국내 서/남해안 해상교량의 월별, 높이별 비래염분량 특성

정자혜,민지영,이빛나,이종석 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2022 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.26 No.2

In this study, the monthly airborne chlorides flying into the offshore bridges were investigated depending on the sea level. The target structures were 9 bridges located on the western and southern coast of South Korea. The airborne chlorides were measured at different sea levels on each bridge every month during 1 year. The results showed that the strongest seasonal wind from the northwest in winter expecially have led increase of the airborne chlorides, and its effect was more significant in the western coast than the southern coast. It was also found that the airborne chlorides declined with the increase of sea level. Three types of curves were suggested for analyzing the decrease trend with the sea level, based on the airborne chlorides at the lowest measurement height of main tower. The trend was varied depending on the sea area, and even in the same sea area, the local topographic condition affected the airborne chlorides. It means that the location and local topography should be considered simultaneously for durability management in the framework of the chloride source, and then the influence of the chloride source should be classified, e.g. safe and dangerous. From these results, it is expected that it could be used as baseline data for the evaluation of the deterioration environment in the Detailed guidelines for safety and maintenance of facilities [Performance evaluation]_Bridge. 본 연구에서는 해상교량에서 해수와 직접 접하지 않은 부재로 날아 들어오는 비래염분 분포를 월별, 높이별로 파악하였다. 이를 위하여 한국의 남해안과 서해안의 9개 해상교량을 대상으로 다양한 높이에서 1년 동안 비래염분량을 측정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 측정한 월에 따라서는 서해안과 남해안 모두 겨울철 북서 계절풍의 풍향과 강한 풍속의 영향으로 겨울철(11월∼2월)의 비래염분량이 크게 증가하였고 그 차이는 서해안이 더 크게 나타났다. 높이별로는 해수면에서 높아질수록 비래염분량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 감소 경향에 따라 주탑하단의 비래염분량을 기준으로 총 3개의 구간으로 분류하여 비래염분량 감소식을 도출하였다. 각 구간에 따른 감소 경향 차이는 해역별로, 동일 해역내에서도 국부적인 지형적 특징에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 따라서 해상교량의 유지관리를 위한 비래염분자료 수립을 위해서는 해역별 특징과 함께, 그 주변의 국부적인 지형적 특징도 고려하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과로서, 해상 교량의 비래염분 염해환경에 대하여 안전한 구간과 열악한 구간을 구분할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 시설물 안전 및 유지관리 실시 세부지침[성능평가]_교량편의 열화환경 평가항목의 기반자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

표면염화물량 산정을 위한 건축 건축마감재 감재별 비래염분 부착율 분석

조규환 ( Gyu Hwan Cho ),지동헌 ( Dong Hun Ji ),정재민 ( Jae Min Jung ),박동천 ( Dong Cheon Park ) 한국건축시공학회 2014 한국건축시공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.14 No.2

For durability design to protect against chloride-induced corrosion, it is important to estimate the amount of chlorides on the surface. However, it is difficult to estimate the airborne chlorides, a boundary condition, due to the difference between the amount of chlorides attached to a surface of an actual structure and that in the air. Therefore, in this study the attachment rate analysis of airborne chlorides was evaluated for 13 types of finish materials. As a result, despite differences in the amount of airborne chlorides according to the finishing type, it was found that 60 percent of airborne chlorides were attached to mortar, 30 percent were attached to steel, and 25 percent were attached to tiles compared with the amount of chlorides in the air.

