‘X하-, X위-, X외-’ 어간의 활용 패러다임과 불규칙성

김봉국 ( Kim Bong-gook ) 청람어문교육학회 2022 청람어문교육 Vol.- No.85

이 글의 목적은 한국어에 나타나는 ‘X하-’어간과 ‘X위-’, ‘X외-’ 어간의 활용 패러다임을 통해, 이들 활용 패러다임의 불규칙성을 고찰하였다. ‘X하-’ 어간의 경우에, 활용형 ‘하여’를 고려하면 어미가 바뀌는 불규칙 활용으로 보는 것이 타당하며, 활용형 ‘해’는 분포상의 제약이 덜하고, 문법적 환경이 넓어 문어나 구어에서 두루 사용되기 때문에 이러한 ‘애’ 불규칙활용을 학교문법이나 일반 문법서에 적극적으로 수용해야 한다고 보았으며, 여기에 속하는 예로 ‘바라-’가 있음을 논의하였다. ‘X위-’ 어간의 경우에, 반모음 [ɥ]를 /ɥ/로 인정함으로써 ‘뛰[t’ü]+어[ə]’가 ‘:[t’ɥə:]’로 바뀌는 사실을 공시적인 음운규칙인 ɥ 반모음화의 적용으로 설명할 수 있기 때문에 규칙활용으로 보았다. 따라서 ‘X위-’ 어간의 경우에는 ‘위’가 ü이든 wi이든, 활용 패러다임을 고려했을 때 규칙활용에 속하는 것으로 보았다. ‘X외-’ 어간의 경우에, ‘되+어’가 ‘돼:’로 바뀌는 것을 공시적인 음운규칙으로 설명할 수 없기 때문에 불규칙활용으로 보았다. 이들이 불규칙활용을 보이는 것은 통시적으로 자음어미와의 결합형이 겪은 변화와 모음어미와의 결합형이 겪은 변화가 서로 달랐기 때문인데, 이 변화의 결과로 인해 공시적으로는 ‘왜’ 불규칙활용이 나타나게 된 것이다. The purpose of this article is to examine the irregularities of theirs through the conjugation paradigms of verb stem ‘Xha-, Xü-, Xö-’ that appear in Korean. In case of verb stem ‘X하-’, Considering conjugated form ‘하여’, it is reasonable to view it as an irregular conjugation that changes the verb ending. The conjugated form ‘해’ has less restrictions on distribution and is widely used in written and spoken language because it has a wide grammatical environment, so it can be called ‘애’ irregular conjugation. It was considered that this should be actively accepted in school grammar or general grammar books, and it was also discussed that ‘bara-’ could be considered as an example of this type. In case of verb stem ‘Xü-’, By recognizing the semivowel [ɥ] as /ɥ/, it can be explained that ‘t’ü+ə’ is changed to ‘t’ɥə:’ is applied to the synchronic phonological rule, ɥ Glide formation. Therefore, in the case of the verb stem ‘X위-’, whether it is a short vowel ü or a diphthong wi, it belongs to the realm of regular conjugation. In case of verb stem ‘X외-’, The change of ‘되+어’ to ‘돼:’ can be viewed as irregular conjugation because it cannot be explained by the synchronic phonological rules. This is a different cause. The reason for this irregular conjugation is that the change process experienced in the conjugation form combined with the consonant ending and the conjugation form combined with the vowel ending is different diachronically. And, as a result of this diachronic change, these examples that showed irregular conjugation synchronicly was named ‘왜’ irregular conjugation.

