crop.

잡곡-피복작물 작부체계에서 잡초 발생과 작물 생장

강명훈(Myung Hoon Kang),전승호(Seung Ho Jeon),이세훈(Se Hun Lee),윤성탁(Seong Tak Yoon),황재복(Jae Bok Hwang),김석현(Seok Byun Kim),심상인(Sang In Shim) 韓國雜草學會 2010 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.30 No.3

피복작물을 이용한 잡초 방제효과와 녹비효과를 비교 분석하여 효과적인 피복작물-잡곡 작부체계를 알아보기 위한 호밀과 자운영을 이용하여 포장시험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 피복작물의 잡초 방제효과는 잡초의 발아억제와 생육저해로 잡곡 초기생장에 있어 잡초발생시기를 늦추었다. 그러나 잡초 방제기간이 자운영은 30일 내외, 호밀은 40일 내외로 자운영보다 호밀의 잡초방제 효과가 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 무처리구와 자운영 피복구는 잡곡의 출수기 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 호밀의 피복구에서는 7일 정도 지연되었다. 피복작물에 대한 기장의 초장은 30%, 건물중은 70% 이상의 피해를 받았고, 조의 초장은 25%, 건물중은 60% 이상의 피해를 보였다. 그러나 시간이 경과함에 따라 조, 기장, 수수 모두 많은 회복을 보였으며, 특히 수수에서는 초장은 거의 회복되었으며, 건물중도 56% 까지 회복하였다. The study was conducted to evaluate the weed suppressing effects of two winter cover crops, Chinese milk vetch (CMV) and rye, in minor cereal fields in 2009. The suppressing activities of cover crops were due to the allelopathy of cover crops during weed emerging periods and competitive activity during vegetative growth of weeds. Weed suppression by cover crops were changed from 26.5 g m-2, 0.1 g m-2 and 0.2 g m-2 in control, rye field and CMV field, repectively, on June 22 to 428.6 g m-2, 1 g m-2 and 403.9 g m-2 in control, rye field and CMV field, respectively, on July 22. The weed dry weights were further changed to 656.3 g m-2, 607.8 g m-2 and 511.8 g m-2 in control, rye field and CMV field, respectively on August 22. The suppressing effect of cover crops also observed in minor cereals. Plant height and dry weight of sorghum was reduced to 68.7% and 33.6% of handweeding, respectively, on August 5. The reduction was recovered to 82.7% and 55.6% of control, respectively, on August 26. In addition, heading date of minor cereals was delayed by 7 days with rye.

Nitrous oxide emissions from soils amended by cover-crops and under plastic film mulching: Fluxes, emission factors and yield-scaled emissions

Kim, Gil Won,Das, Suvendu,Hwang, Hyun Young,Kim, Pil Joo Elsevier 2017 Atmospheric environment Vol.152 No.-

<P>Assessment of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factor (EF) for N2O emission inventory from arable crops fertilized with different nitrogen sources are under increased scrutiny because of discrepancies between the default IPCC EFs and low EFs reported by many researchers. Mixing ratio of leguminous and non leguminous cover crop residues incorporation and plastic film mulching (PFM) in upland soil has been recommended as a vital agronomic practice to enhance yield and soil quality. However, how these practices together affect N2O emissions, yield-scaled emissions and the EFs remain uncertain. Field experiments spanning two consecutive years were conducted to evaluate the effects of PFM on N2O emissions, yield-scaled emissions and the seasonal EFs in cover crop residues amended soil during maize cultivation. The mixture of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) seeds with 75% recommended dose (RD 140 kg ha(-1)) and 25% recommended dose (RD 90 kg ha(-1)), respectively, were broadcasted during the fallow period and 0, 25, 50 and 100% of the total aboveground harvested biomass that correspond to 0, 76, 152 and 304 kg N ha(-1) were incorporated before maize transplanting. It was found that the mean seasonal EFs from cover crop residues amended soil under No-mulching (NM) and PFM were 1.13% (ranging from 0.81 to 1.23%) and 1.49% (ranging from 1.02 to 1.63%), respectively, which are comparable to the IPCC (2006) default EF (1%) for emission inventories of N2O from crop residues. The emission fluxes were greatly influenced by NH4+-N, NOT-N, DOC and DON contents of soil. The cumulative N2O emissions markedly increased with the increase in cover crop residues application rates and it was more prominent under PFM than under NM. However, the yield-scaled emissions markedly decreased under PFM compared to NM due to the improved yield. With relatively low yield-scaled N2O emissions, 25% biomass mixing ratio of barley and hairy vetch (76 kg N ha(-1)) under PFM could be recommended to enhance yield and to mitigate N2O emissions in an upland maize cropping system. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