표면도장공법을 적용한 미세균열 콘크리트의 염소이온 침투 제어 특성

윤인석(Yoon In-Seok),채규봉(Chae Gyu-Bong) 대한토목학회 2008 대한토목학회논문집 A Vol.28 No.5A

건전하게 설계ㆍ시공된 콘크리트는 충분한 내구성 및 장기수명을 갖는 것으로 알려졌다. 그러나 저자의 기존 연구에 의하면 콘크리트 표면에 존재하는 균열은 염소이온의 침투에 대한 빠른 침투 통로가 되어 내구성능을 저하시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 균열을 제어하기 위하여 설계적 측면에서 높은 철근비로 균열폭을 감소시킬수는 있으나, 이러한 균열이 실질적으로 내구성을 저하시키는데에 따른 검토 및 내구성 향상을 유도할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 표면도장공법은 균열폭이 작은 경우에 균열을 실링하여 염소이온 침투를 차단하는데 가장 간단한 방법중의 하나로 간주될 수 있다. 그래서 본 연구는 표면 도장공법으로 미세균열의 개구를 통한 염소이온 침투를 제어할 수 있는지를 고찰하였다. 실험변수로 침투재와 도포재의 단일 적용과 복합적용이 실험변수로 고려되었으며, 급속 염소이온 침투 실험을 통하여 균열대비 염소이온 침투깊이를 검토하였다, 실험결과에 의하면 침투재는 균열 실링효과를 기대할 수 없었으나, 도막재는 0.06 ㎜, 침투재와 도막재를 혼합사용하면 0.08 ㎜이내의 균열폭에서 염소이온 침투를 제어할 수 있었다. For well-constructed concrete, its service life is a long period and it has an enough durability performance. For cracked concrete, however, it is clear that cracks should be a preferential channel for the penetration of aggressive substance such as chloride ions accoding to author's previous researches. Even though crack width can be reduced due to the high reinforcement ratio, the question is to which extend these cracks may jeopardize the durability of cracked concrete. If the size of crack is small, surface treatment system can be considered as one of the best options to extend the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment simply in terms of cost effectiveness versus durability performance. Thus, it should be decided to undertake an experimental study to deal with the effect of different types of surface treatment system, which are expected to seal the concrete and the cracks to chloride-induced corrosion in particular. In this study, it is examined the effect of surfaced treated systems such as penetrant, coating, and their combination on chloride penetration through microcracks. Experimental results showed that penetrant can't cure cracks. However, coating and combined treatment can prohibit chloride penetration through cracks upto 0.06 mm, 0.08 ㎜, respectively.

Development of a Probabilistic Life-cycle Cost Model for Marine Structures Exposed to Chloride Attack based on Bayesian Approach using Monitoring Data

정현준,박흥민,김정훈,김규선,공정식 대한토목학회 2013 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.17 No.5

The main deterioration process jeopardizing the durability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures in marine environments is chloride-induced corrosion of the concrete reinforcement, which leads to high maintenance and repair costs, with the consequent concern for premature structural deterioration. The corrosion process of the concrete reinforcement has uncertainties associated with quality of concrete and exposure condition. A methodology is proposed for a probabilistic Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) model in service life through the condition assessment of RC structures against corrosion initiation based on Bayesian techniques using monitoring data. The LCC model is estimated during a structure’s life by using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. For the application of the developed model, the LCC models of two dockyards in the Atlantic Ocean and Korea are estimated and compared during a structure’s life. The LCC model is updated to consider the safety of the structure (the application time of maintenance intervention),cost efficiency and reduced uncertainty successively whenever new monitoring data of the chloride penetration is available during service time.

A Practical Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Stille Coupling Reactions of Unreactive Aryl Chlorides

Jin, Myung-Jong,Lee, Dong-Hwan WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Angewandte Chemie. international edition Vol.49 No.6

<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Practical catalyst: A magnetic nanoparticle-supported palladium catalyst was developed for the highly efficient heterogeneous Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Stille couplings of a wide variety of aryl chlorides. Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled by facile magnetic separation without any loss of activity. <img src='wiley_img/14337851-2010-49-6-ANIE200905626-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14337851-2010-49-6-ANIE200905626-content'> </P>

Synthesis and In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of 2-Methyl-3-(2- piperazin-1-yl-ethyl)-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one Derivatives against Human Cancer Cell Lines

Lingappa Mallesha,Kikkeri N. Mohana,Bantal Veeresh,Ravi Alvala,Alvala Mallika 대한약학회 2012 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.35 No.1

A series of new 2-methyl-3-(2-piperazin-1-yl-ethyl)-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives 6a-j were synthesized by a nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2-methyl-3-(2-piperazin-1-ylethyl)-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one with various sulfonyl chlorides. The compounds were characterized by different spectral studies. All the compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative effect using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method against four human cancer cell lines (K562, Colo-205, MDA-MB 231, IMR-32) for the time period of 24 h. Among the series, compounds 6d, 6e and 6i showed good activity on all cell lines except K562, whereas the other compounds in the series exhibited moderate activity. Compound 6d could be a potential anticancer agent and therefore deserves further research.

Current Status and Development of Thermal Physical Properties Database for Molten Chloride Salts

Tae-Hyeong Kim,Chan-Yong Jung,Eunkyeom Lee,Sang Ho Lim,Jong-Yun Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

Molten salts have gained significant attention as a potential medium for heat transfer or energy storage and as liquid nuclear fuel, owing to their superior thermal properties. Various fluoride- and chloride-based salts are being explored as potential liquid fuels for several types of molten salt reactors (MSRs). Among these, chloride-based salts have recently received attention in MSR development due to their high solubility in actinides, which has the potential to increase fuel burnup and reduce nuclear water production. Accurate knowledge of the thermal physical properties of molten salts, such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity, is critical for the design, licensing, and operation of MSRs. Various experimental techniques have been used to determine the thermal properties of molten salts, and more recently, computational methods such as molecular dynamics simulations have also been utilized to predict these properties. However, information on the thermal physical properties of salts containing actinides is still limited and unreliable. In this study, we analyzed the available thermal physical property database of chloride salts to develop accurate models and simulations that can predict the behavior of molten salts under various operating conditions. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to improve our understanding of the behavior of molten salts. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the development of safer and more efficient MSRs.

