범죄에 대한 두려움 모형을 통한 이민자들의 주관적 삶의 질 결정요인에 관한 연구 : 국내거주 중국인, 베트남인, 몽골인을 중심으로

황의갑,민소영,박윤환,장현석,홍명기,조정윤 대한범죄학회 2020 한국범죄학 Vol.14 No.2

Korea is in transition to a multicultural society, however, not much research has been conducted regarding the quality of life among immigrants in Korea. This research intends to investigate the structural link between fear models and quality of life, mediated by fear of crime among Chinese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian immigrants living in South Korea. We attempted to organize a comprehensive model considering both unique aspects of immigrants and general factors of quality of life. Findings revealed that the level of fear of crime was highest among Vietnamese immigrants, followed by Chinese and Mongolian immigrants. On the other hand, Chinese immigrants showed the lowest subjective well-being. Fear of crime played as a mediator among Mongolian Immigrants Model only. Factors of both fear of crime and quality of life were various among different immigrant groups. These differences of the findings among groups could be understood based on the unique aspects of immigrant groups. For example, Korean language ability was the lowest among Mongolian immigrants and highest among Chinese immigrants, and illegal visa status was highest among Mongolian immigrants and lowest among Chinese immigrants. Compared to other groups, Vietnamese immigrants had difficulties in adjusting to Korean society due to their appearance different from Koreans. 한국사회가 다문화 사회로 변해가고 있음에도 한국사회의 구성원으로서 다문화인구에 대한 범죄두려움과 삶의 질에 관한 연구는 찾아보기 쉽지 않다. 본 연구는 이민자의 삶의 질과 관련하여그동안 국내외 선행연구에서 간과되었던 범죄 두려움과 이를 설명하는 두려움 설명모형에 주목하여 국내 이민자들의 주관적 삶의 질에 미치는 구조적 영향관계를 검증하였다. 선행연구에서 고려되지 않았던 이민자 특성 및 주관적 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 일반적인 요인들을 고려한 종합모형을 구축하여 접근하였다. 이민자 대상 연구는 언어와 문화의 다양성을 고려해야하기에 전체 이민자들을 획일적으로 다루기보다는 집단별로 구분하여 접근하는 것이 중요하기에 권역별 이민자들의 독특한 사회문화적 특성을 대표하는 중국, 베트남, 몽골 출신 이민자들을 설문조사하여 비교 검증함으로써 이민자 집단별 삶의 질 개선을 위한 시사점을 모색하였다. 구조방정식모형 분석결과, 중국출신 이민자들에 비해 베트남출신 이민자들의 범죄두려움은 더 높고 몽골출신이민자들의 범죄두려움은 더 낮았다. 반면에 주관적 삶의 질은 베트남출신 이민자들과몽골출신이민자들이 중국출신 이민자들보다 더 높은 수준을 보였다. 범죄에 대한 두려움은 몽골출신이민자 모형에서만 주관적 삶의 질에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 그에 따른 매개역할을 확인할 수 있었다. 출신국가에 따라 범죄 두려움과 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 영향요인들의 차이가 있다는 점 또한 확인할 수 있었다. 이민자 집단 간의 이러한 분석결과의 차이는 그들의 특성과연결하여 이해할 수 있었는데, 국내의 몽골출신 이민자들은 타 국가출신 이민자들과 비교할 때 가장낮은 한국어 능력을 가지고 있었으며, 불법체류자가 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 중국출신이민자들은 상대적으로 체류자격이 보다 안정되어 있었고, 체류 기간이 길었으며 한국어가 능숙한경향이 있었다. 이러한 분석결과를 바탕으로 정책대안과 후속연구를 위한 시사점을 논하였다.

동양계 이민자에 대한 차별정책, 1850-1907 -미국 서부의 중국과 일본 이민을 중심으로

김지원 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2012 인문과학연구논총 Vol.33 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the development of discriminating policies for Asian immigrants in the West Coast of the U. S. from 1850 to 1907. In particular, this study analyzes main factors of Anti-Oriental movement comparing Chinese and Japanese immigration from several perspectives and how these factors interrelated to formulate disciriminating policies for Asian immigrants. Anti-Oriental hostility was already existed before Chinese immigration. There was a racial hierarchy in the United States as well as California since 1790. Asian immigrants were 'aliens ineligible to citizenship' until 1952. The Chinese immigrants had moved to the U.S. to provide cheap labor in the railroad and mine from 1850 to 1882. From 1870 rapid increase of Chinese immigrants and their encroachment of labor market stimulated Californians. In 1879 the California Court declared “Mongolians as ineligible to citizenship.” In particular, Chinese Exclusion law in 1882 became the crucial point for anti-Chinese movement in the American history of Immigration. On the Other hand, Japanese had applied different ways of adjustment despite of the anti-Japanese hostility and racism. The issue of Japanese immigrants became the special problem in California around 1900. Japanese concentration and gradual encroachment in the farming became remarkable from 1905. Also Japanese immigrants was so ambitious to fulfill their socioeconomic mobility. Furthermore, Californians started to recognize Japan as World power and watched Japan’s intervention to protect Japanese immigrants in California. In 1905 Asiatic Exclusion League was formated in San Francisco which became the typical institution for anti-Japanese movement until 1940s. The anti-Japanese sentiment reflected on the proclamation of Executive Order 589 in 1907 which prohibited immigration of Japanese laborers.

