금속화재 위험감소 방안에 관한 이론적 연구

남기훈(Ki-Hun Nam),이준식(Jun-Sik Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.12

금속화재는 나트륨(Na), 리튬(Li) 등과 같은 가연성 금속이 연소하는 화재이다. 일반적인 물계, 가스계 소화약제에는 적응성이 없으며 금속화재용 소화약제 또는 건조사로 화재를 진화할 수 있다. 위험물안전관리법상 가연성 금속에 속하는 2류 및 3류 위험물 화재가 최근 5년간 104건이 발생했으며, 가연성 금속을 사용하는 연료전지, 반도체 산업의 발전으로 화재 건수는 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상되고 있다. 하지만 국내에는 금속화재와 관련된 법적 기준이 마련되어 있지 않아 금속화재용 소화약제 및 소화기 개발은 물론 화재 예방 및 대응 시스템 구축이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 금속화재의 위험성을 감소시킬 수 있는 방안을 마련하기 위해 국내외 관련 법령 분석 및 금속화재 사례 11건을 분석하였다. 이를 통해 금속화재의 위험성을 감소를 위해 관련 법령 마련에 필요한 요소를 도출하였으며 금속화재 발생 시 소화약제로 사용되고 있는 건조사의 관리 및 지원방안을 제시하였다. 또한, 금속화재의 예방 및 대응에 필요한 안전교육 및 시설 관리 방안을 제시하였다. A class D fire or combustible metal fire is characterized by the presence of burning metals. Only certain metals or metal compounds are flammable, including sodium and lithium. General fire extinguishing agents, such as dry chemical powder, water-based fire extinguish agents, and carbon dioxide, cannot be used in class D fires. This is because these agents cause adverse reactions or are ineffective. In addition, the amount of usage of combustible metals is increasing due to continuous development of the semiconductor and fuel cell industries. Despite this, Korea does not have standards and laws related to combustible metal fires. This paper suggests directions of the class D fire management policies to reduce the class D fire risk and impact by analyzing the standards and laws related to class D fires and combustible metal fire cases. The factors to make laws on class D fire prevention and response systems, and management system of dry sand were determined. These results may be used to help reduce the risk of class D fires and improve the response abilities.

소듐, 리튬금속화재에 대한 불활성 기체 소화약제의 적용성 분석

최명락(Myung Rak Choi),이건석(Lee, Geonseok),이승현(Seung Hyun Lee) 한국위험물학회 2020 한국위험물학회지 Vol.8 No.2

This study aims to assess the application of an inert gas fire extinguishing agent for extinguishing metal fire. Sodium and lithium were used as the metallic combustibles. Testing was executed by altering the oxygen concentrations in the order of 21, 6, 4 % by using inert gas fire extinguishing agents including IG-01, IG-541, and IG-100. Since metal features risks of dispersion and explosion, fire was generated by after having adjusted the inert gas extinguishing agent concentration in advance. Regarding the test results, The lower the oxygen concentration, explosion occurred without the manifestation of sparks or a flame. In addition, it was possible to obtain the same results for all of the fire extinguishing agents, namely, IG-541, IG-100, and IG-01. Through this test, it was possible to confirm the characteristics of metal fire and the applicability of IG-01, IG-541, and IG-100 to metal fire. Although it was confirmed that IG-541, unlike the results of NFPA 12 and NFPA 2001, can be applied to metal fire, it is deemed to be the result of the difference in the testing conditions.

메탈화이버 버너에서 매트 두께와 연료 종류에 따른 복사 효율 및 연소특성에 관한 실험적 연구

김재현,이기만 한국수소및신에너지학회 2018 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.29 No.5

This study was conducted to investigate on the combustion characteristic with the effects of mat thickness and fuel kinds in a metal-fiber burner. The mode transition point is confirmed by the K value, which was defined as the rate of flow velocity and laminar burning velocity. The () is highest at methane flame with 3 T thickness. Through the measurement of the unburned mixture temperature, the possibility of submerged flame in surface combustion burner was confirmed. The rapid emission of CO occurs nearby limit blow out (LBO) because of the increase of flow velocity. In case of NOx, the trend is similar with surface temperature. However, it also considered that the NOx emission is affected by residence time with flame position.

Bitter gourd-shaped Ni₃V₂O₈ anode developed by a one-pot metal-organic framework-combustion technique for advanced Li-ion batteries

Soundharrajan, Vaiyapuri,Sambandam, Balaji,Song, Jinju,Kim, Sungjin,Jo, Jeonggeun,Pham, Duong Tung,Kim, Seokhun,Mathew, Vinod,Kim, Jaekook Elsevier 2017 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.43 No.16

