상업용 사료 급여 반려견 배설물에서 배양된 장내 미생물의 분류

정무상(Chong, Moo-Sang) 한국보건기초의학회 2020 한국보건기초의학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the microorganisms found in the intestines of dogs fed commercial feed though the aerobic culture of dog excrement. 16 specimens of pet dog feces were cultured employing BAP, MaC, and EMB medium. Strains of Escherichia coli were detected in all the cultured specimens, along with a few other bacteria of significance. All 16 samples were identified as containing multiple E. coli strains using a API20E kit. Two samples showed a swarming phenomenon in the BAP medium that was identified as a Proteus mirabilis strain. In 10 samples, only E. coli species were identified, while E. coli species and P. mirabilis species were identified in 2 samples. A small number of E. coli and gram-positive bacteria were detected in 3 specimens, and a small number of E. coli and gram-positive rods were detected in one specimen. It has been shown that E. coli is predominantly distributed in the feces of dogs fed with commercial feed. The fact that E. coli is distributed in the feces of dogs is of concern as it can cause serious problems such as water pollution and food poisoning.

한국재래닭의 육용실용계의 발육 및 육질특성 구명 연구 1. 사료 급여체계에 따른 한국재래닭 육용실용계의 발육능력

강보석,이상진,김상호,김웅배,오봉국 한국가금학회 1998 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.25 No.3

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding system on performance in Korean Native Commercial Chicken. A total 864 birds produced from (Cornish ♂ X (Korean Native Chicken ♂ XRhode Island Red♀)♀ ] crossbreeds in National Livestock Research Institute, for 16 weeks. Feeding system of T1 and T$_2$ were same types from hatch to 8 weeks, starter diets(O~4 weeks, mash, ME 3,100kcal, CP 22.94%), grower diets(4~8 weeks, crumble, ME 3,100kcal, CP 19.31%). Nutrient content of finisher diets of T$_1$(pellet, ME 3,200kcal, CP 20.44%) was higher than T$_2$(mash, ME 3,100kcal, CP 14.88%) in order to improve meat quality for 8~16 weeks. Fertility and hatchability of Korean Native Commercial Chicken was 83.9% and 69.7%, respectively. Viabilities of T$_1$ and T$_2$ at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks were 98.8%, 97.9%, 96.5% and 99.1%, 95. 8%, 92.8%, 90.3%, respectively. The viability of 0 to 8 weeks was not significantly in feed treatments, but 12 and 16 weeks was significantly T$_1$ higher than T$_2$(P<0.05). Body weights of T$_1$and T$_2$ at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks were 551g, 1,379g, 2,441g, 3,056g and 554g, 1,360g, 2,254g, 2,956g, respectively. The body weight of 0 to 8 weeks was not significantly feed treatments but 12 and 16 weeks was significantly T1 higher than T$_2$(P<0.05). Feed conversion of T$_1$ and T$_2$ to 4, 8,12 and 16 weeks were 1.91, 2.28, 3.34, 4.23 and 1.90, 2.28, 3.53, 4.46, respectively. The feed conversion of 0 to 8 weeks was not significantly feed treatments but 12 and 16 weeks was significantly T$_1$ lower than T$_2$(P<0.05). The ME intake 1 bird per 1 day of T$_1$ and T$_2$were 3S9kcal, 357kca1, respectively, not significantly feed treatments but CP intake were 24.8g, 20.3g, respectively. T$_2$ was lower than T$_1$(P<o.05) for 16 weeks. The ME requirement per kg body weight gain of T$_1$ and T$_2$were 13,426kca1, 13,819Ykcal, respectively, not significantly feed treatments but CP requirement per kg body weight gain were 928g, 763g, respectively, T$_2$ was lower than T$_1$(P<0.05).

