피부색 칼라 분포 특성을 이용한 조명 색도 검출

김정엽 아이씨티플랫폼학회 2023 JOURNAL OF PLATFORM TECHNOLOGY Vol.11 No.5

본 논문에서는 영상을 촬영한 장면의 조명 색도를 추정하는 방법을 제안한다. 기존의피부색을 이용한 조명 색도 추정 방법은 Storring, Bianco 등이 제안하였다. Storring은피부색 분포 특성, 완전 복사체 궤적을 이용하였으나 완전 복사체 궤적과 CIE-xy 자료의연계성이 저하되는 문제가 있다. Bianco 등은 표준조명에서의 피부색 분포와 입력 영상의피부색 분포를 대조하여 조명 색도를 추정하였다. 이 방법은 다양한 조명에서의 피부색을최대한 많이 측정하고 확보하기가 어렵다. 제안한 방법은 피부색도 정보와 조명색도 간의관계를 분석하여 임의의 입력 영상에 대한 조명 색도를 추정할 수 있다. 추정 방법은분석단계와 테스트 단계로 구분되며, 데이터 셋을 분석 군과 테스트 군으로 분류하여사용하였다. 분석 군의 모든 입력영상으로부터 각각 피부색 영역을 구하여 피부 색도를계산한다. 피부 색도의 평균값 집합과 기준 조명 색도 집합의 상관 관계를 분석하여 사상을구한다. 계산된 사상을 분석 군의 모든 입력 영상에 적용하여 조명 색도를 추정하고 기준조명색도와의 오차를 계산하고, 오차의 변화가 없을 때까지 상기 과정을 반복하여 안정적인사상을 구한다. 구해진 사상을 분석 단계와 유사하게 테스트 군 영상에 적용하여 조명 색도를추정한다. 피부영역과 조명 기준정보가 포함된 데이터 셋이 독립적으로 존재하지 않기 때문에인텔 TAU 데이터셋의 영상 일부를 이용하여 실험 데이터 셋을 구성하였다. 유사한 이론기반의 기존 방법인 Finlayson에 비하여 40% 이상, Zhang에 대해서는 11%, Kim에 대해서는16% 정도의 성능개선을 보였다. This paper proposes a method of estimating the illumination chromaticity of a scene in which an image is taken. Storring and Bianco proposed a method of estimating illuminant chromaticity using skin color. Storring et al. used skin color distribution characteristics and black body locus, but there is a problem that the link between the locus and CIE-xy data is reduced. Bianco et al. estimated the illuminant chromaticity by comparing the skin color distribution in standard lighting with the skin color distribution in the input image. This method is difficult to measure and secure as much skin color as possible in various illumination. The proposed method can estimate the illuminant chromaticity for any input image by analyzing the relationship between the skin color information and the illuminant chromaticity. The estimation method is divided into an analysis stage and a test stage, and the data set was classified into an analysis group and a test group and used. Skin chromaticity is calculated by obtaining skin color areas from all input images of the analysis group, respectively. A mapping is obtained by analyzing the correlation between the average set of skin chromaticity and the reference illuminant chromaticity set. The calculated mapping is applied to all input images of the analysis group to estimate the illuminant chromaticity, calculate the error with the reference illuminant chromaticity, and repeat the above process until there is no change in the error to obtain a stable mapping. The obtained mapping is applied to the test group images similar to the analysis stage to estimate the illuminant chromaticity. Since there is no independent data set containing skin area and illuminant reference information, the experimental data set was made using some of the images of the Intel TAU data set. Compared to Finlayson, a similar theory-based existing method, it showed performance improvement of more than 40%, Zhang 11%, and Kim 16%.