韓國語 語彙 敎育을 위한 用言의 制約 活用形과 特殊 活用形 硏究

김정남,박현정 진단학회 2010 진단학보 Vol.- No.109

In this study, it names the case ‘restricted conjugation’ that a predicate is used mainly for a specific conjugation only and also the case ‘special conjugation' that, while a predicate can be used by various conjugations, when it has a different meaning from the one in having general conjugations widely as it was specialized in the meaning to appear as a specific conjugation out of them for the examination about these two cases from an educational perspective of Korean words. Restricted conjugations and special conjugations of predicate are 218 cases in total, which is an insignificant number in comparison with the total number of Korean predicates, but they are important since they account for a great portion of the basic words for Korean language education. The frequency of endings to appear in restricted conjugation of adjectives is ‘-(eu)n /neun/-(eu)l, -ge, -eo(seo)/-eoya, -go, -myeon' in the order, and the frequency of endings to appear in restricted conjugation of verbs is -eo/-eodo/-eoya, -(eu)n/neun/-(eu)l, -go, -aseo, -ji' in the order. Also, the frequency of endings to appear in special conjugation of adjectives is ‘-ge/-gena/-geneun, -(eu)n, -(eu)myeon, -aseoneun', in the order, and the frequency of endings to appear in special conjugation of verbs is ‘-eo(seo)(neun), -(eu)n/neun/-(eu)l, -go, -ge, -myeon' in the order. In general, endings appear in more variety in case of verbs than those of adjectives and for the case of special conjugation, it accounts for greater portion of basic words, appears in more variety of endings, and shows an aspect of polysemy in the meaning than those of restricted conjugation. Also, most of all, there happens to occur a difficulty in interpretation of the meaning since the case in appearing as normal conjugation and the one in special conjugation coexist in the same type of conjugation. For them, special conjugation can be distinguished through substitution methods for conjugation and synonym. 본 연구에서는 용언이 특정한 활용형으로만 주로 사용되는 경우를 制約 活用形이라 命名하고 용언이 여러 가지 활용형으로 사용될 수 있지만 그중 특정 활용형으로 나타날 때 의미적으로 특수화되어 일반적인 활용형을 두루 가질 때의 의미와 달라지는 경우에 대해서는 特殊 活用形이라 명명하여 이 두 가지에 대하여 한국어 어휘 교육적 관점에서 고찰하였다. 용언의 제약 활용형과 특수 활용형은 모두 218개 항목으로 한국어 전체 용언의 수에 비하면 미미한 숫자이지만 그 가운데 한국어 교육용 기초 어휘의 비중이 크다는 점에서 중요성이 있다. 형용사의 제약 활용형에 나타나는 어미의 빈도 순위는 ‘-(으)ㄴ/는/-(으)ㄹ, -게, -어(서)/-어야, -고, -면’의 순서이며 동사의 제약 활용형에 나타나는 어미의 빈도 순위는 ‘-어(서)/-어도/-어야, -(으)ㄴ/는/-(으)ㄹ, -고, -지’의 순서이다. 또한 형용사의 특수 활용형에 나타나는 어미의 빈도 순위는 ‘-게/-게나/-게는, -(으)ㄴ, -(으)면, -어서는’이며 동사의 특수 활용형에 나타나는 어미의 빈도수 순위는 ‘-어(서)/-어서는, -(으)ㄴ/는/-(으)ㄹ, -고, -게, -면’의 순이다. 일반적으로 동사의 경우가 형용사의 경우보다 어미가 더 다양하게 나타나며 특수 활용형은 제약 활용형에 비하여 기초 어휘의 비중도 높고 어미도 더 다양하게 나타나고 의미 면에서는 다의어적인 양상을 보인다. 또한 무엇보다 같은 형태의 활용형이 일반 활용형으로 나타나는 경우와 특수 활용형으로 나타나는 경우가 공존하여 의미 해석에 어려움이 따르기도 한다. 이들에 대해서는 활용형 대치 방법과 유의어 대치 방법을 통해 특수 활용형을 식별해 낼 수 있다.