수온별 조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli) 치어의배합사료 적정 공급횟수

이진혁,이봉주,김강웅,한현섭,박건현,이준호,윤현호,배승철 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

We conducted two feeding trials to investigate the optimal feeding frequency of juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli fed a commercial diet of expanded pellets containing 47.2% crude protein, 9.2% crude lipid, and 14.5% ash at two different water temperatures. In the first experiment, triplicate groups of 20 fish with an average weight of 2 g were fed an equal amount of diet (5.97%based on body weight) at one of six feeding frequencies (2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 9 meals/day) for four weeks at 17.5˚C. After four weeks,we measured weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feeding efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Fish fed diet five meals/day grew significantly better than those fed nine meals/day. The second experiment used identical experimental conditions and feeding regions, except the food ration was slightly less (5.92% based on body weight) and the water temperature was increased to 20˚C. After four weeks, we again measured WG, SGR, FE and PER. Fish fed seven meals/day grew significantly faster than those fed 2, 3, 4, or 9 meals/day. Whole-body protein levels in fish fed three meals/day was higher than those fed four meals/day in 17.5˚C water, but whole-body lipids in the fish fed four meals/day was higher than those fed two meals/day in 20˚C water. A second-order polynomial analysis based on WG suggested the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile Korean rockfish was five meals/day at 17.5˚C and six meals/day at 20˚C, indicating that fish reared in higher water temperature require higher feeding frequencies.

조피볼락(Sebastes schlegeli) 치어의 배합사료 적정 공급률과공급횟수

이진혁,김강웅,이봉주,박건현,이준호,윤현호,배승철 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

Two feeding trials were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate and frequency on growth performance and body composition of juvenile Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli reared at 15.0±0.3°C. In the first trial, three replicate fish groups averaging 2.07±0.03 g were fed a commercial diet with one of seven different daily feeding rates: 1.00%, 2.00%, 2.50%, 2.75%, 3.00%,3.25%, and satiation (3.34%) based on body weight (BW). After four weeks of feeding, fish fed the 3% diet showed significantly higher weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) than fish that received the other feeding rates. In the second trial, the optimum feeding frequency was evaluated with three replicate fish groups averaging 2.04±0.03 g. Fish were fed a commercial diet at 2.87%BW with six different daily feeding frequencies: 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, or 9 meals. After four weeks of feeding, WG, specific growth rate, FE,and protein efficiency rate in fish fed 3 meals d-1 were significantly higher than those of fish fed 7 or 9 meals d-1. In both feeding trials,proximate composition of the entire body changed depending on the feeding rate or frequency. A broken-line regression analysis based on weight gain suggested that the optimum daily feeding rate and frequency for juvenile Korean rockfish at 15°C was 2.9%BW d-1 and 2–3 meals d-1, respectively.

저수온(12-14℃)에서 사육한 미성어기(370 g) 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)의 배합사료 적정 공급률

김성삼,김강웅,김경덕,이봉주,한현섭,이경준 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.6

We investigated the effects of feeding rate on the growth performance and blood components of sub-adult olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Optimum feeding rate (initial fish mean weight : 370±5.72 g) was determined under the low water temperature. Two replicated groups of fish were fed a commercial diet at rates of 0%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% body weight (BW) per day, and to satiation (0.75%). Feeding trial was conducted under a flow-through system with 12 1.2-metric ton aquaria receiving filtered seawater at 12–14°C for 4 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed at 0.6% BW per day was significantly higher than that of unfed fish (0%) and fish fed at 0.3% and 0.4% BW per day. There were no significant differences in WG and SGR among fish fed at 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.75%. These parameters were negative and significantly lower in the starved fish than in fish fed the experimental diet at all feeding rates. Survival for unfed fish (0%) was significantly lower than that of fish fed at 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6%. Hematocrit and hemoglobin content of fish fed at 0% and 0.75% (satiation) were significantly lower than that of fish fed at 0.4% BW per day. Total protein content in unfed fish was significantly lower than those in other treatments. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain showed that the optimum feeding rate of olive flounder weighing 370 g was 0.51% BW per day at the low water temperature.