주색도 분석을 적용한 비음수 행렬 분해 기반의 광원 추정

이지헌(Ji-Heon Lee),김대철(Dae-Chul Kim),하영호(Yeong-Ho Ha) 대한전자공학회 2015 전자공학회논문지 Vol.52 No.8

제주도 매립장 침출수 중 유기물의 효율적 처리를 위한 광촉매 분해 반응의 응용

이창한,이택관,조은일,감상규 한국환경과학회 2022 한국환경과학회지 Vol.31 No.8

In order to photocatalytically treat organic matter (CODCr) and chromaticity effectively, chemical coagulation and sedimentation processes were employed as a pretreatment of the leachate produced from landfill in Jeju Island. This was performed using FeCl3・6H2O as a coagulant. For the treated leachate, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2 systems were investigated, using 4 types of UV lamps, including an ozone lamp (24 W), TiO2 as a photocatalyst, and/or H2O2 as an initiator or inhibitor for photocatalytic degradation. In the chemical coagulation and sedimentation process using FeCl3・6H2O, optimum removal was achieved with an initial pH of 6, and a coagulant dosage of 2.0 g/L, culminating in the removal of 40% CODCr and 81% chromaticity. For the UV/TiO2 system utilizing an ozone lamp and 3 g/L of TiO2, the optimum condition was obtained at pH 5. However, the treated CODCr and chromaticity did not meet the emission standards (CODCr: 400 mg/L, chromaticity: 200 degrees) in a clean area. However, for a UV/TiO2/H2O2 system using 1.54 g/L of H2O2 in addition to the above optimum UV/TiO2 system, the results were 395 mg/L and 160 degrees, respectively, which were within the emission standard limits. The effect of the UV lamp on the removal of CODCr, and chromaticity of the leachate decreased in the order of ozone (24 W) lamp > 254 nm (24 W) lamp > ozone (14 W) lamp > 254 nm (14 W) lamp. Only CODCr and chromaticity treated with the ozone (24 W) lamp met the emission standards.

Dye extraction from natural materials using ultrasonic waves and its chromaticity analysis

강혜진,전현,김형진,이승범,홍인권 한국공업화학회 2014 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2014 No.1

In modern society, eco-friendly life is important trend and it's proportion is expected to grow. Accordingly, interest of the natural dye is also increasing. Natural dyeing uses materials that are taken from the natural. In this study, we used sappan wood, tumeric and gardenia as dye. The main components of the natural dye are as follows. Sappan wood has Brazilein that contains the red pigment, Tumeric has Curcumin that contains the yellow pigment. Gardenia has Crocin's yellow dye. Extraction conditions from the natural dyes influence how the colors would change. Therefore, we could find the color change in accordance with parameters by analyzing chromaticity. Fianlly we tried to find the optimum extraction conditions to extract close to the main pigment component of the natural dye by using ultrasonic waves.

Photoluminescence of YVO4:Eu3+ Prepared by Li2CO3 Addition

문성준,정현곤,곽종호,손기선 한국세라믹학회 2008 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.45 No.11

Deep red color emitting YVO4:Eu3+ phosphors were investigated in an attempt to achieve promising performances in cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) applications. For this purpose, several additives such as LiF, LiCO3 and HBO3 were introduced in the processing. While two of the additives were ineffective, the inclusion of LiCO3 during the solid state synthesis of YVO4:Eu3+ phosphors was proven to enhance photoluminescent intensity and the color chromaticity. Unlike the commercially available Y(V,P)O4:Eu3+ red phosphor for use in PDP applications, pure YVO4:Eu3+ excluding phosphorous was shown to be favorable for CCFL applications, improving color chromaticity at 254 nm excitations. Deep red color emitting YVO4:Eu3+ phosphors were investigated in an attempt to achieve promising performances in cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) applications. For this purpose, several additives such as LiF, LiCO3 and HBO3 were introduced in the processing. While two of the additives were ineffective, the inclusion of LiCO3 during the solid state synthesis of YVO4:Eu3+ phosphors was proven to enhance photoluminescent intensity and the color chromaticity. Unlike the commercially available Y(V,P)O4:Eu3+ red phosphor for use in PDP applications, pure YVO4:Eu3+ excluding phosphorous was shown to be favorable for CCFL applications, improving color chromaticity at 254 nm excitations.

