국토환경관리정책 변화와 개발제한구역의 지속가능한 관리 방안

전성우,박용하,홍현정,최현아,강성대 한국환경연구원 2013 기후환경정책연구 Vol.2013 No.-

Urban problems (overpopulation, destruction of the environment, traffic jam, housing shortage, etc.) have occurred because of the rapid urban growth and national land development following industrialization and the urbanization. Accordingly, the green belt system was introduced in 1971. Amid the escalating living discomfort of local residents due to excessive regulations on the green belt, the green belt has been released, starting with Chang won industrial complex. The green belt is expected to be adjusted until 2020. Against this backdrop, sustainable management of the green belt is a pressing need. In this study, we inquired into the change of national land/environmental policies, the current release of the green belt, and advanced cases of green belt management. We analyzed/anticipated climate change and other environmental changes of released areas, and suggested sustainable management measures for the green belt to be environmentally sound and to improve the quality of the life. Under the influence of national land policies that sought optimized growth in the 1 960s and 1 970s, t he u se density o f urban space got higher while t he environmental assimilating capacity experienced saturation. For these reasons, the green belt system has been introduced and maintained. However, owing to the nation-dominated green belt policy, local residents and landowners have disobeyed it in the form of civil complaints, illegal acts, and so on. Every time the green belt policy was transformed, they demanded the release and adjustment of the green belt. With conflicts between the maintenance and release of the green belt, there was further release and adjustment of the green belt, accompanies by changes in policies in the 1990s and modification in the 2000s. The green belt has adjusted in consideration of various national land policies and environmental policies, undergoing a period of additional correction and management strengthening in the 2010s. However, the green belt system is insufficient in terms of connection with environmental plans, environmental standard settings on development activities, and relationship with environmental politic controls. Countries such as England, Canada, Germany and France have expanded their green belts with support from the government and citizens. The central government provides green belt planning guidelines. Based on these guidelines, local governments establish spatial plans on the green belt at the metropolitan or the sub metropolitan level, and manage it effectively. At this stage, the level of green belt utilization is different, depending on the local characteristics. Development activities that can contain public concern are accepted. The installation of facilities, which are less related to the purpose of designating land as the green belt, is suppressed. Instead, facilities to conserve the natural environment around cities and to procure the life environment of citizens are set up in the green belt, and they are opened for the recreation and healthy living of local residents. Through effective management, these countries fulfill the purpose of designating the green belt, restrain the spread of indiscriminate development, support economic ability, and contribute to the local growth by vitalizing culture, recreation and tourism. In Korea, regardless of land characteristics, we have regulated and restricted actions uniformly as follows; regulation of business conduct, limitation on utilization for leisure facilities, and so on. We have selected regions where the pressure of the urban sprawl and the concern of environmental damage are low, and released them as the green belt continuously. After the release of the green belt, sprawling development has occurred in released areas. Built-up areas have spread in connection with existing urban zones, and the environment of nearby regions including released areas has been harmed. These situations go against the purpose of designating or releasing the green belt. As development works in released areas have been derived to strengthen city competitiveness, the moving-in population has increased. Habitats and movement routes of wildlife were damaged, and the vitality of vegetation was decreased. The ecological network was disconnected, and the health of the ecosystem and species diversity were threatened. The water quality was affected by the increase of soil runoff and the inflow of non-point pollutants to river. The land surface temperature was increased by wise, energy-consumptive living and production activities. Environmental changes took place, including an increase in atmospheric temperature, and a change of wind speed. These led to the degradation of atmospheric quality. It is expected that the expansion of built-up areas, including existing cities and regions of leap-frog development, would be encouraged, with the release of the green belt. According to the continuous release of the green belt based on regional town planning, urban zones will grow rapidly, targeting the vulnerable agriculture and the forest lands around the city. The conurbation will see faster growth. The expansion of the city will also result in a larger high temperature zone. Pollutants will be accumulate over the city, having a higher concentration in the atmosphere. There are concerns that severe weather phenomena may occur more frequently. Issues related to the green belt are complicated and diverse. Since they directly affect the lives of local residents and related policies, it is necessary to improve measures to manage the green belt systematically and effectively. To maintain a comfortable city environment, we propose basic directions for smart management of the green belt. First, the natural environment and the ecosystem of the green belt should be protected. More efforts should be taken to preserve the region`s, where the natural landscape is excellent and the conservation value is high. Therefore, we should expand the green belt, build up connections with the green and waterside network, and systematically manage the natural environment and the ecosystem of the green belt. We should protect the broken and damaged environment by construct ecological corridors and coupled zones around the green belt, connecting with the natural ecosystem inside and outside the green belt and building green spaces to prevent the conurbation. In response to climate change, we should conserve natural resources of the green belt by improving green coverage areas of the green belt and biological diversity and securing new regeneration energy. Second, sustainable use and management should be accomplished in the green belt, limiting the use of the green belt whenever possible. We should secure human living activities that minimize the influence on nature through transfer of technology, supporting finances for sustainable agricultural production, diversifying community support programs and aiding useable facilities. We should revitalize the use and rest of the green belt, transforming the green belt into public parks and constructing leisure green facilities in purchased land. Traffic and movement networks around the green belt should be set up. The white belt should be constructed for commuting. The pleasant environment of urban life and the movement network should be created by ensuring a low density of the life environment. Third, when green belt development is inevitable and the green belt is released or used restrictedly, we should reinforce the management system of the green belt considering the environmental assimilating capacity. It is necessary to manage national land for balanced development by connecting the national land policy and the environmental policy as follows; connection reinforcement of the national land comprehensive plan and the national environment comprehensive plan, consideration of the environmental management of released region from the green belt on town planning, reinforced trial of the environmental impact assessment system, and preparation of guidelines for the release and development of the green belt. We should induce the eco-friendly use and development of released areas and reflect local characteristics in the management system as follows; selection of released and developed locations from the green belt with consideration of the current situation and development impacts, development technique application to minimize environmental change, preparation of impact reduction countermeasures according to department, arrangement of solutions to manage pollutants reasonably, periodic monitoring of implementing measures as above, and the establishment and application of customized methods to reflect the regional nature. The basic investigation should be followed and the environmental monitoring should be enforced. Environmental facilities should be installed additionally. We expect the above measures to create a comfortable urban environment, which maintains harmony between conservation and use, through smart management of greenbelt, and contribute to the development of a sustainable national land environment.

