공주 송산리 고분군 내부의 미기후 특성 및 온열환경 안정성 해석

김성한,이찬희 한국문화재보존과학회 2019 보존과학회지 Vol.35 No.2

The Royal Tombs at Songsanri is one of the most important historic site for ancient historical study in Korean Peninsula. Since the excavation of the tombs, continuous exposure to the outside environment and the negative effectsof the artificial air conditioning system have caused significant threats to the thermal environment stability of the tombs. Unlike the outside temperature that shows significant differences according to seasonal changes, the burial chamberof the tombs had a relatively stable temperature range of 11.4 to 22.2℃ throughout the year, and the standard deviation of temperature was within 3.5. It was revealed that major factors affecting the microclimate of the tombs were inflowof outdoor air, wind direction and speed, and all of them had closely related to airtightness of the tombs. The solar radiation was in inverse proportion to the thickness of burial mounds, and thus Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, which has the thickest burial mound, was least affected by solar radiation. Especially, microclimate of the tombs caused to the highest influence with artificial environmental changes due to access by people, which varied in proportion to the number of accessed people and time of stay. Currently, the inside of the tombs are sealed and always in saturated condition, it is very vulnerable to dew condensation. As a result of analyzing the possibility of condensation in each tomb, all the tomb No. 5, tomb No. 6 and Royal Tomb of King Muryeong had condensation most of the time throughout the year. It is requiredto make a proper conservation environment for the Royal Tombs at Songsanri. 송산리 고분군은 한반도 고대사 연구에 가장 중요한 유적의 하나이나, 발굴 이후 지속적인 외부환경 노출과 인위적 공조시스템의 부작용으로 고분의 온열환경 안정성에 상당한 위협이 초래되었다. 고분군의 현실은 계절변화에따라 큰 차이가 나타나는 외부 기온과는 달리 연중 11.4~22.2℃의 비교적 안정적인 온도분포를 보였고, 표준편차도 3.5 이내로 나타났다. 고분의 미기후 환경에 영향을 미친 주요인은 외부 공기의 유입과 풍향 및 풍속으로, 이는 모두고분군의 기밀성과 깊은 관련이 있다. 일사는 고분의 봉분두께와 반비례 관계를 보였으며, 봉분이 두꺼운 무령왕릉이 일사의 영향을 가장 적게 받았다. 특히 사람의 출입으로 인한 인위적 환경변화가 내부 환경의 안정성에 가장 큰 영향을주었으며, 출입인원 및 재실시간에 비례하여 변화하는 특징을 보였다. 현재 송산리 고분군 내부는 밀폐되어 항상 포화상태를 유지하고 있어 결로에 매우 취약한 상태이다. 고분별로 결로 발생 가능성을 분석한 결과, 5호분과 6호분 및 무령왕릉모두 연중 대부분 결로가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 결로는 미생물의 생장을 돕고 부재를 이완시키므로 반드시 적절한 안정화 대책이 수립되어야 한다.

EESS 운용관리의 환경적 요구사항 설정에 관한 연구

박천수,이일무,이주철,홍준표,남아영,김홍기 대한전기학회 2024 전기학회논문지 Vol.73 No.7

One of the causes of the recent EESS fire in Korea was found to be a lack of management of the operating environment. In particular, the new and renewable energy-connected EESS installed in mountainous and coastal areas is operated in an environment where condensation is likely to occur due to the large difference in weather and exposure to a large amount of dust. Insulation is destroyed between the cell and the module enclosure, which can lead to a fire due to repeated condensation and drying in the battery module. To prevent this, attention is required to external environmental factors such as temperature and humidity in the installation space for the stable operation of EESS. Therefore, this paper proposes environmental requirements for the stable operation and management of EESS by identifying major items of environmental factors that may cause damage in the operation and management of EESS and seeking ways to minimize them.

공동주택의 붙박이장 설치 공간에서 결로 발생 현상 진단을 위한 동계 실내 온열 환경 평가

이현화(Lee, Hyun-Hwa),오혜린(Oh, Hae-Rin),임재한(Lim, Jae-Han),송승영(Song, Seung-Yeong) 대한건축학회 2016 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.32 No.7

Recently, the condensation and mold problems of apartment buildings has been growing due to high insulation and high air-tightness performance for energy saving. Most of all, occupants in residential buildings has suffered from property damages due to the condensation and mold of built-in furniture. Condensation at built-in furniture were generally found in winter at the of furniture’s back panels, adjacent surfaces of wall, floor and ceiling. These problems are related to the weather conditions and indoor room conditions in winter. To understand these condensation problems, it is necessary to investigate the thermal environment around the built-in furniture and living spaces in winter. The aim of paper is to analyze the characteristics of adjacent area around built-in furniture’s condensation problem and the thermal environment around the built-in furniture in winter through the field measurements at apartment buildings. In this research, the thermal conditions around the built-in furniture were measured during winter season. In results, it is important to consider increasing surface temperature for higher 16℃ and decreasing absolute humidity due to the occupants’ behavior around built-in furniture for preventing condensation.