Photoluminescence of YVO₄:Eu³⁺ Prepared by Li₂CO₃ Addition

Moon, Seong-Jun,Jeong, Hyun-Gon,Kwak, Jong-Ho,Sohn, Kee-Sun The Korean Ceramic Society 2008 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.45 No.11

Deep red color emitting $YVO_4:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors were investigated in an attempt to achieve promising performances in cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) applications. For this purpose, several additives such as LiF, $Li_2CO_3$ and $HBO_3$ were introduced in the processing. While two of the additives were ineffective, the inclusion of $LiCO_3$ during the solid state synthesis of $YVO_4:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors was proven to enhance photoluminescent intensity and the color chromaticity. Unlike the commercially available $YVO_4:Eu^{3+}$ red phosphor for use in PDP applications, pure $YVO_4:Eu^{3+}$ excluding phosphorous was shown to be favorable for CCFL applications, improving color chromaticity at 254nm excitations.

탄소나노튜브 위에 전도성 고분자가 코팅된 하이브리드형 투명전극의 특성

박진석,박종설,김부종 한국반도체디스플레이기술학회 2019 반도체디스플레이기술학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Hybrid-type transparent electrodes were fabricated by depositing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via spray coating on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates and then coating the CNTs with [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)] (PEDOT) films via electro-polymerization. For all of the fabricated electrodes, their surface morphologies, electric sheet resistances, visible transmittances, and color properties (e.g., yellowness) were characterized as functions of the applied voltages and process times used in electro-polymerization. The sheet resistance of the CNTs was significantly reduced by the coating of PEDOT, while their visible transmittances slightly decreased. The yellowness values of the PEDOT-coated CNTs were observed to have substantially decreased via electro-polymerization. The experimental results confirmed that the fabricated hybrid electrodes had desirable properties for the application of transparent electrode in terms of the electrical resistance, optical transmittance, and chromaticity.

샴푸 시술에 따른 산성코팅 염모제품의 색도변화에 관한 연구 Ⅰ

왕혜자(Hye-Ja Wang) 한국인체미용예술학회 2007 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.8 No.3

  In this paper, to investigate chromaticity change of acid-coloring hair dye by shampoo number of times, we measured chromaticity change on the domestic brand company"s products(Amos, Shinsung, Sarangsae). In the case of red color, SR co. was shown both lightness index(L*) and chromaticity index(a* and b*) big change while A co. and SS co. were very stable. In the case of yellow color, while lightness index(L*) and red-chromaticity index(a*) were seldom shown big difference, yellow-chromaticity index(b*) was shown big change. In the case of blue color, while SS co. and SR co. were very stable, a lightness index(L*) and yellow-chromaticity index(b*) of A co. altered greatly. In the effect for color space by products, A co."s chromaticity change was not big, and SS co"s a little change, SR co."s in red color and yellow color big change. Through the study of chromaticity change of acid-coloring hair dyeing product by shampoo number of times, could grasp tendency of chromaticity change by products and colors for domestic brand"s products.