高句麗에 流入된 中國系人物의 動向

공석구 고구려발해학회 2004 고구려발해연구 Vol.18 No.-

Political chaos in China during the 4th and 5th centuries gave an obvious impetus to Chinese immigration to Koguryo. Kuguryo also captured Chinese by attacking adjacent towns. In this study, we collect archaeological data on the Chinese immigration to Koguryo. Archaeologically, we investigated tracks left by Chinese immigrants. In Jeonchukbun (tombs built with bricks), from some mural paintings in tombs, and Wadang (the end-most tiles of the eaves covered with roofing tiles), we saw several signs of Chinese immigrants. We were also able to check traces of Chinese immigration in Naklang and Daegangkun. After we confirmed the fact that Chinese were immigrated into Koguryo, we studied their movements. Chinese immigrants are divided into three groups. The first group is represented by people who were settled in Koguryo local areas by government officials. The second is the group of people who were arranged in the suburban areas of the capital of Koguryo. The third group of people is characterized by those who lived in Koguryo for some time and moved back to China later. We analyzed cases and the movements on Chinese who immigrated to Koguryo during the 4th and 5th centuries. Based on our current study, we may not deny that the Chinese immigrants contributed to the rapid development of Koguryo during these times. Some Chinese intellectuals who are familiar with a law-governed administration might play a role in paving the way for Koguryo's foundation.

초기 중국이민의 교섭과 조약의 체결 -Burlingame조약과 1880년 중미조약을 중심으로-

김남현 한국세계문화사학회 2011 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.0 No.25

The demand for labor, on the heels of the discovery of a gold mine in 1848 and the transpacific railway construction in 1865, led to the increase in the number of Chinese immigrants. The Burlingame Treaty in 1868 was hailed by the American government as the demand for labor and trade soared. In 1870's, however, the soaring unemployment rate and the wage cut, fueled by the drastic increase in the number of Chinese immigrants and the sluggish economy, had been a major issue As a result, Californians started to shift the blame to Chinese Immigration, tying to discriminate, restrict and oppose their immigration. The Burlingame Treaty resulted in the unexpected boost in Chinese immigration and other related problems, therefore flustering the American government. Since they were clearly aware that The Burlingame Treaty was a stumbling block to a number of regulations that were meant to discriminate, restrict and oppose the immigration, the working-class population in the West coast insisted that the treaty be either abolished or revised. This eventually led to a newly revised Burlingame Treaty mediated by the Angell Committee in 1880. Unlike other treaties and agreements, the 1868 Burlingame Treaty was based on reciprocity, however, this agreement also implied a contradicting American policy on China. When the treaty was initially signed, it assured China of free trade and unrestricted Chinese immigration. However, as the agreement turned out to be a major factor creating a number of problems, they eventually passed a bill restricting the immigration like other immigration related regulations in America. Thus, Californians, with the help of the local ordinance, tried to solve the problems caused by Chinese immigration. These attempts were first witnessed at a mining district and they were accepted as a legitimate regulation both by the city and the state. They started to handle this Chinese immigration by levying a poll tax, a mine worker tax, a fisherman tax and a washerman license tax, not to mention the toughened regulations on Chinese immigrants' business activities. The State of California even tried to legislate to prohibit further Chinese immigration. The local movements to regulate Chinese immigration were seen through the mass protests, reports and riots, however, the federal government found them all unconstitutional, preventing their official attempts from taking into effect. As these local attempts to discriminate, regulate and restrict the immigration failed, the opposing Californians then appealed to the federal government. This Burlinegame Treaty was not only a major obstacle in controlling the Chinese immigration, but the Chinese workers' right to be treated equally in America. However, the opposing groups were guaranteed a full support from the ever-growing labor associations and took advantage of the political turmoil in between the Senate and the House in the late 19th century. As this situation turned the West coast states into a favorable voting constituency, the politicians started to defend the regulations to control the Chinese immigration. Therefore, the opposing groups demanded that the Burlingame Treaty be either abolished or revised and continued their attempts to prohibit Chinese immigration. The Congress then filed a report on this issue and later legislated based on the report. The president of the US initially rejected this bill, but the Republican Party considering various issues sent Angell Committee to China in 1880 in order to revise the agreement, a new treaty between American and China in 1880. The newly revised treaty enabled America to restrict Chinese immigration for a certain period of time on condition that Chinese immigration is clearly against the nation's interest and the public order. Based on this treaty, America places a ban on Chinese immigration in 1882. The Burlingame Treaty managed to serve its purpose of reciprocity in immigration and commerce, however, it was eventually revi...

