Cocoon Filament Quality of a Special Silkworm Variety, GoldenSilk

Kweon, Hae-Yong,Lee, Kwang-Gill,Park, Kwang-Young,Kang, Seok-Woo,Kang, Pil-Don,Kim, Mi-Ja,Kim, Kee-Young Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2012 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.24 No.1

The effect of cultivation season on the cocoon filament quality of authorized silkworm variety, GoldenSilk was examined with cocoon filament character, reeling character, and fiber character during 3 years. In cocoon filament character, filament length of spring and autumn cocoon was 979 and 879 m, respectively. Cocoon filament weight of spring and autumn cocoon was 33.1 and 26.5 cg, which is lower than that of general bivoltine strain, BaeGokJam. Raw silk percentage of spring and autumn cocoon was 15.65 and 13.77%, respectively. In reeling character, reelability showed similar trend regardless of cultivation season and strain. However, the length and weight of non-broken filament of spring season were slightly higher than those of autumn cocoon. Cultivation season did not affect on the fiber characteristics such as clearness and neatness, lousiness, and degumming loss. In cocoon character, filament length, size, and weight, spring cocoon filament showed higher value than autumn cocoon, but lower than authorized general silkworm varieties. In reeling characteristics, non-broken length and weight showed the similar trends with the cocoon filament character. However, the reelability of GoldenSilk cocoon was not affected by cultivation season. The reelability of GoldenSilk cocoon was also similar with that of authorized general one. Fiber character including clearness and neatness, lousiness, and degumming loss was also similar regardless of the rearing season and different strain.

Cocoon Filament Quality of a Special Silkworm Variety, GoldenSilk

( Hae Yong Kweon ),( Kwang Gill Lee ),( Kwang Young Park ),( Seok Woo Kang ),( Pil Don Kang ),( Mi Ja Kim ),( Kee Young Kim ) 한국잠사학회 2012 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.24 No.1

The effect of cultivation season on the cocoon filament quality of authorized silkworm variety, GoldenSilk was examined with cocoon filament character, reeling character, and fiber character during 3 years. In cocoon filament character, filament length of spring and autumn cocoon was 979 and 879 m, respectively. Cocoon filament weight of spring and autumn cocoon was 33.1 and 26.5 cg, which is lower than that of general bivoltine strain, BaeGokJam. Raw silk percentage of spring and autumn cocoon was 15.65 and 13.77%, respectively. In reeling character, reelability showed similar trend regardless of cultivation season and strain. However, the length and weight of non-broken filament of spring season were slightly higher than those of autumn cocoon. Cultivation season did not affect on the fiber characteristics such as clearness and neatness, lousiness, and degumming loss. In cocoon character, filament length, size, and weight, spring cocoon filament showed higher value than autumn cocoon, but lower than authorized general silkworm varieties. In reeling characteristics, non-broken length and weight showed the similar trends with the cocoon filament character. However, the reelability of GoldenSilk cocoon was not affected by cultivation season. The reelability of GoldenSilk cocoon was also similar with that of authorized general one. Fiber character including clearness and neatness, lousiness, and degumming loss was also similar regardless of the rearing season and different strain.

Characteristics of genes in carotenoid cocoon color, Bombyx mori L.

Lee, Ju-Han,Kang, Min-Uk,Park, Kwan-Ho,Nho, Si-Kab Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2017 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.35 No.2

The cocoon's color of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is usually white. But some are yellow, flesh and green colors because of modified characteristics. The yellow and flesh cocoons depend on carotenoid pigments, green cocoons are determined by flavonoid pigments. The cocoon's color is affected by the genes controlling penetration process from midgut to coelom and silk gland. Y (Yellow blood, 2-25.6) and I (Yellow-inhibitor, 9-16.2) genes are involved in the penetration process of carotenoid pigments from midgut to coelom, C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon, 12-7.2) and F (Flesh, 6-13.6) genes from coelom to silk gland. Therefore, the carotenoid cocoon's color depends on the genotype Y, I, C and F genes and their combination. Among them, C gene is sympathetic gene, which are known as C, CI and CD. C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon) genes make yellow cocoons on outer-layer and white cocoons on inter-layer, and CI (Inner-layer yellow cocoon) genes do yellow cocoons on inter-layer and dilute yellow cocoons on outer-layer. CD gene is known as making dilute yellow cocoons all layer. In this study, we have checked the dominance relation of C sympathetic genes among carotenoid genes for color cocoons by using strains related to the genes for color cocoons and investigated the aspect that pigments were penetrated in silk gland by action of each gene.