논문 : 디지털 미디어 스킨의 색도분포 분석에 관한 연구 -서울시에 위치한 미디어 스킨 사례를 중심으로

김주연 ( Ju Yeon Kim ),이종희 ( Jong Hee Lee ) 디자인융복합학회 2012 디자인융복합연구 Vol.11 No.1

서울의 도시는 유비쿼터스의 기술을 기반으로 한 디지털 미디어가 도시의 면모를 알리는 차원으로 발전하고 있다. 야간의 옥외 조명의 디지털 색채와 컨텐츠는 예술 및 상업적 광고 등의 형태로 다양하게 선보이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 도시 환경의 요소 중 색채의 중요성을 파악하여 미디어 파사드들의 색도 분포를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구 사례는 11 곳의 미디어 파사드, 실내 미디어 내벽 2 곳, 미디어 조형물 4 곳의 사례를 조사하였다. 각 사례들은 디지털카메라와 CS-100s 기기를 이용하여 디지털 미디어 파사드의 변화에 따라서 측정 한 후, CIE 색도 분포와 휘도에 대하여 분석하였다. 연구 분석 결과 서울시 미디어파사드들의 주요 색도 분포와 조명 색 온도 4,000~5,000[K]의 범위를 벗어나는 사례와 벗어나지 않는 범위에서 색도좌표의 패턴을 구성하는 사례를 살펴볼 수 있었다. 색온도 보다는 색도좌표 색 구성 및 패턴을 주요하게 살펴보았다. 특히, 상업공간 건물은 색도좌표(x,y)의 패턴 범위가 불규칙하고 조명의 휘도(cd/m2)차이가 크게 나타났다. 마지막으로, 본 연구는 색도 공간 체계에서 각 공간의 색도점의 좌표거리들은 미디어 파사드의 유형에 따른 색도공간의 분포도 살펴 볼 수 있는 기초자료가 될 수 있다. Digital media based on the ubiquitous technology are used and developed to let the look of Seoul known to the world. The digital colors and contents for the outdoor exterior illumination are displayed in various kinds of artistic shapes and commercial advertisement. This study is to understand the importance of color among the city environmental elements and to analyze the chromaticity distribution of the media facade. 11 places of Media facades, 2 indoor place and 4 places of sculptures were taken for the study cases. Each case was measured following the changes of digital media facades using the digital camera and CS-100 device and its CIE chromaticity distribution and brightness. The major chromaticity distributions of the media facades in Seoul were analyzed. According to the study results, some cases were beyond the range of street light color temperature 4,000~5,000[K] and the other cases were within the range in constituting the chromaticity coordinate pattern. Focus was made on the color structure and patter of the chromaticity coordinates, not on the color temperature. Especially in case of the building with commercial spaces, the pattern range of chromaticity coordinates (x, y) was turned out irregular and the differences of brightness (cd/㎡) of illumination were big enough. Finally, the coordinate distances of chromaticity points of each space in the chromaticity space system can be used to see the distribution of chromaticity space according to the type of media facades.

롤투롤시스템을 이용하여 PET 필름위에 제조된 SiO₂-ITO 박막의 색도(b*), 면저항과 투과도 연구

박미영,김정수,강보갑,김혜영,김후식,임우택,최식영,Park, Mi-Young,Kang, Bo-Gab,Kim, Jung-Soo,Kim, Hye-Young,Kim, Hu-Sik,Lim, Woo-Taik,Choi, Sik-Young 한국재료학회 2011 한국재료학회지 Vol.21 No.5

This paper has relatively high technical standard and experimental skill. The fabrication of TCO film with high transparency, low resistance and low chromaticity require exact control of several competing factors. This paper has resolved these problems reasonably well, thus recommended for publication. Indium tin oxide(ITO) thin films were by D.C. magnetron roll-to-roll sputter system utilizing ITO and $SiO_2$ targets of ITO and $SiO_2$. In this experiment, the effect of D.C. power, winding speed, and oxygen flow rate on electrical and optical properties of ITO thin films were investigated from the view point of sheet resistance, transmittance, and chromaticity($b^*$). The deposition of $SiO_2$ was performed with RF power of 400W, Ar gas of 50 sccm and the deposition of ITO, DC power of 600W, Ar gas of 50 sccm, $O^2$ gas of 0.2 sccm, and winding speed of 0.56m/min. High quality ITO thin films without $SiO_2$ layer had chromaticity of 2.87, sheet resistivity of 400 ohm/square, and transmittance of 88% and $SiO_2$-doped ITO Thin film with chromaticity of 2.01, sheet resistivity of 709 ohm/square, and transmittance of more than 90% were obtained. As a result, $SiO_2$ was coated on PET before deposition of ITO, their chromaticity($b^*$) and transmittance were better than previous results of ITO films. These results show that coating of $SiO_2$ induced arising chromaticity($b^*$) and transmittance. If the thickness of $SiO_2$ is controlled, sheet resistance value of ITO film will be expected to be better for touch screen. A four point probe and spectrophotometer are used to investigate the properties of ITO thin films.