전자통관 서비스의 신뢰성과 만족도가 전자통관 충성도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이예림 한국관세학회 2019 관세학회지 Vol.20 No.3

This study analyzes the effects of electronic customs clearance service on the reliability, satisfaction, and loyalty of customs brokers and import/export traders. In particular, the analysis of the effects of import and export customs clearance system, customs collection system, import and export cargo management system, tariff reimbursement system, and customs clearance system on electronic clearance reliability and satisfaction and the effect of these factors on user loyalty were analyzed. The analysis result shows that the effectiveness of electronic customs clearance is verified and electronicization of import and export customs is actively promoted. Survey data was analyzed and revealed relationship among the reliability and satisfaction of electronic customs clearance service and electronic customs loyalty. As a result of this study, the import and export customs clearance system customs collection system, import and export cargo management system, customs reimbursement system, customs clearance system have positive effects on the electronic customs clearance system, The results were. In addition, import and export customs clearance system, import and export cargo management system, tariff reimbursement system, and customs clearance system, which are factors of electronic customs service system, have a positive effect on the satisfaction level of electronic clearance. 전자적 통관업무는 1996년 도입된 이래 1999년 전자서류신고제로 개편되었으며, 현재 이를 통하여 전자적 방식으로 수출물품을 신속하게 통관하는 ‘전자적 수출입통관제도’를 시행하고 있다. 본 연구는 전자통관 서비스가 통관사용인인 관세사, 수출입업자 등에게 신뢰성과 만족도 그리고 충성도에 미치는 영향을분석하고 있다. 특히, 수출입통관 시스템, 관세징수 시스템, 수출입화물관리 시스템, 관세환급시스템, 그리고 통관단일창구 시스템이 전자통관 신뢰성과 만족도에 미치는 영향분석과 이들 요인이 사용인 충성도에미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과를 통해 전자통관의 효율성을 검증하여 수출입통관의 전자화를 적극도모하는데 있다. 전자적 수출입통관 서비스는 대체적으로 전자통관 서비스를 이용하는 고객에게 유의한 결과를 보이고있다. 이는 전자통관을 실시함으로써 전자무역의 효율성이 높아지고, 무역업무의 성과가 증가함을 의미한다. 반면 수출입화물관리 측면에서는 부정적 영향을 미쳤다. 이를 통해 세관에서 실행하는 업무측면에 대해 물류 측면에서 뒷받침이 되지 않는다고 판단하였다. 따라서 진정한 전자무역을 실행하기 위해서는 물류, 운송 그리고 통관 등 물류의 흐름을 원활하게 할 수 있는 종합적 전자무역 네트워크가 형성되어야 한다. 이러한 전자통관 제도의 확립을 통하여 전자통관 서비스를 이용하는 고객인 통관 신고인의 전자통관시스템에 대한 충성도가 높아질 것으로 기대된다.

Conflict Resolution for Each Stakeholder on the Clearance Waste Recycling From the Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants

Dong-Jin Kim,Ye-Jeon Lim,So-On Park,Seong-Hyeon Lee,Byung-Sik Lee 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2

The decommissioning of Kori Unit 1 is expected to generate a large amount of clearance waste. Disposing of a large amount of clearance waste is economically costly, so a recycling method has emerged. However, clearance waste recycling is expected to cause many conflicts among various stakeholders. In the previous study, possible conflicts were selected in consideration of the domestic environment and major issues. Based on this, this study classifies stakeholders involved in conflicts by group, and suggests ways to enhance understanding by stakeholder and enhance reliability. In this study, stakeholders are classified into four groups that share the same conflicts, and each of the following measures is suggested. 1) Stakeholder Engagement. 2) Common understanding of radiation risks, dialogue between the public/recycling industry/ regulatory agency. 3) Incentives to promote recycling clearance waste. 4) Reliable outlet store for recyclable clearance waste. The above understanding enhancement measures are presented so that a solution to conflict can be smoothly derived when designing a clearance waste-related consultative body composed of interested parties in the future. As a more specific solution, measures to enhance stakeholder trust can be suggested for each understanding enhancement measure. Reliability enhancement measures are also presented so that they can be applied to each stakeholder group, and these are as follows. 1) Write a stakeholder engagement plan, Measures for stakeholder participation in measuring the radioactivity concentration of clearance waste. 2) Active use of easy-to-understand radioactivity comparison data, Expansion of information on environmental radiation dose to public, nuclear/radiation education, Held a tour event at the nuclear power plant decommissioning site, New website for clearance waste information disclosure. 3) Incentives for recycling industries in which the Ministry of Environment or KHNP partially bears the losses that occur when the sales rate is low. Incentives are provided to consumers by including recyclables of clearance waste for Green Card’s green consumption points. 4) Online outlets open for recyclable clearance waste with easy-to-understand radioactivity comparison data. It is expected that if the above-mentioned reliability enhancement measures are used, it will be possible to secure the trust of stakeholders and reduce the gap between stakeholders in the future clearance-related consultative body.