공간환경계획 수립을 위한 환경정보의 체계화와 개선방안

엄정희 ( Jeong Hee Eum ),최희선 ( Hee Sun Choi ),이길상 ( Gil Sang Lee ) 한국환경연구원 2010 환경정책연구 Vol.9 No.2

Environmental conservation plan, notwithstanding their feasibility and potential utility in construction of environment-friendly spaces, has long been perceived in practice as “declarative” and a “formality.” Such perceptions are largely the result of the failure to provide spatial planning that is directly relevant to development of the space in question, and to sufficiently interconnect with urban development plan. This demonstrates the need for ways to link disparate plans, i.e. to enact “spatial environment plan.” In response to these issues, this study proposes the systematization of spatial environment data as a necessary prerequisite to the establishment of spatial environment plan, which would provide both linkages with other plans, and ensure the applicability of environmental conservation plan. To this end, this study analyzed existing environmental data, and then proposed systems for links with spatial environment plan. In respect of this, the study examined spatial data systems, and then classified applicable spatial according to each environmental medium. The study also produced spatial information and planning items that can be included in spatial environment plans for each of the nine environmental media, and then constructed a system that could link the existing spatial information system, current spatial environment data, and spatial environment management plan. Furthermore, the study proposed matters for improvement in the construction of spatial environmental data to ensure the activation of spatial environment plan. The construction of a systematic spatial database, by facilitating the smooth establishment of spatial environment plan, can enhance and upgrade environmental conservation plan, while contributing to enhanced linkages with related spatial plans.