겨울철 공동주택에서 붙박이장 내 보조난방장치를 활용한 결로 저감 효과 평가

이현화(Lee, Hyun-Hwa),임재한(Lim, Jae-Han),송승영(Song, Seung-Yeong) 대한건축학회 2017 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.33 No.12

Recently, the condensation and mold problems of apartment buildings has been growing due to high insulation and high air-tightness performance for energy saving. Most of all, occupants in residential buildings has suffered from property damages due to the condensation and mold of built-in furniture. Condensation at built-in furniture were generally found in winter at the of furniture’s back panels, adjacent surfaces of wall, floor and ceiling. The aim of paper is to analyze the characteristics of adjacent area around built-in furniture’s condensation problem and the thermal environment around the built-in furniture in winter through the field measurements at apartment buildings. In this research, the thermal conditions and surface temperature around the built-in furniture were measured during winter season. In this research, we analyzed thermal conditions for built-in furniture which were applied and not applied auxiliary heating device. In results, it is important to consider increasing surface temperature for using heater and decreasing absolute humidity due to the occupants’ behavior around built-in furniture for preventing condensation.

Performance of Selected Clothing Systems under Subzero Conditions: Determination of Performance by a Human-Clothing-Environment Simulator

Kim, Eunae,Yoo, S. J.,Shim, H. Sage Publications 2006 Textile research journal Vol.76 No.4

<P>It is necessary to measure the performance of outdoor/protective clothing materials in terms of comfort properties under dynamic enduse conditions. A vertical type human-clothing-environment simulator was used to evaluate the thermal comfort performance of layered textile materials under dynamic conditions. Fabric layers of PET knit/fleece and PET knit/micro-porous membrane (MPM), which simulate clothing systems, were compared at a transient state from 25 to -10°C. PVC film was used to compare the effects of permeability. Relative humidity and vapor pressure data confirmed condensation on the fabric layers of the clothing systems during the transient period of temperature decrease. At the subzero condition, fabrics with low air permeability kept the water molecules on their inner surface, which deteriorates the permeability of the membranes. The vapor pressure of the air layer next to the environment was maintained at a relatively high level, which will reduce the driving force for moisture transport from sweating skin to the environment.</P>

Performance of A Three-Stage Condensation Heat Pump

Lee, Yoon-Hak,Jung, Dong-Soo,Kim, Chong-Bo The Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating 1999 International Journal Of Air-Conditioning and Refr Vol.7 No.-

In this study, computer simulation programs were developed for single-stage, two-stage, and three-stage condensation heat pumps and their performance with CFC11, HCFC123, HCFC141b was examined under the same external conditions. The results showed that the coefficient of performance(COP) of an optimized 'non-split type' three-stage condensation heat pump is 25-42% higher than that of a conventional single-stage heat pump. The increase in COP, however, differed among the fluids tested. The improvement in COP is largely due to the decrease in average LMTDs in condensers, which results in the decrease in thermodynamic irreversibility in heat exchange process. For the three-stage heat pump, the highest COP is achieved when the total condenser area is evenly distributed among the three condensers. For the two-stage heat pump, however, the optimum distribution of the total condenser area varies with an individual working fluid. For the three-stage system, 'splitting the condenser cooling water'for the use of intermediate and high pressure subcoolers helps increase the COP further. When the individual cooling water entering the intermediate and high pressure subcoolers is roughly 10% of the total condenser cooling water, the maximum COP is achieved showing roughly an 11% increase in COP as compared to that of the 'non-split type' heat pump.