우리나라 B형 만성 간염 환자에서의 자연 HBeAg 음전률 및 그 결정 인자

윤정환,이풍렬,이효석,김정룡 ( Jung Hwan Yoon,Poong Lyul Rhee,Hyo Suk Lee,Chung Yong Kim ) 대한소화기학회 1992 대한소화기학회지 Vol.24 No.6

The course of choric hepatitis B is charaeterized by clinical and biochemical exacerbation and remission. Clearance rate of HBeAg can be different at different geographic areas, and has been reported to be higher in older patients. The clearance of HBeAg is also usually preceded by biochemical exacerbation and followed by biochemical remission. Therefore, high ALT level can be a predictor of imminent clearance of HBeAg. However, the clearance rate of HBeAg and its affecting factors have not been determined in Korea. Therefore, we conducted a prospective, longitudinal study to analyze the HBeAg clearance rate, and its relationship to biochemical remission in 102 HBeAg- positive Korean patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. They were followed over a period of 1-3 yr with regular checkup for serum HBeAg and biochemical liver function tests every 1-3 months. The probability of clearing HBeAg has a tendency to increase with the age of the patients; the cumulative probabilities of HBeAg clearance for the patients over 40 years of age were 24.7%, 44.2% and 62.1% at the end of 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. The mean annual cumulative probability of HBeAg clearance was 16% for all 102 patients, and was significantly higher especially in patients whose initial ALT levels were above or equal to 120 IU/L (22%) than in those whose initial ALT levels below 120 IU/L (14%). Of 39 patients who cleared HBeAg, 25 patients (64%) experienced biochemical remissions at the time of HBeAg clearance, and furthermore, out of the rest 14 patients, 13 patients showed biochemical remission within 12 months following HBeAg clearance. These data suggest that the mean annual cumulative rate (16%) of spontaneous HBeAg clearance in Korea is in accordance with those of other Asian countries, and the high inital ALT level (above x 3 of normal) can be regarded as an independent clinical variable for predicting the high probability of HBeAg clearance as well as the age of the patient. We also confirmed a high biochemical remission rate in patients who cleared HBeAg.

정상인 및 각종 소화기 질환 환자에서 α1 - Antitrypsin 의 장청소율

송인성(In Sung Song),최규완(Kyoo Wan Choi),김정룡(Chung Yong Kim),김재준(Jae Jun Kim),고광철(Kwang Cheol Koh),김용태(Yong Tae Kim),김진욱(Jin Wook Kim),류지곤(Ji Kon Ryu) 대한소화기학회 1993 대한소화기학회지 Vol.25 No.2