Evolution of a Fishery Management Plan: A Case of the Atlantic Herring Fishery

Cho,JungHee,JohnM.Gates 한국해양수산개발원 2003 해양정책연구 Vol.18 No.2

This paper describes the evolution of a management plan for the Northwest Atlantic Herring fishery in US waters. It is relatively small fishery in value of landings. Also the fishery is a highly volatile one. However herring is an important species in the food web of the Northwest Atlantic. Sea surface temperature(SST) has been demonstrated to be a key parameter in determining the production of pelagic fisheries in a changing environment. So, Juvenile and larval stage herring are hypothesized to be very sensitive to low temperature. We focus only on sea surface temperature effects on Atlantic herring stock by estimating the correlation coefficient between the SST and the change of stock using the two year old stock. The correlation is 0.69. The Atlantic Herring fishery has currently an unusually large offshore stock and inshore stock component is close to or already fully exploited. Permits designed to elicit the appropriate response in conservation of a fully exploited stock, we refer to as "Fishery Conservation Permits(FCP)". Development of available resource would be achieved through "Fishery Development Permits(FDP)". FCPs would control access to and exploitation of the coastal resource of Area 1. Also, there are three kinds of FDPs and they differ by their priority. This permit plan did appear to be approved at a New Bedford meeting of the Council. However herring was not on the list of Council priorities and would not receive the benefit of their attention. In response to the refusal of the Council to take a more pro-active stance, a group of commercial herring harvesters has expressed theier interests in a "sole owner" approach. The structure of this fishery's industry, and its robust condition make it a good candidate for a painless transition to a right-based system.