파종 시기에 따른 피복작물의 월동 후 생존과 생장 변화

이지현,심상인,강충길,지형진,이현복,이병모 한국작물학회 2009 Korean journal of crop science Vol.54 No.2

동계 피복작물의 파종 시기는 월동 후 회복률과 생산량에 아주 중요한 영향을 미치나, 포장에서 피복작물은 주작물의 수확이 끝난 후에 파종되기 때문에 주작물의 수확이 늦어질 경우 파종 시기를 놓쳐 안전한 월동이 어려울 수 있다. 본 실험에서는 4종의 피복작물에서 파종 시기에 따른 생육의 변화를 알아보았다. 1. 실내 발아 조사를 실시한 결과 모든 피복작물에서 25℃ 와 20℃ 에서는 비슷한 경향을 보였고, 15℃ 이하 처리구에서 온도가 낮아질수록 초기 발아율이 낮게 나타났다. 호밀은 5℃ 에서 처리 4일 후부터 발아를 시작해 처리 7일 후에는 90% 이상이 발아되었다. 2. 월동 전 생육 조사에서 크림손클로버, 알팔파, 헤어리베치는 지상부 길이와 생체중이 9월 파종구와 10월 파종구간에 차이를 보였고, 호밀은 9월 파종구와 10월 파종구 간에 큰 차이가 없어 다른 작물에 비해 내한성이 뛰어났다. 3. 월동 후 생체중은 모든 피복작물이 9월 파종구와 10월 파종구 사이에 차이가 나타났다. 호밀과 헤어라베치는 월동후 지상부 길이가 파종일에 따라 차이가 크지 않았으나, 크림손클로버와 알팔파는 10월 11일 이후 파종구에서 감소했다. 4. 크림손클로버는 10월 4일 이전 파종구에서는 피복률이 80% 이상으로 높게 나타났으며, 이후의 파종구에서는 점차 감소되어 10월 25일 파종구에서는 11.9%로 나타났다. 알팔파는 10윌 파종구에서 파종일이 늦어짐에 따라 피복률이 감소되었으며, 호밀과 헤어리베치는 파종 시기에 관계없이 우수한 피복률을 보였다. In organic fanning systems, integration of cover crops into cropping system are recommended to improve the soil quality, to prevent soil erosion, and to provide biological control of weeds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the optimal seeding dates of major cover crops. To know optimal seeding dates, crimson clover, alfalfa, rye and hairy vetch were sown on 20. Sep., 27. Sep., 4. Oct., 11. Oct., 18. Oct., 25. Oct. Rye could germinate and grow well in all the tested sowing dates. Hence, it was concluded that the sowing of rye could be conducted later in fall or more earlier in spring than any other cover crops tested in this study. Growth and ground covering capacity were significantly decreased by late sowing in alfalfa and crimson clover. For safe overwintering, alfalfa and crimson clover should be sown before late September. Similarly, field emergence of hairy vetch was found to be sensitive to soil temperature, however, its growth and ground covering capacity after overwintering was enough to compensate the delay in sowing. Germination tests in laboratory revealed that hairy vetch grew faster at 25~circC compared to 20~circC . The result suggested that germination and growth rate of hairy vetch was rapidly decreased at low temperature. Therefore, it is recommended that hairy vetch should be sown as soon as possible in September for improving stand establishment after overwintering.