예비 초등교사의 불규칙 활용 인식 연구 - 공주교육대학교 1학년을 대상으로 -

김혜영(Kim, Hye-Young) 공주교육대학교 초등교육연구원 2019 敎育論叢 Vol.56 No.4

이 연구의 목적은 예비 초등교사를 대상으로, 불규칙 용언의 활용 양상과 그 인식을 고찰하는 것이다. 용언 어간에 어미가 결합할 때 대부분의 용언들은 규칙 활용을 하지만 일부 용언들은 어간이나 어미의 형태가 변하는 불규칙 활용을 한다. 그런데 실제 언중의 언어 사용을 보면 불규칙 활용의 양상이 국어 어문 규정에서 정한 표준형과는 다르게 나타난다. 이에 본고에서는 공주교대 1학년 학생들을 대상으로 불규칙 활용의 사용 양상을 조사하고 그 결과를 토대로 불규칙 활용에 대한 인식을 고찰하였다. 10가지 불규칙 활용 유형에 대해 실제 학생들이 사용하는 활용형들을 조사한 결과, 용언의 기본형과 활용에 대한 이해 자체가 부족하였고, 표준형 외에 변이형들이 많이 나타났다. 변이형의 사용은 불규칙 유형별, 용언별로 차이가 있었다. 변이형은 불규칙형이 쓰여야 할 자리에 규칙형이 쓰이는 방식이 주를 이루었는데, 불규칙 활용 환경에서 규칙형의 사용이 가장 두드러진 것은 ㄹ 불규칙(ㄹ 탈락)이었다. ㅎ 불규칙은 변이형의 유형이 매우 다양하였다. ㅜ 불규칙과 ㅂ 불규칙에서는 불규칙형을 기본형으로 재구조화한 규칙 활용도 나타났다. 이러한 변이형 사용의 기제는 유추, 재구조화, 의미 변별, 유사 단어와의 혼동, 방언의 영향, 발음의 경제성 또는 종성의 약화 등 그 원리가 다양한 것으로 파악하였다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the conjugation patterns of irregular verbs and their perception of irregular conjugation in prospective elementary school teachers. When endings are combined with stems, most verbs conjugate regularly, but some verbs use irregularities that change the shape of the stem or ending. However, in actual language use, the pattern of irregular conjugation is different from the standard type set in the Regulation of Standard Korean. In this paper, we surveyed the use of irregular conjugation and investigated the perception of irregular conjugation for first grade students of Gongju National University of Education. As a result of investigating the conjugation patterns used by the students for the 10 irregular conjugation types, there was a lack of a basic understanding of the base forms of stems and conjugation, and Many non-standard variants appeared. And The use of variants differed by irregular type and verb. In general, regular forms were used where irregular forms should be used, such a feature was most prominent in the ‘ㄹ’ irregular conjugation. The‘ㅎ’ irregular conjugation had a wide variety of variants. In some verbs in ‘ㅜ’ irregular conjugation and ‘ㅂ’ irregular conjugation, irregular conjugation forms were restructured into basic forms, and the new stems conjugated regularly. The mechanism of use of these variants was found to be diverse, including analogy, restructuring, semantic discrimination, confusion with similar words, the influence of dialects, and the economics of pronunciation or the weakening of final consonant.

Development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via direct conjugation with ginsenosides and its in-vitro study

Singh, Hina,Du, Juan,Singh, Priyanka,Mavlonov, Gafurjon Tom,Yi, Tae Hoo Elsevier 2018 Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Bio Vol.185 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The current study focused on direct conjugation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with ginsenosides CK and Rg3. The direct conjugation approach was low-cost, eco-friendly, simple, fast and high yield. The synthesized conjugates (SPION-CK and SPION-Rg3) were characterized by field emission transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffractometer, and magnetometer. The characterization results confirmed the formation of SPIONs conjugates. The maximum attaching percentage for ginsenosides to SPIONs was found to be 5%. In vitro cytotoxicity assay in HaCaT keratinocyte cells revealed that the conjugates were non-cytotoxic to normal cells. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of SPION-CK and SPION-Rg3 were investigated. The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 (murine macrophage cells) were inhibited by SPIONs conjugates in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, SPION-CK and SPION-Rg3 significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner in the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Overall the results suggested that the SPIONs were conjugated with ginsenosides CK and Rg3 by using direct conjugation approach were non-cytotoxic and can be used as a carrier for intracellular release of ginsenosides in inflammatory diseases.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Simple, cheap, ecofriendly and high yield direct conjugation method has been developed. </LI> <LI> Direct conjugation method was used for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugation. </LI> <LI> Direct conjugation method was successful in conjugating SPIONs with ginsenosides CK and Rg3. </LI> <LI> The ginsenosides conjugates were nontoxic to HaCaT keratinocyte cells. </LI> <LI> The conjugates showed anti-inflammatory effects in RAW 264.7 cells. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>Conjugation scheme of ginsenosides with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs).</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