해양공간계획법 제정 이후 온배수의 활용과 규제에 관한 법·정책 개선안

박지현 한국환경법학회 2018 환경법연구 Vol.40 No.3

In April 1st of 2018, 「Marine Space Plan and Management Law」 has implemented. From now on, inland waters, coastlines, territorial waters, EEZ, will be used under the management policy of ‘plan ahead use later’. 「Marine space plan and management law」 has the purpose of preserving the sustainable marine ecosystem. Before, marine space has been used mostly for development purpose. Power plants have been releasing thermal effluent since 1930 in Korea with the adoption of thermal power plan in 1930 and nuclear power plan in 1958. However, the regulatory framework in thermal energy lacks consistency greatly and does not provide a legal ground for mandatory management. For the specific guideline, maximum temperature(Tmax), 1-hour change(△Th), 24- hour change(△T24) of the temperature after releasing thermal effluent should be implemented. Second, a conflict between energy policy and the law has to be fixed. 「New energy and renewable energy development, use and supply promotion law」 does provide hydrothermal energy as the renewable energy source. However, 「An Act on the promotion of and support for the water reuse」 exempted nuclear plant thermal effluent. nuclear power plant thermal effluent account for 52.8%of whole thermal effluents in Korea. It can be used for the greenhouse heating in farm and it should not be banned completely without a valid reason. 「Act on promotion and support of water reuse」 already provides excellent ground to use all thermal effluent. Many laws are related to the administration of thermal effluent. Taking complementary measures will support the balance of thermal effluent and preservation of the marine ecosystem. Third, the committee for the approval and damage from the thermal effluent is needed. Fourth, already existing ‘marine eco-conservation system levy’ can be used for the licensee to more focus on the preservation of marine eco-system with the collaboration of local government. 2018년 4월 1일부터 「해양공간계획 및 관리에 관한 법률」이 시행되어 내수, 영해, 배타적 경계수역, 해안선까지 해양공간에 ‘선 계획 후 이용’관리방식을 적용한다. 이는 해양에 미치는 다양한 영향을 측정하여 해양사용을 배분하는 것으로, 과거 「연안관리법」으로 개발에 치중하는 것과는 다른 입법목적을 지니고 있는데 그것은 ‘해양생태계의 지속가능한 보전’이다. 우리나라는 1930년 화력발전, 1958년 원자력발전 도입 후 이들 발전소와 대규모 산업시설에서 온배수를 배출하고 있다. 연간 1,000억 톤 이상 배출될 것이 예상되는 가운데 온배수를 별도로 관리하는 법이 없을뿐더러 온배수의 정의부터 확산구역배출허가 등의 허가, 배수에 대한 규제가 명확하지 않아 개선이 요구된다. 4가지의 개선점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 해수의 사용하고 온배수를 배출하는데 구체적인 기준이 필요하다. 배수 후 주변 해수의 1시간 동안 최대온도변화(△Th), 24시간 최대온도변화(△T24), 확산구역경계에서의 최대온도(Tmax), 취수구와 방류구간의 온도 등에 대한 세부기준을 명확히 함으로써 법적 안정성을 높일 필요가 있다. 현재는 ‘온배수 배출 및 확산구역 사용신청서’를 해양수산부 장관에게 제출하면서 지정 전문연구기관이 타당성 조사를 하고 별개로 환경영향평가, 부처협의, 주민 의견수렴 과정에서 규제와 관리를 하고 있다. 둘째, 온배수 재이용을 위한 정의조항수정이 필요하다. 유일한 정의조항인 「물의 재이용 촉진 및 지원에 관한 법률」 제2조 6의 2는 “"발전소 온배수"란 취수한 해수를 발전소(원자력발전소는 제외한다)의 발전과정에서 발생한 폐열을 흡수하는 냉각수로 사용하여 수온이 상승한 상태로 방출되는 배출수를 말한다.”고 규정하고 있다. 52.8%를 차지하는 원자력발전의 온배수를 재처리수로 이용하지 못하도록 배제되어 있다. 에너지는 민법상 관리할 수 있는 자연력으로 「에너지법」에 의하면 연료, 열 및 전기가 에너지에 해당하는 것이었으나 신에너지와 재생에너지를 확대·지정하고 개발을 장려하여 「신에너지 및 재생에너지 개발·이용·보급·촉진법」에 근거하여 관리할 수 있는 자연력의 범위를 확대하여 수열에너지 사용을 촉진하고, 해양소수력발전도 확대하고 있는 가운데 원자력 재처리수의 사용을 원천 배제한 것은 타당한 이유가 없는 한 수정되어 난방에너지 등으로 재이용될 수 있어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 온배수사용과 피해에 대해 객관적 조사위원회를 통해 과학적 검증으로 대처할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 사업자가 해양생태계보전에 초점을 둘 수 있도록 해양생태계보전협력금을 부과하면서 지자체에서 해당 부과금에 대한 협력적 사용을 장려하는 방식으로 해양공간사용의 정책 방향을 설정할 필요가 있다.

연안통합관리계획의 효과적 실행을 위한 지역 Network 시범모델 연구

이대인(Dae-In Lee),조현서(Hyeon-Seo Cho),조은일(Eun-Il Cho),이영철(Yung-Chul Lee) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2007 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.10 No.1

Integrated Coastal Management(ICM) has been recommended by international organizations and experts as a desirable way of dealing with the current problems of ocean pollution and ocean conservation and dealing with the conflicts among the various users of coastal and ocean resources. As a response, the Korean government legislated Coastal Management Act in 1999. Following the Act, local governments were required to make a local integrated coastal management plan(LICMP). Though the LICMPs are made, it is not easy to put LICMP in effect, because the mandates of the Coastal Management Act are not clear and there are conflicts regarding the jurisdiction of the coastal areas among relevant departments of the government and because it is not easy to monitor and supervise the activities along the vast areas of coasts and oceans. The traditional method of implementing the LICMP was not simply feasible. Community-based approach to the ICM was proposed as an alternative to the traditional method. This study aims to examine and introduce the community-based network of organizations as an alternative form of organization best suited to the integrated coastal management. This study is composed of four major parts. First, it examines the advantages of the network as a form of organization vis-vis the market and the hierarchy. Second, it reviews three well-known cases of integrated coastal management programs - Xiamen ICM program in China, Coastcare in Australia and Atlantic Coastal Action Program in Canada. Third, on the basis of the case study, it proposes principles and guidelines which we need to consider when we introduce the community-based approach to the ICM in Korea. Fourth, this study also reports on the actual networking processes in Yeosu City(the Yeosu Network for the effective implementation of integrated coastal management plan). The networking in Yeosu will serve as a demonstration of networking various stakeholders concerned with the balance between the development and conservation of finite ocean resources.

