치과 임상기관별 치과 진료용 의자의 세균 수 비교

황금빛,성유경,유아련,이은영,정지영,현수정,서미화,김지연,전현선 한국치위생감염관리학회 2015 한국임상치위생학회지 Vol.3 No.2

The aim of the study was to compare of bacterial counts on dental unit chairs among various dental clinical institutions. A total of 9 frequently used unit chairs from W University Hospital, Y University dental hygiene laboratory, local clinic A, B were chosen. Bacterial samples were collected from three parts (spittoon, 3-way syringe handle, bracket table) of each unit chair and then incubated for 48 hours at 37℃ after spreading on BHI agar. We measured the bacterial counts using CFU unit. Kruskal-Wallis and Man Whitney tests were utilized to compare the difference among multiple groups and two groups, respectively using SPSS Statistics Program version 21.0 (p<0.05). The median of bacterial counts in spittoon from local clinics was 7535.00CFU/㎖ which was the highest among all groups. The median score of the W University hospital, The Y University dental hygiene laboratory, and local clinics were 496.17 CFU/㎖, 53.08 CFU/㎖, and 3261.42 CFU/㎖, respectively. According to the result, p-value among groups was 0.034 and it showed statistically significant (P<0.05). Proper surface disinfection is necessary to all institutions. Health care providers should be aware of the importance of systematic surface disinfection in dental environment. Guideline should be established as soon as possible to ensure efficient and practical surface disinfection.

Syntax of Aspect and Event Quantifiers: the Case of Mandarin

김규민 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2020 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.87

This paper proposes that two types of a verbal classifier in Mandarin, recognized as event quantifiers in the literature, contribute to the internal properties of a predicate, namely lexical aspect (e.g., Smith 1991, Travis 2010). One type of classifier, an event-internal one, has a function of counting the number of an event that took place, and the other type, an event-external one, has a function of counting the number of an occasion in which an event took place. Building on this property of each of the verbal classifiers, this paper proposes that each type of verbal classifiers realizes an Asp(ect) head that represents lexical aspect: an internal one realizes L(ow)-Asp that merges above VP, and an external one realizes H(igh)-Asp that merges above vP. It is further proposed that a verbal classifier that realizes L-Asp takes a VP as a syntactic unit to count, and one that realizes H-Asp takes a vP as a syntactic unit to count. Interestingly, the proposed L-Asp and H-Asp parallel to two syntactic heads associated with lexical aspect in Travis (2010). One of the important consequences of this paper is to integrate the function of counting into the syntax of aspect, which has not been considered as a core aspectual property.

소아 중환자의 예후 인자로서 혈소판 감소증과 변화 양상의 유용성

김윤희,박현빈,김민정,김환수,이희선,한윤기,김경원,손명현,김규언 대한중환자의학회 2013 Acute and Critical Care Vol.28 No.2

Background: Thrombocytopenia has been shown to be a useful predictor of mortality in adult intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study is to assess whether the level of platelet count at ICU admission and the changes in platelet counts can predict mortality in the pediatric ICU (PICU). Methods: Platelet counts were checked daily for at least 4 days in a total of 303 children who were admitted to the ICU. We compared the initial platelet counts and changes in platelet counts between survivors and non- survivors. A multivariable logistic regression model, a receiver operating characteristic curve and a linear mixed model were used. Results: The initial platelet count was significantly lower in non-survivors when compared to survivors. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that platelet count <120 × 109/L (Odds ratio, 4.913; 95% confidence interval 2.451−9.851; p < 0.0001) was an independent predictor of mortality. In the case of children with thrombocytopenia (<120 × 109/L) at admission to the ICU, the platelet counts increased serially in survivors, whereas non-survivors maintained their decreased platelet counts. In the case of children without thrombocytopenia, the platelet counts decreased most on day 3 in non-survivors. Conclusions: At admission to the ICU, thrombocytopenia defined as a platelet count <120 × 109/L can be a useful predictor of mortality in children. In children who had initial thrombocytopenia, the serial increase of platelet counts can be related to increased survival, whereas in children who did not have initial thrombocytopenia, more than a 10% decrease of platelet counts on day 3 can be related to mortality.

UV-254 nm Light 가 병원 내 공기오염에 미치는 영향

변미라 ( M R Byun ),정병천 ( B C Jeung ),용미선 ( Ms Yong ),김성일 ( S I Kim ),박인환 ( I H Park ) 대한임상검사과학회 1992 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.24 No.1

An individual may be increased risk of acquiring an infectious disease either because of inherent host factors, such as age and illness or environmental factors. Among the exogenous causes, especially the mode of airborne transmission in hospital infection, the authors observed the effects of UV -254 nm light on air contaminants in the intensive care unit by performing colony counts and Gram stain. The mechanism of action of UV -254 nm light on air contaminants is known to be the destruction of the microbial genetic material such as DNA and/or RNA. The results of reducing the air contaminants through the UV -254 nm light in the intensive care unit show the destruction of a broad spectrum of pathogenic and apportunistic microorganisms as follows: 1. The effect was began from one hour after exposure of the UV -254 nm light device and low coloy counts were maintained constantly up to the 12th day. 2. The UV -254 nm light was most effective in crowded conditions of the intensive care unit. 3. Among the microorganisms, the device especially reduced the colony counts of Staphylococcus species.