Characteristics of genes in carotenoid cocoon color, Bombyx mori L.

( Ju-han Lee ),( Min-uk Kang ),( Kwan-ho Park ),( Si-kab Nho ) 한국잠사학회 2017 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.35 No.2

The cocoon’s color of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is usually white. But some are yellow, flesh and green colors because of modified characteristics. The yellow and flesh cocoons depend on carotenoid pigments, green cocoons are determined by flavonoid pigments. The cocoon’s color is affected by the genes controlling penetration process from midgut to coelom and silk gland. Y (Yellow blood, 2-25.6) and I (Yellow-inhibitor, 9-16.2) genes are involved in the penetration process of carotenoid pigments from midgut to coelom, C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon, 12-7.2) and F (Flesh, 6-13.6) genes from coelom to silk gland. Therefore, the carotenoid cocoon’s color depends on the genotype Y, I, C and F genes and their combination. Among them, C gene is sympathetic gene, which are known as C, CI and CD. C (Outer-layer yellow cocoon) genes make yellow cocoons on outer-layer and white cocoons on inter-layer, and CI (Inner-layer yellow cocoon) genes do yellow cocoons on inter-layer and dilute yellow cocoons on outer-layer. CD gene is known as making dilute yellow cocoons all layer. In this study, we have checked the dominance relation of C sympathetic genes among carotenoid genes for color cocoons by using strains related to the genes for color cocoons and investigated the aspect that pigments were penetrated in silk gland by action of each gene. ⓒ 2017 The Korean Society of Sericultural Sciences Int. J. Indust. Entomol. 35(2), 71-76 (2017)

가시광-근적외선 대역의 초분광 영상 분석을 통한 불량 누에고치 판별 모델 개발

이아영,김기영,김성완,김밝금 한국산학기술학회 2022 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.23 No.9

Recently, the sericulture industry has been trying to increase the value of sericulture products. Among the products, cocoons are effective in improving memory and have high utility as medical materials. To utilize a cocoon as a functional material, it is necessary to remove the cocoon floss attached to the surface of the cocoon. Since, dead cocoons contaminate a cocoon deflosser, they should be sorted out before the deflossing process. In this study, we tried to non-destructively discriminate dead cocoons using hyperspectral image analyses. We acquired hyperspectral images of 648 normal cocoons and 65 dead cocoons with a wavelength range of 403 nm to 998 nm. The average spectra were obtained by extracting the central part of the cocoon. Spectral noise was removed through nine preprocessing methods. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to confirm the possibility of identifying dead cocoons. A discriminant model was developed by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and the model was verified through 5-fold cross-validation. The model with 2D derivative spectra showed the best performance with discrimination accuracy of 96.25%. The results show that it is feasible to non-destructively discriminate dead cocoons using visible-near infrared hyperspectral images. 최근 위축되고 있는 양잠산업을 부흥시키기 위하여 양잠산물의 부가가치를 향상시키기 위한 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 양잠산물 중에서도 누에고치는 기억력 개선에 효과가 있을 뿐만 아니라 고막패치, 수술용 봉합사 등의 의료용 소재로서 활용도가 높다. 누에고치를 기능성 소재로 활용하기 위해서는 표면에 붙어있는 견면을 모두 제거해야 한다. 이 과정에서 불량 누에고치는 고치 내부의 번데기가 터져 견면채취기와 정상 누에고치를 오염시키므로 견면 채취 전 불량 고치를 선별해주는 작업이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 현재 인력으로 이루어지고 있는 불량 고치 선별 작업의 자동화 기술을 마련하기 위하여 초분광 영상 분석을 통해 불량 누에고치를 비파괴적으로 판별하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 가시광-근적외선 대역(403 nm ~ 998 nm)의 초분광 영상 시스템을 이용하여 정상 고치 648개와 불량 고치 65개에 대한 초분광 영상을 획득하였고, 고치 중앙부를 관심영역으로 설정하여 평균 스펙트럼을 추출하였다. 9가지 전처리(MSC, SNV, Smoothing, Baseline offset, Mean/Max/Range normalization, 1D/2D derivatives)를 통해 스펙트럼의 노이즈를 제거하였고, 주성분분석(PCA: Principal Component Analysis)을 통해 불량 누에고치 판별 가능성을 확인하였다. 부분최소제곱 판별분석(PLS-DA: Partial Least Squares regression Discriminant Analysis)을 이용하여 판별 모델을 개발하였으며 모델 검증은 5겹 교차 검증을 통해 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 모든 전처리에 대하여 92 % 이상의 판별 정확도를 보였으며 2차 미분 전처리를 수행한 스펙트럼을 이용한 경우 검증 판별 정확도가 96.25 %로 가장 우수하게 나타났다. 이를 통해 초분광 영상을 이용하여 불량 누에고치를 비파괴적으로 판별할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