고려전기 정부의 한인(漢人)인식과 내투(來投) 한인들의 행적

박순우(Park, Soon-woo) 한국역사연구회 2012 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.84

So far, studies of the Chinese people who immigrated to the Korean peninsula during the Goryeo dynasty period rather concentrated upon determining their overall number, or the governmental posts they received after immigration. Based upon such data, previous studies concluded that Goryeo, out of sincere respect of advanced Chinese institutions, actively invited these Chinese figures to Goryeo with the objective to refine its own governmental system, and the Chinese immigrants were treated more fabulously than any other Goryeo officials. Yet such conclusion needs to be revised in certain points. According to the analysis attempted in this article, the situation before the reign of King Munjong, and the situation which unfolded in the following era, were fairly different. Before King Munjong’s reign, it is true that the Chinese immigrants-turned-Goryeo officials received rather high ranks, yet in the wake of certain political strifes and rather heightened animosity from local Goryeo officials, their career and their status did not last very long. Then, since King Mujong’s reign, things started to change. Most of the Chinese immigrants entered the Goryeo government only after passing the national examination, and received low-rank positions as their first assignments, just like any other Goryeo officials did. Animosity toward Chinese immigrants was considerably weakened compared to before, and a much warmer environment for them was established, partially thanks to the Goryeo people’s cultural achievements accumulated at that point. Also, some of the descendants of these Chinese immigrants are confirmed to have served the Goryeo government as well. It does not seem like they were elevated to powerful families, but at least we can see that they were being integrated into the Goryeo society. Such integration was made possible not by the Goryeo government’s urging or the accomplishments of limited number of individuals, but by the Chinese immigrants’ own collective efforts. And their activities would surely have changed the Goryeo people’s view of the people from foreign countries.

중국인 이민자의 미국사회로 통합과 차이나타운(Chinatown)의 역할

이민자 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2016 중소연구 Vol.39 No.4

This paper compares the differing modes of Chinese immigrant integration into American society before and after 1943. Three key questions are raised: First, why did Chinese choose to go to the United States and how did they enter? Second, how did changes in American immigration policy impact their adaptation into American society? Third, what roles did Chinatowns play in the settlement of Chinese immigrants in America? The research concludes first, that Chinese adaptation was closely related to the existence of Chinatowns. Chinese immigrants who entered the United States after 1943 were “integrated” into American society. In the course of integration, Chinatowns remained a bastion of Chinese culture.  Second, economic resources, educational level, and professional advancement have played a significant role in the differing adaptive modes of Chinese immigrants. Early Chinese immigrants demonstrated an “isolated” adaptation to American society due to their lower educational level and working-class background. On the other hand, more recent Chinese immigrants have entered the United States with economic and cultural capital, enabling them to be “integrated” into mainstream American society with their high income-level professions based upon this capital. 이 논문에서는 중국인 이민자의 미국사회 적응방식의 차이를 1943년 전후 이민자로 구분하여 비교했다. 핵심 질문은 다음 세 가지이다. 첫째, 중국 이민자들은 왜 미국 이민을 선택했고, 어떤 경로를 통해 미국으로 입국하게 되었는가? 둘째, 미국의 중국인 이민정책의 변화가 중국인 이민자들의 미국사회 적응에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? 셋째, 중국인 이민자가 미국사회에 정착하는 과정에서 차이나타운(Chinatown)은 어떤 역할을 했는가? 연구결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국인의 미국사회 적응방식과 차이나타운은 밀접한 관계가 있다. 새로운 중국인 이민자(1943년 이후 미국으로 입국한 중국인)들은 미국사회로 ‘통합’되고 있다. 통합과정에서 차이나타운은 중국문화를 유지하는 근거지 역할을 하며 발전하고 있다. 둘째, 중국인 이민자의 적응방식의 차이에는 경제력, 교육수준, 전문직 진출 등이 중요한 영향을 미친다. 초기 중국인 이민자들은 저학력 육체노동자였기 때문에 미국사회에 ‘고립’되어 적응했다. 새로운 중국인 이민자는 경제․ 문화적 자본을 가지고 미국으로 입국했다. 이런 자본을 바탕으로 고소득 전문직에 취업한 중국인들은 미국 주류사회로 ‘통합’되고 있다.