적수온(21℃)에서 사육한 성장기 넙치 (Paralichthys olivaceus)의 배합사료 적정 공급률

김성삼(Sung-Sam KIM),김강웅(Kang-Woong KIM),김경덕(Kyoung-Duck KIM),이봉주(Bong-Joo LEE),한현섭(Hyon-Sob HAN),김재원(Jae-Won KIM),배승철(Sungchul C. BAI),이경준(Kyeong-Jun LEE) 한국수산해양교육학회 2014 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.26 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate on growth performance, blood components and histology of growing olive flounder. The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum feeding rate of the fish (initial fish mean weight of 97±3.0 g) at the optimum water temperature. Two replicated groups of fish were fed commercial diet at the feeding rates of 0, 1.0, 1.65 and 2.3% body weight (BW)/day and satiation. Feeding trial was conducted under a flow-through system with ten 1.2 metric ton aquaria receiving filtered seawater at 21±2℃ for three weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed to satiation were significantly higher than those for the unfed fish and for fish fed at 1.0 and 1.65% BW/day. There were no significant differences in values of such parameters between fish fed at 1.65% and those fed at 2.3% BW/day and between fish fed at 2.3% and those fed to satiation. Weight gain and SGR for the unfed fish were significantly lower than those for fish in the other treatments. All the tissues (hepatopancreas, kidney and anterior intestine) were in good condition in fish fed the experimental diet at different feeding rates. This result indicates that the optimum feeding rates of olive flounder (97-160 g) was approximately 2.52% BW/day at the optimum water temperature.

순환여과양식시스템에서 사료 공급 횟수가 연어(Oncorhynchus keta) 치어의 성장, 체조성 및 혈액성분에 미치는 영향

조규석,장석우,이유진,이승형 한국수산과학회 2023 한국수산과학회지 Vol.56 No.5

The effect of feeding frequency on growth performance, body nutrient composition, and hematological parameters of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta was investigated. The juveniles (10.9±0.3 g) were fed commercial feed for 30 days with feeding frequencies of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 meal (s)/day (n=2 tanks per treatment) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Fish were fed to satiation at each of the feeding frequencies. At the end of the feeding trial, final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish fed 2 meals/day were significantly higher than those of fish fed 1 meal/day (P<0.05); however, no difference was detected among the other feeding frequencies. Daily feed intake significantly increased with increasing feeding frequency, whereas feed and protein utilization efficiencies continuously decreased with increase in the feeding frequency. Among the treatments, fish fed 1 meal/day showed the lowest value in whole-body lipid content and total protein concentration in plasma. Taken together, the optimal feeding frequency for growth performance and feed utilization efficiency in chum salmon juveniles reared in the RAS was determined to be 2 meals/day.

조피볼락 육석용 배합사료와 시판사료의 사육효과 비교

이상민,전임기,Lee Sang-Min,Jeon Im-Gi 한국양식학회 1996 韓國養殖學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

실용적인 사료의 효과를 검토하기 위해 단백질함량이 $41\~45\%$인 4종류의 실험사료를 dry pellet 형태로 제조하였다. 단백질원으로 어분을 $58\%$ 첨가한 사료를 대조구(사료 1)로 하고, 대조구의 어분을 육분, 콘글루텐 밀, 대두박 및 혈분으로 각각 다른 비율로 대체하여 어분 함량을 $40\%$ 전후로 감소시킨 실험사료들(사료 $2\~4$)을 설계하여 시판되고 있는 해산어용 배합사료 A, B, C (단백질 함량 : $51\~53\%$) 및 양어가들이 선호하는 RMP 사료(넙치용 분말사료와 냉동 메가리를 1 : 1의 비율로 혼합한 moist pellet, 단백질 함량 : $58\%$)와 그 효과를 사육 실험을 통해 비교하였다. 평균체중 125 g의 조피볼락을 선별하여 실험사료마다 2반복으로 15주간 사육실험한 결과, 최종 평균체중, 증체율, 사료효율, 일일사료섭취율, 일일단백질섭취율, 단백질효율 및 간 중량지수가 RMP 구를 제외한 실험사료와 상품사료를 급여한 실험구들은 대조구와 통계적인 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). RMP 섭취구의 증체율이 대조구와는 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 실험사료(사료 $2\~4$)와 상품사료(사료 $A\~C$)보다 유의적으로 높은 값을 보였다(P<0.05). 또한, 단백질효율은 RMP 구가 가장 높았고, 상품사료 B가 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 대조사료에서 1 kg의 어체를 증체시키는데 소요되는 사료비용을 100으로 환산하였을 때, 사료 3 급여구는 92, 사료 4 급여구는 79로 나타나, 대조구보다 $10\~20\%$ 정도의 사료비가 절감되었고, RMP 사료 급여구는 대조구보다 $27\%$의 사료비가 더 소요되는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 종료시 간과 근육의 수분, 단백질, 지질 및 회분 함량은 모든 실험구간에 유의차는 없었다(P>0.05). A 15-week of growth trial was conducted to evaluate practical diets for growing Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Two replicate groups of the fish average weighing 125 g were fed one of four experimental diets containing $41\~45\%$ protein and $6\~8\%$ lipid. A control diet with $58\%$ fish meal as protein source was included and practical form diets with $40\%$ fish meal and various practical ingredients such as meat meal, blood meal, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal were included. These experimental dry pellet diets were compared with commercial diets containing $51\~53\%$ protein and $5\~13\%$ lipid for marine fish or raw fish-based moist pellet (RMP) diet containing $58\%$ protein and $9\%$ lipid consisted of $50\%$ frozen horse mackerel and $50\%$ commercial binder meal. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed the experimental diets and commercial diets were not significantly different to those in the fish fed the control diet. However weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio in the fish fed the RMP diet were significantly higher than those in the fish fed the experimental diets and commercial diets. These differences of growth performance between experimental diets and RMP diet may be reason for different dietary protein and energy levels. The experimental diet can save up to $20\%$ cost of fish production compare with control diet, whereas RMP diet is more expensive than other diets in the fish production.