<논문(論文)> : 천잠 누에고치의 일반 성상

이광길 ( Kwang Gill Lee ),정다은 ( Da Eun Chung ),김기영 ( Kee Young Kim ),조유영 ( You Young Jo ),김현복 ( Hyun Bok Kim ),김성국 ( Sung Kuk Kim ),권해용 ( Haeyong Kweon ) 한국잠사학회 2015 한국잠사곤충학회지 Vol.53 No.1

국내에서 생산한 천잠 누에고치의 일반 특성을 고찰한 결과 국내산 천잠 누에고치는 연두색 고치를 지으며, 층상구조를 가지고 있었다. 천잠 누에고치는 외피는 연두색이었고 내피는 흰색을 나타내어 천잠 누에고치의 색상을 나타내는 색소 성분은 외피에 존재하였다. 천잠 누에고치는 고치층의 무게는 0.528 g, 견층두께는 0.424 mm로 측정되었다. 천잠 누에고치를 구성하는 주요 아미노산은 알라닌, 글리신, 세린, 아스파르트산, 티로산, 아르기닌 순으로 나타났으며, X-선 회절분석 결과 2θ = 16.8°, 20.4° 부근에서 강한 회절 피크와 2θ = 15.0°, 24.3°, 30.0° 부근에서 날카로운 회절 피크를 나타내었다. 천잠 누에고치는 폭이 20 μm 정도인 섬유가 적층된 구조를 가지고 있으며, 고치의 안쪽과 바깥쪽에 흰색 결정을 가지고 있었다. 천잠 누에고치의 최대 열분해 온도는 370℃ 부근이었다. 이러한 천잠 누에고치에 대한 연구 결과는 향후 천잠 누에 고치를 이용한 소재 개발의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Antheraea yamamai silkworm cocoon is considered as a natural biocompatible materials, but can not be used as medical resources due to its difficult processability. In this study, we examined the general characteristics including cocoon shell weight and structural and thermal properties of Antheraea yamamai silkworm cocoon. The cocoon shell weight and thickness of wild silkworm cocoon was 0.528 g and 0.424 mm, respectively. The cocoon has yellow-green color in outside cocoon but white in inner layer cocoon. Amino acid analysis showed that the main amino acid of Antheraea yamamai cocoon is alanine, glycine, serine, aspartic acid, tyrosine and arginine. X-ray diffractometry showed that strong diffraction peaks at 2θ = 16.8°, 20.4°, corresponded to β-sheet structure and sharp diffraction peaks at 2θ = 15.0°, 24.3°, 30.0° due to the presence of calcium oxalate on cocoon surface. Antheraea yamamai cocoon was degraded at 370℃ These results might be used as basic information for development of non-textile materials using Anthereae yamamai silkworm cocoon.