성인지적장애인과 비지적장애인의 용언 활용 비교 연구

정선희 ( Jeong Seon Hee ),정경희 ( Jung Kyung Hee ) 대구대학교 한국특수교육문제연구소 2017 특수교육저널 : 이론과 실천 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of conjugation Adults with intellectual disabilities and ordinary language age matched children with a focus on morphological aspect. The subjects of this study was 20 persons including 10 adults with second to third degree intellectual disabilities and 10 ordinary age matched children. For the research task, we performed test of accuracy in the production of predicates. The test of conjugation accuracy consisted of 10 predicates and 5 endings. The test measured the accuracy of combination between those predicates and endings. First, There was a significant difference between the two groups in total scores for accuracy of conjugation. Second, a significant difference was observed between adult group with intellectual disabilities and language age matched children group in total scores for accuracy conjugation based on regularity of predicates. Moreover, a difference was found to exist between the two groups in regularity. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of the effect of interaction based on group and regularity. A relatively large difference was found to exist between the two groups in accuracy of irregular conjugation, compared to regular conjugation. Third, when we examined the accuracy conjugation by ending, a significant difference in connection ending such as `nikka (so)` and `myeon (if)`was observed between the two groups. Fourth, no difference was found to exist between adult group with intellectual disabilities and language age matched children group in terms of frequency by error type and order of error rates. In conclusion, the above-mentioned results imply that guidance should be offered to clients with intellectual disabilities who have linguistic difficulty during intervention constantly with interest in relation to the irregular conjugation, considering that they still make mistakes in irregular conjugation even when they become adults, although they can learn the way to regular conjugation to some degree and can utilize regular conjugation accurately.

중국 조선어방언 ‘ㅅ’ 불규칙용언 활용양상에 대한 지리언어학적 고찰

전경 한중인문학회 2024 한중인문학연구 Vol.0 No.82

In Korean, which linguistically belongs to the agglutinative language type, the forms of particles and verb endings are well-developed. In the conjugation of verbs, various substitution patterns emerge during the combination of stems and endings. However, irregular substitution patterns, where stems and endings take different forms during conjugation, are commonly observed and have been traditionally addressed as irregular conjugations. Modern Korean includes various vocabulary items demonstrating irregular conjugations, and these patterns exhibit diversity depending on regional dialects. This study focuses on a geolinguistic analysis of 77 surveyed points from the National Social Science Foundation of China Key Project, "Chinese-Korean Dialect Atlas." The study centers on the 'ㅅ' irregular verbs '낫다(愈)' and '긋다(劃).' Initially, the paper confirms diachronic changes through literary materials and then examines usage patterns and specific dialectal forms in Chinese-Korean dialects. The conjugation patterns of 'ㅅ' irregular verbs reveal that '낫다(愈)' can be categorized into 'ㅅ' regular conjugation, 'ㅅ>ㅈ' regular conjugation, 'ㅅ>∅' irregular conjugation, and cases where regular and irregular conjugations coexist. Similarly, '긋다(劃)' is divided into 'ㅅ' regular conjugation, 'ㅅ>∅' irregular conjugation, and cases where regular and irregular conjugations coexist. During irregular conjugations, variant forms experiencing vowel deletion are observed in environments of vowel collision. Notably, in the case of '긋다(劃),' some dialects exhibit characteristics of vowel darkening during both regular and irregular conjugations. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the geographical distribution patterns of regular and irregular conjugations and explores the reasons behind the observed dialectical distribution characteristics.

용언의 활용형 일람표 연구 : 사전의 부록으로 활용하기 위한 방안을 중심으로

김종덕(Kim Chongdok),이종희(Lee Jong-hee) 한국사전학회 2005 한국사전학 Vol.- No.5

This paper tries to reveal that conjugation of Korean verbs is not as easy and simple as we thought so far not only to foreign learners of Korean but also to Koean, and aims to make up a conjugation table as an appendix of a dictionary. This conjugation table has 66 representative verbs on the vertical lines and 57 endings on the horizontal lines. Both representative verbs and endings are chosen on the consideration of their frequencies and representativenesses, and we try to choose those verbs and endings as basic words, if possible. Especially the verbs are classified into the part of speech, that is verbs or adjectives, and regular or irregular in conjugation. The verbs are also devided whether the last syllable of a stern has a consonant or vowel, and the last vowel of a stern is ‘ㅏ/ㅗ’,‘ㅣ’, or the others. This is how we get 66 tokens of verbs and adjectives. Peculiar numbers are given to each verbs and adjectives according to these classifications. The peculiar numbers should be given all the verbs and adjectives headwords in our dictionaries according to the way how a verb conjugates, that is, it should be get the same peculiar number of the representative verb, if a verb shows the same conjugation pattern of the representative verb in the conjugation table. Dictionary users could get easily any conjugation form of any verb with our conjugation table.