다문화가정 영유아의 수유 및 이유 실태에 관한 연구

김정현 ( Jeong Hyun Kim ),주은정 ( Eun Jung Joo ) 대한가정학회 2013 Human Ecology Research(HER) Vol.51 No.4

The purpose of this study is to investigate the infant feeding and weaning practices in multicultural families. We surveyed 159 married female immigrants in Jeonbuk province from April 2010 to April 2011. They are from Vietnam (49.7%), China (25.8%), Cambodia (8.8%), Japan (8.2%), and the Philippines (7.5%). The average rate of colostrum feeding of all the subjects was 91% and there were significant differences between nationalities(p <.05), family types (p <.01), and delivery methods (p <.001). 41.5% of those answered did breast feeding, while 49.1% combined breast and bottle feeding, and 9.4% did bottle feeding only. The reason for bottle feeding is either because they are unable to produce enough breast milk or because they think the formula isbetter than breast milk. Average period of breast feeding was 10.3 months. There were significant differences of breast feeding duration between maternal age (p <.05) and economic level (p <.001). The mean onset time of weaning was 7.8 months, and there were significant differences between nationalities (p <.05), family types (p <.05), and feeding methods (p <.05). There was no significant difference in methods of supplementary food preparation between nationalities, family types, jobs, and education levels. The mean onset time of commercial milk was 12.8 months, and there were significant differences between nationalities (p <.05), the duration of marriages (p <.05), education levels (p <.05) and feeding methods (p <.001).

동계기간 상업용 배합사료 공급비율에 따른 북방전복, Haliotis discus hannai 치패의 성장특성

김병학,박정준,김태익,손맹현,이시우 한국패류학회 2016 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.32 No.2

This study investigated the growth characteristics of juvenile abalone when has been rearing as other different feed rates by the commercial abalone formulated feed on indoor tank, during the winter period that was maintaining on the low water temperature. Experimental abalones were use to 1 year old (shell length 29.14 ± 2.56 mm, wet weight 2.9 ± 0.6 g), and it has cultured at six feeding rate groups (0.75 DFW, 1.50 DFW, 2.25 DFW, 3.00 DFW, 3.75 DFW, 4.5 DFW) that were set up the daily feeding rate about total weight (DFW), and two replicated. The average water temperature in the experiment period was 9.7 ± 3.27 ℃. In the monthly change absolute growth rate (AGRSL) and specific growth (SGRSL) of shell length, at January, 3.00 DFW was significantly higher than all feeding rate groups (P < 0.05). And in the monthly change of weight change and weight gain (WG), at March, 3.75DFW was significantly higher than all feeing rate groups (P < 0.05). The growth coefficient of thermal units (TGC) was decreased rapid since January, and 3.75 DFW was show significantly higher than all feeding rate groups (P < 0.05). In monthly change of feed efficiency (FE), at December, the 0.75 DFW was significantly higher than all feeding rate groups (P < 0.05), and in February and March, there was no significant difference between all feeding period. Therefore, In this study, was show that juvenile abalones can do to maintain or increasing from weight to supply commercial artificial diet during winter period when rearing into the indoor tank.