intestinal a1-antitrypsin (a1-AT) clearance is used as a measure of protein leakage into the intestinal tract. We measured the intestinal a1-AT clearance and the random fecal a1-AT concentration in normal subjects and in patients with diarrhea and hypoalbuminemia for the three purposes of the followings: the first, to confirm the usefulness of measuring the intestinal a1-AT clearance as a diagnostic tool of protein losing enteropathy, the second, to detetermine the adequate period of stool collection for measuring the intestinal a1-AT clearance, and the third was to find out the relationship between random fecal a1-AT concentration and intestinal a1-AT clearance. In normal control group (n=6), random mean dry fecal a1-AT concentration was 1.1+-0.3mg/g and mean intestinal a1-AT clearance was 15+-3ml/day, intestinal a1-AT clearance was elevated in all patients with diarrhea except chronic pancreatic disease and irritable bowel syndrome. There was a linear correlation between intestinal a1-AT clearance with stool collection for one day and that for two days (r=0.99). Among 16 patients with protein losing enteropathy, dry fecal a1-AT concentration was elevated in 13 patients (81%) but the intestinal a1 -AT clearances did not correlated well with the random fecal a1-AT concentrations (r=0.125), In conclusion. the intestinal A1-AT clearance is a simple and useful method for diagnosing the protein losing entenopathy and random fecal a1-AT concentration is a useful screening test for intestinal protein leakage as a qualitative test. For the definite and quantitative test, intestianl a1-AT clearance is needed and stool collection for only one day is enough for the adequate result.

A Study on the Clearance Waste Disposal Measures for Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plant

JunKi Baik,SukWon Jung,HyunMin Kim,ChanGeun Park,GangWoo Ryu 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The concept of clearance is to manage radioactive waste by incineration, reclamation, or recycling as non-radioactive waste, excluding those found to have a concentration of less than the allowable concentration of clearance. Among the types of waste subject to clearance, concrete is managed by recycling and landfill, metal by recycling and reuse, combustible materials by incineration, and soil by landfill. In Korea, clearance has been implemented in earnest since 2000, and the types and quantity of waste subject to clearance are increasing. For clearance, the nuclear-related operator submits its clearance plan to the regulatory body, and the regulatory body reviews the clearance plan and notifies the operator of its suitability. Since a significant amount of radioactive waste generated when decommissioning nuclear power plants is expected to be classified as clearance waste, this study will present clearance waste disposal measures for nuclear power plant through a review of overseas cases related to clearance.

연료분사펌프의 최적 간극 설계

홍성호(Sung-Ho Hong),이보라(Bora Lee),조용주(Yongjoo Cho),박종국(Jong Kuk Park) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2015 한국윤활학회지(윤활학회지) Vol.31 No.4

In the study, a design process for ensuring optimal clearance in a fuel injection pump(FIP) is suggested. Structure analysis and hydrodynamic lubrication analysis are performed to determine the optimal clearance. The FIP is simulated using Hypermesh, Abaqus 6.12 to evaluate the reduction of clearance when the maximum supply pressure is applied. The reduction in clearance is caused by the difference in the deformations between the barrel and plunger. When the deformation of the plunger is larger than that of the barrel, a reduction in clearance at the head part occurs. On the other hand, the maximum clearance reduction equals the maximum deformation in the stem part, because the deformation of barrel does not occur in this region. The clearance of FIP should be designed to be larger than maximum reduction of clearance in order to avoid contact between the plunger and barrel. In addition, the two-dimensional Reynolds equation is used to evaluate lubrication characteristics with variations of viscosity, clearance and nozzle for a laminar, incompressible, unsteady state flow. The equation is discretized using the finite difference method. The lubrication characteristics of FIP are investigated by comparing film parameter, which is the ratio of the minimum film thickness and surface roughness. The optimal clearance of FIP is to be designed by considering the maximum reduction in clearance, lubrication characteristics, machining limits and tolerance of clearance.