압축응력이 인가된 콘크리트의 열화제어를 위한 표면도막공법의 효과

윤인석 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2012 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.16 No.3

콘크리트 표면에 존재하는 균열은 염소이온의 침투에 대한 빠른 침투 통로가 되어 내구성능을 저하시킬 수 있다. 균열을 제어하기 위하여 설계적 측면에서 높은 철근비로 균열폭을 감소시킬 수는 있으나, 이러한 균열이 실질적으로 내구성을 저하시키는데에 따른 검토 및 내구성 향상을 유도할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 표면도막공법은 균열폭이 작은 경우에 균열을 실링하여 염소이온 침투를 차단하는데 가장 간단한 방법중의 하나이며, 경제성 대비 성능도 만족할 만 하다. 그래서 표면도막공법이 콘크리트와 균열을 함침하여 유해물질의 침투로 인한 철근의 부식을 제어하기 위한 유효성을 검토하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 표면도막공법으로 압축응력 인가로 인한 미세균열을 통한 염소이온 침투의 제어 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 실험결과는 염소이온은 압축응력 인가율 50~70%, 탄산화는 70~80%의 범위에서 임계응력이 존재하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이 임계치 이상을 초과하게 되면 상대적으로 심각한 열화가 진전되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 표면도막공법은 균열치료효과를 얻는데 유효한 것으로 판단되었다. For cracked concrete, it is obvious that cracks should be preferential channel for the penetration of aggressive substances such as chloride ions according to the previous researches. In order to extend the lifetime of cracked concrete, critical issues in the performance of the concrete is the risk of chloride-induced corrosion. Even though crack width can be reduced due to the high reinforcement ratio, the question is to which extend these cracks may jeopardize the durability of cracked concrete. If the size of crack is small, surface treatment system can be considered as one of the best options to extend the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environment simply in terms of cost effectiveness versus durability performance. Thus, it should be decided to undertake an experimental study on the effect of surface coating system, which can be able to seal the concrete and the cracks to aggressive substances-induced corrosion in particular. In this study, it is excuted to examine the effect of surfaced treated systems on chloride penetration and carbonation through compressive stress induced cracks. Experimental results have showed conclusively that critical stress linked with deterioration, should be existed in compressive stress ratio 50 ~ 70% for chloride penetration and 70 ~ 80% for carbonation, respectively. When the critical stress is exceeded in concrete, a comparatively large deterioration was measured where the critical stress in concrete, the increase in the mass transportation is marginal in spite of the large increase in micro-cracks. As for the effect of surface coating system on crack-sealing, it can be seen conclusively that cracks can be healed.

인천항의 대기 중 비래염분량의 시설물별 특성 및 해안거리에 따른 감소량 추정

정자혜,이종석 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2023 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.27 No.6