Conjugation Process in Spirogyra varians Monitored with FITC-lectins (Zygnemataceae, Chlorophyta)

Minchul Yoon,Man Kyu Kim,Gwang Hoon Kim 한국조류학회I 2009 ALGAE Vol.24 No.1

The conjugation processes of a filamentous freshwater green alga Spirogyra varians were examined using FITClectins. Conjugation comprised five steps: 1) aligning with adjacent filaments, 2) formation of conjugation protrusion (papilla), 3) fusion of the protrusions, 4) formation of conjugation tube, and 5) formation of zygotes. Three lectins, ConA, RCA and UEA, showed considerable labeling during the progression of conjugation. FITC-ConA labeled the surfaces of filaments throughout the whole conjugation processes. FITC-RCA labeling was observed at the conjugation protrusions only after the papilla formation. Strong labeling continued until formation of zygotes at the contacting area where the conjugation tube developed, but no labeling was detected on the surface of vegetative filaments. The labeling decreased gradually over time and disappeared when zygotes were formed. FITC-UEA showed similar labeling pattern with FITC-RCA except that weak labeling remained after zygote formation. Inhibition experiments using RCA, UEA which are complementary to sugars L-fucose and D-galactose, showed considerable decrease of conjugation (< 32% vs. 70% in control). These results suggested that the lectin-carbohydrate recognition system might be involved in the conjugation of Spirogyra varians.

한국어 교육의 문법 기술 방식 고찰: 불규칙 활용을 중심으로

이은희 이중언어학회 2009 이중언어학 Vol.41 No.-

This study examines how irregular conjugation is dealt in Korean grammar books and textbooks for foreigners and investigates how and why its describing methods differ from those of Korean language education for a mother tongue. This study inspires us to make a comprehensive judgment on how irregular conjugation is being described in the textbooks for Korean language education from academic theory books to teaching and studying materials that are used in practice. Concerning Korean grammar books for foreigners, this essay explores how major Korean grammar books approach irregular conjugation, focusing on how it is defined, how it is classified and what types it is classified into. Then this essay compares and analyzes the characteristics of each book, presenting the examined and proven results. When it comes to irregular conjugation, these Korean grammar books show different viewpoints in many aspects. These are very different from Korean grammar books for a mother tongue, which share a common definition and classification method but vary a little just on the types. As far as Korean textbooks for foreigners are concerned, this study scrutinizes how the Korean textbooks of major universities in Korea explain irregular conjugation, emphasizing what the contents are and how much significance is given to irregular conjugation. Right from the beginner level, irregular conjugation is considered important in these textbooks, which is an essential characteristic of Korean grammar description for foreigners in that the very feature sets these textbooks apart from Korean grammar books for a mother tongue. In addition, through the macroscopic and microscopic review of how textbooks delineate irregular conjugation, this study shows that the descriptions vary from textbook to textbook and even inconsistency sometimes exists within one random textbook, analyzing where these discrepancies and inconsistencies occur.

한국어 교육을 위한 용언 활용 규칙의 기술 방식 고찰

안유진 ( Ahn Yujin ),박새미 ( Park Saemi ),김태경 ( Kim Tae-kyung ) 한국어교육학회(구 한국국어교육연구학회) 2017 국어교육 Vol.0 No.157

Describing Verb Conjugation in Korean Language Education. To learn how verbs conjugate is one of the most important and difficult task for foreign learners of Korean language. This study examined how regular and irregular conjugation is dealt in Korean grammar guide books for Korean language teacher and Korean grammar textbooks for foreign learners. As results, we found that the concept of irregular verbs, in both its definition and scope, were often not coherent. In addition, a lot of types of conjugation seemed to be undescribed. To solve these problems, this study suggested the classification of conjugation. We categorized them into two basic types(phonologically and lexically conditioned) and presented conjugation list for each category. We also suggested that all types of conjugation should be designated according to stem-final forms rather than alternational forms.