디지털무역 시대 전자상거래 통관체제 개편방안에 관한 연구

조원길 한국관세학회 2022 관세학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Due to the global pandemic, the existing form of trade between countries is gradually being converted to the trade structure of e-commerce. U.S. e-commerce companies and express delivery companies are reorganizing transaction information and transportation information into an efficient customs clearance system by linking with the customs system. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, non-face-to-face transactions have been activated not only domestically but also internationally, and the number of small-batch e-commerce transactions of various types is increasing explosively. However, illegal customs practices such as mass smuggling, customs evasion, purchase agency price manipulation, and illegal importation of hazardous goods are also accompanied by abusing the customs clearance system in e-commerce. and e-commerce exports through inventory clearance are omitted from export statistics, and e-commerce companies are subject to additional burdens due to export and import certification in order to receive customs benefits in case of return and re-importation. This paper aims to identify and reconstruct the problems of the domestic e-commerce customs system in line with the trend toward a comprehensive customs system that links the order, settlement, and logistics information of major foreign customs authorities with the customs system in line with the transition of the trade structure to e-commerce. The purpose of this study is to find the measures required for system reform in the future through interpretation. As a result of this study, it can be suggested to induce simplified export declaration of inventory clearance for e-commerce companies to receive export benefits in e-commerce export customs clearance. In the case of for securing customs information and control management in terms of customs clearance for e-commerce imports, it is possible to propose system reform measures such as mandatory submission of pre-clearance information for simplified mail customs clearance for securing customs information and control management, enforcement of purchase agency registration system, application of cumulative duty-free limit, differential management of express companies, and unification of standard for simple reporting by mail and express delivery. 전세계적인 팬데믹으로 인해 기존 국가간 무역형태가 점차 전자상거래의 무역구조로 전환되고 있는 추세이다. 미국은 전자상거래업체와 특송업체를 중심으로 거래정보 및 운송정보를 세관시스템과 연동하여효율적인 통관업무체제로 개편하고 있다. 코로나19사태 이후 국내뿐만 아니라 국제간 비대면 거래까지 활성화되면서 다품종 소량방식의 전자상거래 거래건수가 폭발적으로 증가하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 증가에도 전자상거래수출입에 있어 목록통관제도를 악용한 대량 밀수, 관세포탈, 구매대행 가격조작, 위해물품부정수입 등의 위법적 통관행위도 동반하고 있는 등의 문제점도 내포하고 있다. 특히 목록통관을 통한 전자상거래수출은 수출통계에 누락된다는 점, 반품 재수입시 전자상거래업체가 관세혜택을 받기 위해 수출입을 진행하는 가운데 따른 추가부담을 안고 있는 양면적인 통관체제라는 점이다. 본고는 무역구조의 전자상거래로의 전환에 따라 해외 주요관세당국이 주문·결제·물류정보를 세관시스템과 연동하는 종합통관체제로 진행 중인 추세에 맞추어 국내 전자상거래통관체제의 문제점 파악과 재해석을 통해 향후 체제개편에 요구되는 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 연구결과 전자상거래 수출통관에서 전자상거래업체가 수출혜택을받기 위한 목록통관의 간이수출신고 유도를 제안할 수 있고, 전자상거래 수입통관측면에서는 통관정보확보와 통제관리를 위한 간이우편통관의 사전통관정보 제출 의무화, 구매대행업체 등록제 시행, 누적 면세한도 적용, 특송업체 차등관리, 우편과 특송 간이신고 기준 일원화의 제도개편방안을 제안할 수 있다.

Not All Children with Cystic Fibrosis Have Abnormal Esophageal Neutralization during Chemical Clearance of Acid Reflux

Frederick W. Woodley,Melissa Moore-Clingenpeel,Rodrigo Strehl Machado,Christopher J. Nemastil,Sudarshan R. Jadcherla,Don Hayes Jr,Benjamin T. Kopp,Ajay Kaul,Carlo Di Lorenzo,Hayat Mousa 대한소아소화기영양학회 2017 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: Acid neutralization during chemical clearance is significantly prolonged in children with cystic fibrosis, com-pared to symptomatic children without cystic fibrosis. The absence of available reference values impeded identi-fication of abnormal findings within individual patients with and without cystic fibrosis. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that significantly more children with cystic fibrosis have acid neutralization durations during chem-ical clearance that fall outside the physiological range. Methods: Published reference value for acid neutralization duration during chemical clearance (determined using combined impedance/pH monitoring) was used to assess esophageal acid neutralization efficiency during chemical clearance in 16 children with cystic fibrosis (3 to <18 years) and 16 age-matched children without cystic fibrosis.Results: Duration of acid neutralization during chemical clearance exceeded the upper end of the physiological range in 9 of 16 (56.3%) children with and in 3 of 16 (18.8%) children without cystic fibrosis (p=0.0412). The likelihood ratio for duration indicated that children with cystic fibrosis are 2.1-times more likely to have abnormal acid neutraliza-tion during chemical clearance, and children with abnormal acid neutralization during chemical clearance are 1.5-times more likely to have cystic fibrosis. Conclusion: Significantly more (but not all) children with cystic fibrosis have abnormally prolonged esophageal clear-ance of acid. Children with cystic fibrosis are more likely to have abnormal acid neutralization during chemical clearance. Additional studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to address the importance of genotype, esophageal motility, composition and volume of saliva, and gastric acidity on acid neutralization efficiency in cystic fibrosis children.