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present study reports on the one-pot synthesis of Ni<SUB>3</SUB>V<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB> (NVO) electrodes by a simple metal organic framework-combustion (MOF-C) technique for anode applications in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The particle morphology of the prepared NVO is observed to vary as irregular rods, porous bitter gourd and hybrid micro/nano particles depending on the concentration of the framework linker used during synthesis. In specific, the orthorhombic phase and the unique bitter gourd-type secondary structure comprised of agglomerated nanoparticles and porous morphologies is confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction, electron microscopies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N<SUB>2</SUB> adsorption–desorption measurements. When tested for lithium batteries as anode, the bitter gourd-type NVO electrode shows an initial discharge capacity of 1362mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> and a reversible capacity of 822mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> are sustained at a rate of 200mAg<SUP>−1</SUP> after 100 cycles. Moreover, at 2000mAg<SUP>−1</SUP>, a reversible capacity of 724mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> is retained after 500 cycles. Interestingly, the porous bitter gourd-shaped NVO electrode registered significantly high rate performance and reversible specific capacities of 764, 531 and 313mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at high rates of 1, 5 and 10Ag<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively.</P>

Catalytic Combustion of Chlorobenzene over Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts

Moon, Sung Woo,Lee, Gun-Dae,Park, Seong Soo,Hong, Seong-Soo 한국공업화학회 2004 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.10 No.4

Catalytic combustion of chlorobenzene over supported metal oxides has been investigated. TiO₂was prepared by the sol-gel method from titanium isopropoxide. The supported metal oxide catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness method and characterized by XRD, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and TPR. Among the supported metal oxides, VO_x supported on TiO₂had the highest activity for chlorobenzene oxidation; the activities decreased in the order VO_x > CrO_x > FeO_x > MnO_x. In addition, among the vanadium oxide catalysts supported on TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, the titania-supported catalyst (VO_x/TiO₂) had the highest catalytic activity. The VOx dispersed on the TiO₂surface acts as the active site of the VO_x/TiO₂catalysts during the oxidative decomposition of chlorobenzene. When the vanadium loading reached 3 wt%, the total conversion temperature was lowered to 310℃. In addition, VO_x supported on TiO₂calcined at 300~500℃ had a higher activity than that calcined at 600~700℃. This result suggests that the structure of the TiO₂support has an influence on the catalytic activity of chlorobenzene combustion. The catalytic activity decreases with an increase in the amount of water at a low reaction temperature, but it has a similar activity as that in the absence of water at a high reaction temperature.

비귀금속 촉매를 이용한 촉매연소 특성 연구

김지완(Ji Wan Kim),신명철(Myung Chul Shin),이진기(Jin Ki Lee),임대원(Dae Won Lim),김혜원(Hye Won Kim) 대한기계학회 2016 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2016 No.12

In general, Precious metal catalysts are used in a catalytic combustion. However it was investigated combustion characteristics for non-precious metal catalyst, in this study. Using the Non-precious metal catalyst has great advantage in economic aspects and it is very beneficial in a lot of ways. Non-precious catalysts are consists of Hexa-aluminate (Mn-Ba-Al2O3) and it is filled in cylindrical-support. As a result of the pre-test in open conditions at atmosphere, it confirmed that catalysts are activated by heat transfer from flame. In this experiment, heat load and excess air ratio are considered as the key parameter. In the result of flue gas analysis, it is found that NOx and CO emission concentration are lower than case of conventional combustion, it show similar trend with typical catalytic combustion.

금속성 분진폭발의 영향 분석을 위한 기반구축에 관한 연구

장창봉(Chang Bong Jang),이경진(Kyung Jin Lee),문명환(Myong Hwan Moon),백주홍(Ju Hong Baek),고재욱(Jae Wook Ko) 한국가스학회 2017 한국가스학회지 Vol.21 No.4

다양한 산업분야의 첨단제품들의 기능향상이나 디자인 등을 위해 알루미늄이나 마그네슘과 같은 가연성 금속의 사용량이 증가하고 있으며, 이러한 금속의 가공공정의 증가로 인한 금속분진이 발생할 가능성이 증가되며 이는 금속분진으로 인한 폭발사고의 증가로 이어지고 있다. 금속분진에 의한 폭발의 경우 고체 및 열분해에 의해 발생된 증기의 혼합 상태에서의 연소라는 점에서 실험적인 해석이 가스폭발이나 증기운 연소에 비해 매우 복잡하기 때문에 국내 · 외적으로 분진폭발에 대한 연구가 현재로서는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 가연성 금속분진의 폭발에 대한 리스크 분석을 위한 기반구조를 마련하고, 이러한 기반을 토대로 효율적인 분석방법을 제시하기 위해 분진폭발에 대한 폭발이론과 특성에 대하여 정리 및 제시하였으며, 금속성분진 별 폭발특성을 데이터베이스화 하여 분진폭발에 대한 리스크 분석과 연구에 사용할 수 있는 기반을 마련하였다. Recent years have witnessed the increased usage of flammable metals, such as aluminum or magnesium, in wide range of high-tech industries. These metals are indispensable for the improvement of physical properties of materials as well as the design capability of the final product. During the process, unwanted metal dusts could be released to the environment. This can lead to an occupational health and safety issues. Due to their flammable nature, more serious problem of an explosion can happen in extreme cases. The explosion is the combustion of tiny solid particles and vapor mixture, caused by pyrolysis. This complex composition makes engineering analysis more difficult, compared to simple gas explosions or vapor cloud combustions. The study was conducted to assess this light metal dust explosion in an effort to provide the bases for a risk assessment. Dust explosion characteristics of each material was carefully evaluated and an appropriate analysis tool was developed. A comprehensive database was also constructed and utilized for the calibration of the developed response model and the verification for its accuracy. Subsequently, guidelines were provided to prevent dust explosions that could occur in top-notch industrial processes.