본 연구에서는 인천항만 시설물의 대기 중 비래염분량을 조사하였다. 2021.9 ~ 2023.8월, 총 2년 동안 북항, 남항, 신항에 총 15개의염분포집기를 설치하여 대기 중 비래염분량을 측정하고, 항만시설물과 측정환경에 따른 비래염분량의 분포 특징과, 해안거리에 따른 비래염분량의 감소 특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 북항, 남항, 신항의 월별 비래염분량 분포는 0.4 ~ 3.3 mdd로 유사하게 나타났으며, 해안선의 방향을고려한 계절풍의 영향으로 북항과 남항은 겨울에, 신항은 여름에 비래염분량이 높게 나타났다. 측정환경에 따른 비래염분량의 특징으로는 동일 지역에서 내해보다 내륙에 위치하여 바다에서 부는 바람이 내해를 통과하여 지나가는 위치에 있는 지점에서 비래염분량이 높게 나타났다. 또한 동일지역에서 해안거리가 동일한 두 지점일지라도 지면으로부터 높이에 따라서 비래염분량에 차이가 있었다. 한편 간만대의 경우, 월별비래염분량은 상부보다는 하부에서 현저히 높게 나타났으며, 예외적으로 상부의 비래염분량이 하부만큼 높은 기간은 최고조위와 조위차가 높은 특징이 있었다. 해안으로부터 거리에 따른 항별 비래염분량의 감소율식을 도출하였으며, 그 결과, 해안으로부터 멀어질수록 비래염분량의감소율은 신항이 가장 크고, 남항이 가장 작게 나타났다. In this study, the coastal airborne chlorides were investigated in the Incheon Port, South Korea. Monthly measurements of coastal airborne chlorides were taken for a total of 2 years from September 2021 to August 2023 at 15 locations in North, South, and New Port. We analyzed the distribution characteristics of airborne chloride based on port facilities and measurement environments, as well as the reduction characteristics of the airborne chloride with respect to coastal distance. As a result, the monthly distribution range of the airborne chloride in the North, South, and New Port varied similarly, ranging from 0.4 to 3.3 mdd. Due to the influence of seasonal winds considering the direction of the coastline, both the North Port and South Port had higher the airborne chloride in winter, while the New Port had higher content in summer. The airborne chlorides were higher at locations inside an inland sea compared to those outside an inland sea. This is because the wind coming from the sea passed through the inland sea. Even in the same region with identical coastal distances, there were variations in airborne chloride levels depending on the height above the ground. In tidal zone, the monthly airborne chlorides were significantly higher in the lower part than in the upper part. The rate of decrease equation of airborne chlorides for each port based on the distance from the coastline was derived, and the results showed that as the distance from the coastline increased, the rate of decrease in airborne chlorides was the highest for New Port and the lowest for South Port.

국도 상 도로시설물 대상 열화환경 조건 별 콘크리트 염화물 침투 특성 분석

민지영 ( Jiyoung Min ),이종석 ( Jong-suk Lee ),이탁곤 ( Tack-gon Lee ),차기혁 ( Ki-hyuk Cha ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2021 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집 Vol.25 No.5

「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리 실시 세부지침(성능평가편)」의 내구성능 평가에서 열화환경 평가항목으로 제시된 제설제 및 비래염분에 의한 염해환경, 동해환경이 국내 국도 상 콘크리트 도로시설물의 염화물 침투특성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 강원 고성, 서울, 경기 고양, 부산에 위치한 교량 총 4개소, 강원권 방호울타리 4개소, 부산권 방호울타리 3개소 및 옹벽 1개소를 대상 시설물로 선정하였으며, 제설제에 의한 직접·간접적인 염해환경, 해안거리 및 교각 높이별 비래염분에 의한 염해환경에서 염화물 침투특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, (1) 제설제 살포일수(강설일수)에 따른 지역별 특성이 명확하게 구분되었고, (2) 바닥판 관통 누수 혹은 신축이음부를 통한 누수 등이 발생한 경우 침투 염화물량이 유의미한 수준까지 증가하였으며, (3) 부산 해안가에 위치한 교량의 경우 높이 20m까지 비래염분의 영향권에 해당함을 확인하였다. 이로부터, 동일한 시설물이라도 노출된 열화환경, 부재의 위치 및 높이, 열화진전상태에 따라 염화물 침투특성이 달라지기 때문에 시설물 점검 시 점검대상 부재 및 위치의 선정이 매우 중요함을 확인하였으며, 국내 지역별 및 부재별 열화환경에서의 염화물 침투특성에 관한 데이터 베이스를 구축한다면 콘크리트 시설물에 대한 선제적인 내구성능 관리가 가능할 것으로 기대된다. The deterioration environments caused by de-icing salt and airborne chlorides in the seashore, evaluated in the “Detailed guideline for safety and management practice of facilities (performance evaluation)”, were reviewed in terms of penetrated chlorides into concrete on various road facilities. Target concrete structures, in this study, were 4 concrete barriers in Gangwon area, 3 concrete barriers and 1 retaining wall in Busan area, and 4 bridges in Gangwon-do, Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Busan. The deterioration environments were classified into three categories: direct and indirect de-icing salt attack, and airborne salt attack depending on the distance to seashore and the height of pier, and the penetrated chlorides in to concrete were analyzed. The results showed that (1) the regional deterioration environments were clearly classified by de-icing salt sprayed days (snowfall days), (2) the penetrated chlorides increased significantly when leakage occurred through slabs or expansion joints, and (3) the airborne chlorides affected to a height of 20 m concrete in the seashore, Busan. From these, it could be confirmed that the chloride ion penetration properties depend on the exposed aging environment, member location and height, and deterioration status, even on the same structure, so the selection of target members and location is very important in the inspection and maintenance. If the database of penetrated chlorides properties in various deterioration environments is constructed, it is expected that the proactive durability management on concrete structures will be possible in the field.