중국인 여성결혼이민자의 한국 이주 후 식생활

아사노가나(Kana Asano),윤지현(Jihyun Yoon),류시현(Si Hyun Ryu) 대한지역사회영양학회 2014 대한지역사회영양학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate Chinese female marriage immigrants’ dietary life after immigration to Korea, focusing on comparison between Han-Chinese (traditional Chinese) and Korean-Chinese (Chinese of Korean descent).Methods: An in-person survey was conducted with women married to Korean men, having one child or more aged 1-6 years old, and having resided in Korea for at least one year before the survey. The data were collected from the 309 respondents comprising 151 Han-Chinese and 158 Korean-Chinese in the summer of 2013.Results: Overall, there was no significant difference in dietary practice, dietary acculturation, dietary behavior, dietary habits, and food intake between the Han-Chinese and the Korean-Chinese respondents. Over 50% of the respondents ate Korean food everyday. The overall level of dietary acculturation was about 3.5 out of 5 points. The average score of healthy dietary behavior was a little bit higher than 3 out of 5 points. Approximately 3/4 of the respondents showed increasing frequency of eating out. The respondents reporting increase food diversity were over 70%. Decreased frequency of skipping meal was about 60% of the respondents. Over 50% of the respondents showed increasing consumption of Kimchi, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Conclusions: Dietary life of Korean-Chinese female marriage immigrants was similar to that of Han-Chinese female marriage immigrants after immigration to Korea. The results from this study suggest that not only Han-Chinese but also Korean-Chinese should be targeted in various diet-related acculturation support programs as important multicultural populations in Korea.

20세기 초(1910~1931) 인천화교의 이주 네트워크와 사회적 공간

김승욱(Kim Seungwook) 중국근현대사학회 2010 중국근현대사연구 Vol.47 No.-

This study investigates the Overseas Chinese network built by Chinese residing in Incheon. Joseon between 1910 and 1931, paying attention to recent researches concerning Overseas Chinese in Korea Peninsula, especially researches on Overseas Chinese based on local network theories, from transnationality perspective. Japan annexed Korea and started invading the mainland of China in earnest on the ground of the 9.18 Incident during the period between 1910 and 1931. There were significant changes of the borders in Josen, China and Japan during this period. Joseon as a colony of Japan provided Overseas Chinese with completely different environment. Overseas Chinese could no longer expect military and diplomatic assistance from Chinese government on which they were depending. They had to find a new area to settle down beyond the borderline, only depending on their own ability and capability. In spite of such rapid changes in the migrating environment, the number of Overseas Chinese residing in Joseon kept increasing. The interesting event was rapid increase of temporary population along with the northern borderline and west coastline, The number and movement of people had not been identified. In addition, the percentage of Overseas Chinese who were born in Shandong peninsula grew. During this period, emergence of new transposition such as steam boats and railroads, which made qualitative changes in migrating routes, helped people easily to move one place to another. Migrating Overseas Chinese was made in much more diverged network than before. This means that migrating of Chinese to Korea Peninsula was inevitable in such international environment during the period. In addition to this, it is implied that contents of the Chinese society in Joseon had been diverse. Those people were Chinese but independent agents with transnationality at the same time. It is an interesting topic to investigate how strongly and smoothly Overseas Chinese secured their own social space in Joseon. As indicated before, they were not allowed to have any opportunity to take social space in friendly relationship with Korean. Japanese Imperialism forced Korean to compete with these Overseas Chinese residing in Joseon. The ethnic conflict between Korean and Chinese promoted by such competition led to extreme marginalization of Chinese. As a result, their social space was shrunk. After Japan invaded the mainland of China and ethic conflict was much more severe, the Overseas Chinese were forced to give up their social space and return to their country across the border.