공동주택 발코니 확장에 따른 창호의 결로방지 및 단열성능 향상을 위한 연구

윤대원(Yoon Dae-Won),유선용(Yoo Seonyong),이충근(Lee Chungkeun),지석원(Jee Suk-Won),송두삼(Song Doosam),김태연(Kim Taeyeon),이승복(Leigh Seung-bok) 한국건축친환경설비학회 2007 한국건축친환경설비학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

According to the legalization of balcony expansions in apartment houses since January 2006, most of the apartment houses now are built with expanded balcony space. The existing 'balcony' space was physically a buffer between the outside environment and the inside environment. In addition, it was a space that functioned to minimize the indoor environmental changes in relation to external weather changes. However, as apartment houses with extended balconies have become more common recently, the possibility of condensation increased due to the weakening of the insulation capacity as the space that can carry out these environmental buffer roles have disappeared. Also, the indoor thermal environment has been weakened. Thus, this paper seeks to resolve problems related to the expansion of balconies by presenting a new method that improves the insulation and condensation capacity in the window that an apartment housing with an extended balcony should have and to prove prevention of condensation by computer program.

Characteristics of Swirl Spray in Condensable Environment-Effect of Liquid Injection Temperature

( Kwang Uoong Koh ),( Sang Yong Lee ) 한국액체미립화학회 2001 한국액체미립화학회 학술강연회 논문집 Vol.2001 No.-

Water Wetting Observation on a Superhydrophobic Hairy Plant Leaf Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Yoon, Sun Mi,Ko, Tae-Jun,Oh, Kyu Hwan,Nahm, Sahn,Moon, Myoung-Woon Korean Society of Microscopy 2016 Applied microscopy Vol.46 No.4

Functional surfaces in nature have been continuously observed because of their ability to adapt to the environment. To this end, methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been widely used, and their wetting functions have been characterized via environmental SEM. We investigated the superhydrophobic hairy leaves of Pelargonium tomentosum, i.e., peppermint-scented geranium. Their surface features and wettability were studied at multiple-scales, i.e., macro-, micro-, and sub-micro scales. The surfaces of the investigated leaves showed superhydrophobicity at the macro-, and micro-scales. The wetting or condensing behavior was studied for molecule-size water vapors, which easily adhered to the hairy surface owing to their significantly lower size in comparison to that of the surface.

공주 송산리 6호 벽화고분 보존을 위한 온열환경 분석 연구

김대운,정선혜,이민영,정용재 한국문화재보존과학회 2016 보존과학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Ancient tombs are typically comprised of confined rooms, which have different spatial characteristics than the external environment because they are covered by heavy layers of soil. In this study, we examined the thermal energy flow from the outside to inside of Songsan-ri tomb No. 6. External heat flows slowly to the inside because of heavy soil layer, and the presence of several rooms and entrances. For this reason, it takes about two months for the air temperature to travel from the outside to the inside of the tomb. Interestingly, the gradational inflow of thermal energy from outside the tomb leads to delicate horizontal and vertical variations in the wall temperature. These micro-environmental differences occur in the inner tomb every year, so we can expect them to cause condensation with regularity. In addition, we show that the previously installed forced circulation air conditioning system risks fatal damage to the mural wall painting. The results of this research suggest an optimal air conditioning system and optimized space planning to conserve Songsan-ri tomb No. 6 and its mural painting. 고분은 구조적 특성상 대부분 좁고 밀폐된 공간으로 이루어져 있으며, 고분을 둘러싼 높은 봉분으로 인해 외부 환경으로부터 일부 차단된 공간적 특성을 갖는다. 이러한 공간적 특성은 연중 낮은 온도와 높은 상대습도가 유지되는 환경적 특성으로 이어진다. 연구 대상인 공주 송산리 고분군은 외부로부터 고분 내부로 유입되는 열에너지가 고분을 덮고 있는 토양층과 다수의 연결된 출입구로 인해 열의 흐름이 차단되거나 지연되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 열흐름의 특이성(특수성)은 고분 내부 환경과 외부 환경 사이에 약 2개월의 시간적 격차를 발생시키고 있었다. 또한 고분 외부에서 차등적으로 유입되는 열에너지로 인해 고분 내부의 환경은 수평적, 수직적으로 미세한 환경적 차이가 발생되었다. 고분 내부에서 발생된 미시환경의 차이는 매년 규칙적으로 발생되고 있었으며 , 이러한 특성을 활용하여 방위 및 공간에 따른 환경조건과 결로현상 발생위치를 예측할 수 있었다. 또한 최적 보존환경을 유지하기 위해 설치된 강제순환식 항온항습기의 고분 벽화 손상 위험성과 기계적 한계점을 제시하였다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 향후 송산리 고분과 고분 벽화를 보존하기 위한 최적의 공조 설비 방안 및 공간계획수립에 있어 기반자료로 활용되기를 기대한다.