서울시 지구단위계획 세부 유형별 재정비 현황 및 주요 계획항목 분석

서윤재,최정윤,김수영 대한건축학회 2024 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.40 No.11

본 연구에서는 2022년 말까지 서울시에서 수립한 467개의 지구단위계획 중 131개 지구단위계획구역의 재정비 과정에서 변화한 주요 항목을 유형별로 분석하여 특징과 추세를 파악하였다. 세 유형 중 계획관리형에서 재정비가 가장 많이 이루어졌으며, 평균 주기는 110.9개월이었다. 계획관리형과 개발정비형은 주로 건축물 용도, 밀도, 용적률에서 변화가 많았던 반면, 보전재생형에서는 건축물의 형태와 외관에 대한 변화가 더 두드러졌다. 본 연구는 지구단위계획 재정비에 대한 유형별 집중 요소에 대한 지속적인 모니터링의 필요성을 시사한다. This study analyzed the key elements that changed during the redevelopment process for 131 district unit planning zones in Seoul, selectedfrom the 467 total plans established by the end of 2022, in order to identify specific characteristics and trends by type. The district unitplans were classified into three main categories, and the analysis focused on how redevelopment occurred differently in each category. Amongthe three types, the "Planning Management" type experienced the most frequent redevelopments, with an average cycle of 110.9 monthsbetween redevelopments. The "Planning Management" and "Development and Improvement" types commonly showed significant changes inland use, building density, and floor area ratios. On the other hand, the "Conservation and Regeneration" type had more noticeablemodifications in terms of building form, architectural style, and appearance. These findings suggest the need for a more tailored approach toredevelopment processes and underscore the importance of continuous monitoring of frequently altered elements in district unit plans, ensuringlong-term effectiveness and adaptability to urban changes.

Dynamic Maintenance of Underground Pipelines via a Systematic Approach for Conservative Estimation of Pipeline Defect Probability Density Under Data Scarcity

박담대,김창수,Kim Kyeongsu 한국화학공학회 2024 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.41 No.12

The scarcity of the defect data may lead to the underestimation of defects, resulting in maintenance plans with inspection intervals that may not guarantee timely repairs. To address the low reliability of defect distribution models developed from insuffi cient data, we propose a systematic approach for deriving conservative probability distributions of pipeline defects. Based on the formal defi nition of conservative probability distributions, we present methods for modeling such distributions for pipeline defects, with the fl exibility to adjust the degree of conservativeness. Furthermore, by incorporating Bayesian inference, we introduce a method for dynamic maintenance planning. The method enables eff ective utilization of the limited defect data samples obtained during pipeline inspection to assess overall pipeline conditions and dynamically determine subsequent maintenance intervals. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve cost-eff ective and safety-assured pipeline maintenance plans by quantitatively adjusting the degree of conservativeness, making it broadly applicable to various types of pipeline defects.

서울시 지구단위계획 유형별 재정비 항목 분석

서윤재(Seo, Yun-Jae),김수영(Kim, Su-Young) 대한건축학회 2024 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.44 No.2

This study analyzes the redevelopment of district unit plans in Seoul by type and the key changes made during the process. It examines 131 zones redeveloped by the end of 2022, classifying changes as modifications, additions, or removals across 73 detailed elements. The “Planning Management” type showed frequent changes in land use and density, while “Conservation and Regeneration” focused on historical and cultural preservation. The “Development and Improvement” type aimed to maximize development potential. These findings will aid in developing efficient strategies for future redevelopments.