Morphology and crystallinity of silkworm cocoons with different rearing seasons

( Hye Gyeoung Lee ),( Si Kab Nho ),( In Chul Um ) 한국잠사학회 2021 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.43 No.1

The silkworm cocoon has recently attracted the attention of researchers because of its usefulness as a biomedical material (e.g., usage in the development of the membrane for guided bone regeneration and usage as a starting material for the fabrication of natural silk nonwoven fabric). The silkworm variety and strain have been reported as one of the important factors affecting the structure and properties of silk materials. This study examines the morphology and the molecular conformation of the silkworm cocoon at different cocoon measurement points, as well as the effect of the silkworm strain and rearing season on the morphology and crystallinity of the silkworm cocoon. The results show that the morphology of the outside of the cocoon does not differ depending on the cocoon measurement points, but that of the inside does. The silkworm cocoon crystallinity is not affected by the cocoon division. Interestingly, the crystallinity of the outside of the Jam101 cocoon differs depending on the rearing season, whereas it does not in other silkworm strains.

저온감압 자견법에 의한 재조합 형광누에고치의 조사

박종화 ( Jong Hwa Park ),김성완 ( Sung Wan Kim ),정영훈 ( Young Hun Jeong ),이종길 ( Jong Kil Lee ),고영미 ( Young Mi Go ),이상찬 ( Sang Chan Lee ),최광호 ( Kwang Ho Choi ),김성렬 ( Seong Ryul Kim ),구태원 ( Tae Won Goo ) 한국잠사학회 2013 한국잠사곤충학회지 Vol.51 No.2

The fluorescent proteins are generally denatured by heat treatment and thus lose their color. The normal reeling method includes processing by drying and cooking the cocoons near 100oC before reeling. Therefore, the usual processing method cannot be used for making colored fluorescent silks. To develop a method that is applicable to producing transgenic silk without color loss, we develop reeling methods adequate for a recombinant fluorescence cocoons. It was found that the fluorescence cocoons keep their native color when dried at temperatures lower than 60oC for 15 h. Also, a new cooking method to soften the fluorescent cocoons was developed: the cocoons were soaked in a solution of 0.2% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)/0.1% nonionic surfactant (Triton X100) at 60oC and then placed under vacuum. The repeated vacuum treatments enabled complete penetration of the solution into the cocoons, and the cocoons were thus homogenously softened and ready for reeling. In this state, the cooked cocoons can be reeled by an automated reeling machine. Our results suggest that drying and cooking of the cocoons at low temperature enables the subsequent reeling of the colored fluorescent silks by an automatic reeling machine without color loss and can produce silks that can be used for making higher value-added silk materials.

Manifestation of Hybrid Vigour and Cocoon Shape Variability in Fl Hybrids of the Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Singh, Ravindra,Rao, D.Raghavendra,Premalatha, V.,Mondal, Sipra,Kariappa, B.K.,Jayaswal, K.P.,Datta, R.K. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2001 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.2 No.2

Data from an experiment involving six polyvoltine and three bivoltine silkworm breeds have been analysed to know the level of hybrid rigour and cocoon shape variation in Fl hybrids among silkworm breeds with lows medium and high cocoon weight. Results indicated significantly positive heterosis for several quantitative characters with maximum total heterosis over mid parent value in hybrids between low and medium followed by low and low, medium and medium, low and high and high and low cocoon-weighed breeds, respectively. Study on cocoon shape measurement revelled that among Fl hybrids, cocoons of the three combinations such as GNP ${\times}$ CSR2, GNP ${\times}$ J2 and PM ${\times}$ NB4 D2 were comparatively uniform in their cocoon shape. Importance of this study to know the level of heterosis and cocoon shape variability in different silkworm crosses hale been discussed.

Degumming Characteristics and Color Stability of GoldenSilk Cocoon

( Haeyong Kweon ),( Kwang Gill Lee ),( Kwang Young Park ),( Seok Woo Kang ),( Young Seek Seok ) 한국잠사학회 2012 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.24 No.1

A newly developed silkworm variety, GoldenSilk makes bright yellow cocoon. In this article, the basic characteristics of GoldenSilk cocoon were examined through color analysis, degumming characteristics and UV spectrophotometer. The colorant of Golden- Silk cocoon was not distributed evenly throughout the cocoon layer but existed in the outer layer of the cocoon. The colorant has not good resistance against sunlight. The degumming loss percentage of Golden- Silk cocoon was 29.2%, which is relatively higher than that of the authorized one. UV spectrophotometer showed specific absorption band around 400 to 500 nm, which is the specific yellow colorant of the GoldenSilk cocoon extracted to the degumming solution during the degumming process.