엔젤섬이민국의 가려진 이야기: ‘깨어진 꿈’

황혜성 한국미국사학회 2022 미국사연구 Vol.55 No.-

This study deals with stories of Chinese immigrants detained at Angel Island. Angel Island was the point of entry for approximately 175,000 Chinese immigrants between 1910 and 1940. The site was used as the immigration detention center, carrying out the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This was the place to exclude and single out the so-called “paper sons and daughters.” Chinese were detained at the barrack-like prison, awaiting results of medical examination and immigration papers. The ordeal of immigration and detention left an indelible mark in the minds of many Chinese, a number of whom carved poems on the barrack walls. They represent despair, fear, desperation, anger, and humiliation, telling dark stories of the Chinese immigrants. More than 200 poems carved on the wall give a fairly accurate picture of the Chinese detainees’ daily life on Angle Island. While at the detention center, they went through demeaning physical exams and harsh interrogations, while living in deplorable conditions. Chinese immigrants never forgot their experiences on Angel Island and the shadow of exclusion they lived under for decades. To them, Angel Island symbolized their broken dreams. While Ellis Island is a representation of the United States’ welcome to immigrants and a celebration of America’s immigrant heritage, Angel Island shows the clear rejection of ‘undesirable Asians, especially Chinese immigrants. Through Angel Island, the U. S. became “a gatekeeping” country. Now, Angel Island allows us to best understand how U.S. immigration policies and hierarchical treatment of immigrants played out in daily practices at the nation’s gate. Chinese detainees’ stories on the barrack walls of Angel Island revive both our understanding of immigration through Angel Island and American immigration history in general. 본 연구는 엔젤섬이민국 막사에 억류되었던 중국인의 이야기를 다룬다. 1910년 세워진 엔젤섬이민국은 1882년 제정된 중국인배척법을 시행하고 구현하는 장소였다. 하지만 1940년에 화재로 문을 닫았고 그 후 방치되었다. 1970년 흉한 목조건물들을 허무는 중에 우연히 막사 벽에 새겨진 서체와 이미지들이 발견되었고, 다양한 노력 끝에 현재 200여 편의 기록이 남아있다. 이 시들은 대부분 오래 동안 억류되었거나 입국이 거절되어 추방당하는 중국인들이 새겨 놓은 것으로 그들의 절망과 분노, 회환, 불안 등을 이야기한다. 막사 벽에서 발견 된 이 기록들은 중국이민자들이 겪은 시련과 고통을 생생하게 증언하며 미국이민 역사를 새로운 자료와 시각으로 바라보라고 말한다. 미국 이민역사는 주로 뉴욕 엘리스섬을 통해 입국한 유럽이민 역사로 대변되어 왔고, 엘리스섬 역사가 미국의 전통과 유산일 뿐 만 아니라, 국가 정체성과 부합한다고 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 엔젤섬은 미국이 이민을 환영하고 환대한다는 신화와 인종, 계급, 젠더에 의한 차별을 한층 강화한 현실간의 모순과 간극을 극명하게 보여준다. 따라서 이 글은 ‘그들의 이야기’를 역사의 한 부분으로 재구성하고, 이를 바탕으로 미국 이민사에서 엔젤섬이 지니는 의미를 재고한다. 엔젤섬이민국 막사 벽에서 발견 된 시들은 미국이 19세기 말 ‘바람직하지 않은 사람들’을 배척하는 ‘파수꾼 나라’로 변모하였음을 증언하고, 백인들이 중국인배척법 시행 과정에서 중국인 개인 개인에게 끼친 해악과 상처를 자세하게 들여다 볼 수 있게 한다. 중국인 입국 신청자들은 엔젤섬에 억류되어 모멸적인 신체검사와 취조에 가까운 심문을 받았고, 막사에서 감옥 생활과 다를 바 없는 시간을 견뎌내야 했다. 그리고 그들이 꿈꾸던 꿈은 이곳에서 산산조각 부서졌다. 하지만 ‘그들이 남긴 이야기’들은 우리에게 ‘차이’를 차별과 억압의 기재로 사용하지 말고, 차이를 넘어서 ‘환대’로 나아가야 한다는 교훈을 남긴다.

A study on the Connotation, Characteristics and Practical Paths of Southeast Asian Returned Immigrants' Building Chinese National Community Consciousness

Song Jing,Luo Gang,Zong Wei 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.8 No.2

This research was conducted in four overseas Chinese communities in Binchuan County, Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province. This paper adopts the concept of "multi-community", based on field investigation and individual interview, and focuses on the formation of multi-community, culture and identity awareness of returned Chinese. Under the background of the construction of Chinese national identity, this paper studies the diverse and heterogeneous group relations and the adjustment of ethnic relations within the returned overseas Chinese community, and investigates the cultural differences, multi-ethnic dynamic balance and identity integration within the returned overseas Chinese community, trying to explore and analyze the measures for the returned overseas Chinese to build Chinese national identity under the new immigration trend, and to provide constructive thinking and solutions for the construction of Chinese national identity in the border ethnic areas.