시스템 사고를 통한 생태계서비스의 trade-off 관계 고찰

함은경 ( Eun Kyung Ham ),김민 ( Min Kim ),전진형 ( Jinhyung Chon ) 한국시스템다이내믹스학회 2015 한국시스템다이내믹스 연구 Vol.16 No.2

The purpose of this study is to analyze causation of Ecosystem service’s trade-off(ES trade-off) and to establish baseline data for wise spatial planning and management. In order to understand why and how ES trade-off occurs, systems thinking and causal loops were employed. The causal loop of ecosystem service creation cycle includes profits quantification process, decision making process, spatial planning and management process, and ecosystem services creation process. The profits quantification process has a limitation that all ecosystem service categories were not included in profits quantification, because quantification method for cultural services is insufficient. These problems led to unequal discussion opportunity in decision making process. ES trade-off occurs through transition of ecosystem function in spatial scale and temporal scale. In spatial scale, land-use variation and resource-use variation contribute to change an ecosystem function for different ES category by spatial planning and management. In temporal scale, a change of an ecosystem function for different ES category is influenced by ecological succession, seasonal change and land cover variation, which are parameter from environmental features. This study presented that spatial planning and management should ecosystem service assessment in order to enhance balanced ecosystem services.

파리시 도시계획 제ㆍ개정 과정에서 나타나는 역사문화경관 개념 확대와 도시계획적 관리수단의 변화

임유경(Lim, Yoo-Kyoung),안건혁(Ahn, Kun-Hyuck),박소현(Park, So-Hyun) 한국도시설계학회 2011 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.12 No.6

이 연구에서는 프랑스 파리시의 도시계획 변천 과정에서 나타나는 도시 역사문화경관의 개념 변화와 이를 보존ㆍ관리하는 도시계획적 수단 사이의 상관관계를 밝히고, 향후 도시 역사문화경관의 효율적인 보존ㆍ관리 제도의 발전방향을 제시하기 위한 함의를 도출하고자 하였다. 파리시 도시계획 변화 과정에서 도시 역사문화경관에 대한 개념은 공간적, 기능적, 시간적 차원에서 점차 확대되었으며, 지역 정체성 형성의 근거, 지역민의 삶의 터전, 도시 진화과정의 한 단면으로 인식되고 있다. 확대된 의미에서의 도시 역사문화경관을 효율적으로 관리하기 위한 프랑스 도시계획변화 경향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다양성과 정체성 형성의 근거가 되는 도시조직과 건축유형을 효과적으로 보존하기 위해서 제도적 수단이 다양화ㆍ세분화되는 경향을 보인다. 둘째, 일상생활환경으로서의 도시 역사문화경관을 보존하기 위해서 대상 선정 과정에서 지역민의 의견을 수렴하는 등 보다 유연한 방식이 채택되고 있다. 셋째, 도시 역사문화경관을 도시 진화과정의 한 단면으로 인식하여 동결적 ‘보존’이 아닌 지속적인 ‘관리’ 방안을 강구해 왔으며, 역사적 가치 뿐 아니라 현실의 요구와 미래 발전방향을 동시에 고려한, 도시계획 차원에서의 접근이 이루어지고 있다. This paper aims to analyze evolution of the conservation planning of Paris in relation to the shifting concepts of urban historic-cultural landscape. Development of the conservation system of Paris, which has been introduced in 1960s, gives us some clues for establishing conservation planning principles. The notion of heritage has been broadened ; it embraces concepts ranging from the landmark to the urban area, from the great works of art to the modest works of everyday life, from the relics of historic value to the artifact of the present age. The objectives and the methods of the conservation planning have been transformed through the history ; Firstly, the conservation regulations have been further diversified and fragmented to safeguard the diversity and the identity of each urban entity. Secondly, selection of the historic site and application of the conservation principle tends to depend more on the local opinions. Finally, the aims of consevation are concerned more with the ‘urban management’ than with the strict ‘protection’ of the urban historic-cultural landscape. The broadened aims and the scope of the historic preservation would be better met when it is integrated in the urban planning discipline.