Synthesis of terraced and spherical MgO nanoparticles using flame metal combustion

Chae, Sukbyung,Lee, Heesoo,Pikhitsa, Peter V.,Kim, Changhyuk,Shin, Seungha,Kim, Do Heui,Choi, Mansoo Elsevier 2017 Powder technology Vol.305 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Controlled synthesis of unconventional spherical/terraced MgO nanoparticles that show a unique optical property was done via the flame metal combustion method. We investigated the optimal condition for selectively producing these spherical/terraced MgO nanoparticles over conventional cubic MgO nanoparticles. Furthermore, it was possible to control the proportion of the morphology of generated MgO nanoparticles using different carrier gases. The size distribution of the MgO nanoparticles was measured to understand the surface-induced growth mechanism of the spherical/terraced MgO nanoparticles, which was different from that of cubic MgO nanoparticles grown from the normal molecule condensation. In addition, the catalytic property of the Li-doped spherical/terraced MgO particles was investigated.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Spherical/terraced MgO nanoparticles were synthesized using flame metal combustion. </LI> <LI> Terrace/spherical and cube MgO were synthesized selectively by changing gas condition. </LI> <LI> Particle size distribution could be controlled by flame length. </LI> <LI> Flame-made Li/MgO catalyst nanoparticles showed high methane conversion efficiency. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Energy And Environmental Engineering : Formation of Fine Particles from Residual Oil Combustion: Reducing Nuclei through the Addition of Inorganic Sorbent

( William P. Linak ),( C. Andrew Miller ),( Dawn A. Santoianni ),( Charles J. King ),( Takuya Shinagawa ),( Jost O. L. Wendt ),( Jong Ik Yoo ),( Yong Chil Seo ) 한국화학공학회 2003 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.20 No.4

The potential use of sorbents to manage emissions of ultrafine metal nuclei from residual oil combustion was investigated by using an 82-kW-rated laboratory-scale refractory-lined combustor. Without sorbent addition, baseline measurements of the fly ash particle size distribution (PSD) and chemical composition indicate that most of the metals contained in the residual oil form ultrafine particles (~0.1 mm diameter). These results are consistent with particle formation via mechanisms of ash vaporization and subsequent particle nucleation and growth. Equilibrium calculations predict metal vaporization at flame temperatures and were used to define regions above the dew point for the major metal constituents (iron [Fe], nickel [Ni], vanadium [V], and zinc [Zn]) where vapor-phase metal and solidphase sorbents could interact. The addition of dispersed kaolinite powder resulted in an approximate 35% reduction in the ultrafine nuclei as determined by changes to the PSDs as well as the size-dependent chemical compositon.

Improvement of reduction and oxidation performance of MMgOx (M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) particles for chemical looping combustion

Kwak, Byeong Sub,Park, No-Kuk,Baek, Jeom-In,Ryu, Ho-Jung,Kang, Misook Elsevier 2017 Powder technology Vol.312 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The objective of this study was to use Mg to improve the performance in chemical looping combustion. Oxygen carrier particles were synthesized in which Mg was doped into the M-sites with Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu to produce FeaMgbOx, CoaMgbOx, NiaMgbOx, and CuaMgbOx, respectively, with M/Mg ratios ranging from 1.5 to 3.0. The structure and properties of the prepared samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, CH<SUB>4</SUB>-/CO-TPD, XPS, and TGA. The XRD results explore that the Fe2Mg1Ox sample has a pure cubic structure of Fe<SUB>2</SUB>MgO<SUB>4</SUB>, whereas the Co2Mg1Ox and Ni2Mg1Ox samples exist as a solid solution. Nevertheless, the mixed compound formation of orthorhombic structure of Cu<SUB>2</SUB>MgO<SUB>3</SUB> and cubic structure of MgO has been observed in Cu2Mg1Ox. The CH<SUB>4</SUB> absorption is the highest on the Cu2Mg1Ox sample according to the CH<SUB>4</SUB>-TPD results. The CO-TPD and H<SUB>2</SUB>–TPR results showed that the adsorption of the Cu and Mg complex metal oxide is higher than that of the pure metal oxide. The oxygen carrier capacity of the samples was studied by isothermal H<SUB>2</SUB> (FR)/air (AR) and CH<SUB>4</SUB> (FR)/air (AR) redox cycle experiments at 850°C using TGA. The promising results obtained from chemical looping combustion indicate that the CuaMgbOx samples are potentially useful for CLC in H<SUB>2</SUB> and CH<SUB>4</SUB> atmospheres.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Redox performance for MaMgbOx (M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) was investigated in detail. </LI> <LI> The highest redox performance (15.29wt%) was observed for Cu2.0Mg1.0Ox. </LI> <LI> The Cu2.0Mg1.0Ox sample was stable up to 10 reaction cycles. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>Redox reaction on the M2.0Mg1.0Ox (M=Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) for the chemical looping combustion.</P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>