유럽연합 및 독일에서의 배출권 이전 및 무상할당에 관한 법적 문제

鄭南哲(Namchul Chung) 한국법학원 2018 저스티스 Vol.- No.166

파리협정의 체결로 각국은 국가별 기여방안(NDCs)을 제출하였고, 우리 정부도 2030년 배출전망치(BAU)에 대비하여 37% 감축안을 제시하였다. 그러나 이 중에서 11.3%는 해외시장에서 배출권을 구매하여 감축할 예정이다. 이러한 정책은 온실가스감축에 관한 정책의 불확실성을 보여주는 것이다. 파리협정 제4조 제13항에서는 배출권의 산정에 있어서 이중계산금지(avoidance of double counting)를 규정하고 있다. 이러한 해외감축분의 계산이 이중계산금지의 원칙에 위배되지 않아야 한다. 교토의정서에서는 선진국이 다른 선진국이나 개발도상국에 투자하여 온실가스를 감축하는 것을 인정하고 있다. 유럽연합에서는 배출권거래제가 도입되어 확대되고 있다. 근래에는 배출권거래제의 개혁과 배출권의 이전과 관련된 탄소누출(carbon leakage)이 문제가 되고 있다. 또한 유럽연합에서는 무상할당을 단계적으로 감축하고 있으며, 유럽사법재판소에서는 무상할당에 대한 분쟁이 적지 않다. 이러한 사정은 독일의 경우에도 유사하여 배출권거래제에 관한 헌법소원이나 행정소송이 증가하고 있다. 우리나라의 하급심에서도 배출권거래에 관한 행정소송이 늘고 있다. 정부가 제시한 국가별 기여방안(NDCs)은 매우 불확실하고 유동적이어서 이를 그대로 유지할 수 있는지도 미지수이다. 배출권의 할당을 둘러싼 공법상 분쟁이 점차 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 향후 배출권거래제에 관한 공법적 분쟁을 해결할 전문지식과 법리의 개발이 시급하다. With the signing of the Paris Agreement each country has submitted its nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The South Korean government has also proposed the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 37 percent from business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030. However, 11.3% of them are planning to be purchased in overseas markets. Regrettably it demonstrates the uncertainty of the government policy on greenhouse gas reduction. Article 4 (13) of the Paris Agreement provides for the avoidance of double counting in the calculation of emission rights. The calculation of emission reductions in overseas markets should not violate the principle of avoidance of double counting. The Kyoto Protocol recognizes that developed countries can cut greenhouse gas emissions by investing in other developed countries or developing countries. In the European Union, emissions trading system has been introduced and expanded. In recent years, carbon leakage related to the reform of emissions trading system and transfer of emission rights has become a big problem. In addition, the European Union has cut down its free allocation of emissions and the European Court of Justice has a few disputes over free allocation of emissions. This situation is so similar to the case in Germany where constitutional claims or administrative litigations on emissions trading systems are increasing. In Korea, there are recently some administrative litigations on emissions trading in the lower court, especially in Seoul Administrative Court. The NDCs, which the South Korean government has provided, are uncertain and fluid. Thus it is unpredictable whether they can be maintained or not. I think that disputes over the allocation of emission allowances are expected to increase gradually. It is necessary to develop specialized knowledge and legal principles to resolve public disputes concerning the emission trading system in the future.

제주도방언의 단위성의존명사 연구

김순자(Soon Ja Kim) 한국어학회 2014 한국어학 Vol.63 No.-

Counting units of Jeju dialect are studied and reported here, which is based on 80 counting unit forms from ‘Korean Grammar’ written by Jeong-soo, Seo. Unique counting units of Jeju are also researched and added. The research was conducted regionally after examining the meanings according to the ‘Korean Dictionary’. In this study, Jeju island was divided into 4 parts, Northeast (Waheul, Hado), Southeast(Gasi, Wimi), Northwest(Gonae, Josu), and Southwest (Saekdal, Anseong), and 2 villages were chosen from each part. 8 interviewers in their 70s or more were picked from those villages and interviews were conducted face to face. Therefore, what we look for the meanings of counting units from a dictionary is not the same as we use in real life in Jeju so we need to revise the details. After standardizing weights and measures, old counting units are not used more often than before so they are more likely to disappear. That is why more organized surveys and studies are required.