내과계 중환자에서 THEOPHYLLINE clearance에 영향을 미치는 인자

용소라,김재연,정주원,송영천 한국병원약사회 2009 병원약사회지 Vol.26 No.3

To investigate the factors for affecting a theophylline clearance, we conducted the study on the MICU patients who were hospitalized from June 2006 to April 2008 in tertiary hospital, who took theophylline and evaluated serum drug concentration at steady state by using CAPCIL program. The data was collected retrospectively by medical chart review. In pharmacokinetics of theophylline, average peak concentration was 8.4 mg/L and trough was 6.0 mg/L. The volume of distribution ranged from 0.33 to 0.75 L/kg. Half-life was 10.7 hours and average clearance was 0.04 L/kg/hr in ICU patients. Theophylline clearance was highly correlated with age, body weight, and APHACH Ⅱ score. Clearance was high who using low molecular weight heparin. Clearance of Patients who showed hypokalemia and atrial fibrillation, were low. In multivariate analysis, using LMWH and underweight are statistically significant factors for theophylline clearance. In conclusion, many factors influenced theophylline clearance in ICU patients and it would be harder to set a dosage of theophylline than general patients because of these complicated factors. Therefore, to desing an appropriate dosage shoud be needed for drug efficacy and safety in ICU patients.

Not All Children with Cystic Fibrosis Have Abnormal Esophageal Neutralization during Chemical Clearance of Acid Reflux

Woodley, Frederick W.,Moore-Clingenpeel, Melissa,Machado, Rodrigo Strehl,Nemastil, Christopher J.,Jadcherla, Sudarshan R.,Hayes, Don Jr,Kopp, Benjamin T.,Kaul, Ajay,Di Lorenzo, Carlo,Mousa, Hayat The Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology 2017 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.20 No.3

Purpose: Acid neutralization during chemical clearance is significantly prolonged in children with cystic fibrosis, compared to symptomatic children without cystic fibrosis. The absence of available reference values impeded identification of abnormal findings within individual patients with and without cystic fibrosis. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that significantly more children with cystic fibrosis have acid neutralization durations during chemical clearance that fall outside the physiological range. Methods: Published reference value for acid neutralization duration during chemical clearance (determined using combined impedance/pH monitoring) was used to assess esophageal acid neutralization efficiency during chemical clearance in 16 children with cystic fibrosis (3 to < 18 years) and 16 age-matched children without cystic fibrosis. Results: Duration of acid neutralization during chemical clearance exceeded the upper end of the physiological range in 9 of 16 (56.3%) children with and in 3 of 16 (18.8%) children without cystic fibrosis (p=0.0412). The likelihood ratio for duration indicated that children with cystic fibrosis are 2.1-times more likely to have abnormal acid neutralization during chemical clearance, and children with abnormal acid neutralization during chemical clearance are 1.5-times more likely to have cystic fibrosis. Conclusion: Significantly more (but not all) children with cystic fibrosis have abnormally prolonged esophageal clearance of acid. Children with cystic fibrosis are more likely to have abnormal acid neutralization during chemical clearance. Additional studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to address the importance of genotype, esophageal motility, composition and volume of saliva, and gastric acidity on acid neutralization efficiency in cystic fibrosis children.