Counting Research Publications, Citations, and Topics: A Critical Assessment of the Empirical Basis of Scientometrics and Research Evaluation

Wolfgang G. Stock,Gerhard Reichmann,Isabelle Dorsch,Christian Schlögl 한국과학기술정보연구원 2023 Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice Vol.11 No.2

Scientometrics and research evaluation describe and analyze research publications when conducting publication, citation, and topic analyses. However, what exactly is a (scientific, academic, scholarly or research) publication? This article demonstrates that there are many problems when it comes to looking in detail at quantitative publication analyses, citation analyses, altmetric analyses, and topic analyses. When is a document a publication and when is it not? We discuss authorship and contribution, formally and informally published documents, as well as documents in between (preprints, research data) and the characteristics of references, citations, and topics. What is a research publication? Is there a commonly accepted criterion for distinguishing between research and non-research? How complete and unbiased are data sources for research publications and sources for altmetrics? What is one research publication? What is the unit of a publication that causes us to count it as “1?” In this regard, we report problems related to multi-author publications and their counting, weighted document types, the unit and weighting of citations and references, the unit of topics, and counting problems—not only at the article and individual researcher level (micro-level), but also at the meso-level (e.g., institutions) and macro-level (e.g., countries). Our results suggest that scientometric counting units are not reliable and clear. Many scientometric and research evaluation studies must therefore be used with the utmost caution.

Assessment of indoor air micro-flora in selected schools

Katiyar, Vinita Techno-Press 2013 Advances in environmental research Vol.2 No.1

Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

응급실을 통해 중환자실에 입원한 노인 환자에서 예후 예측 인자로서의 호중구 대 림프구 비율의 유용성

김상규,박정호,오상희,박상현,김한준,김수현,김성욱,주종호,최승필,오재훈 대한응급의학회 2019 대한응급의학회지 Vol.30 No.6

Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) increases the risk of in-hospital density in patients aged 65 and older, who are hospitalized in intensive care through the emergency rooms. Methods: A retrospective medical record study was conducted on elderly patients who were admitted to intensive care units via the emergency room. The exclusion criteria were data loss, intensive care unit reentry, cerebrovascular accidents, hematologic disease, and trauma cases. Results: The study included 526 patients; the mean age was 79, and 261 (49.6%) were male. The in-hospital mortality was 18.4% (97 patients). The initial NLR was higher in the non-survivor group than the survivor group, but the difference was not statistically significant (9.82±11.02 vs. 11.48±6.11, P=0.080). In multivariate logistic analysis, the initial NLR had no statistical significance, and the odd ratio was increased from one day later. Comparing the receiver operating characteristic curve of the NLR and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) scores, the NLR showed an increase in the area of under curve (AUC) value over time as well as the highest AUC with the SAPS II scores. Conclusion: In elderly adults, early NLR was found to have weak power to predict in-hospital mortality. Over time, the NLR values more than two days after intensive care unit admission may be useful in predicting the in-hospital mortality for older patients. This may be due to the delay in the immune response and the complex medical history.

Evaluation on freshness and microbiological quality for eggs collected from grocery stores in Korea

송보라,김영조,윤하청,임종수,서건호,허은정,박현정,위성환,문운경,오선민,문진산 한국예방수의학회 2013 예방수의학회지 Vol.37 No.2

A total of 960 egg samples were collected during each season of spring, summer, fall, and winter between September, 2011 and August, 2012. Thirty eggs each were collected from eight grocery stores located in Hwaseong, Anseong, Incheon, Pocheon, Eumseong, Gunsan, Gumi, and Yangsan with consideration for geographical conditions, scale of markets, and state of washing. When each pH of eggs' yolk and white was examined, the mean pH values of egg yolk and egg white were 6.02~6.37 and 9.07~9.19, respectively. The pH of the egg was affected by seasonal change (P<0.05). Most of the eggs collected from spring and winter were fresh, considering the pH of white and yolk, and the freshness of eggs was lowest for those collected during summer and fall. However, the pH of washed and unwashed white and yolk was not affected by seasonal change (P>0.05). Haugh unit was represented in the order of winter (74.15), spring (70.52), fall (65.90), and summer (60.30). In addition, the total viable counts of egg content showed minor differences according to season, however, egg shells showed differences (P<0.05) according to season. Eggs collected during summer showed the highest total viable count level (mean 3.63±0.54 log cfu/g). In contrast, eggs collected from winter showed the lowest total viable count level (mean 1.57±0.68log cfu/g). Total viable counts of shells from washed eggs from large grocery stores were lower than those of unwashed egg shells from small grocery stores. Coliforms were partly isolated at less than 1.0 log cfu/g from egg contents and egg shells collected during summer. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the freshness and microbiological quality of eggs have improved since the introduction of storage conditions (0~15℃) for eggs in 2005.