美国中小学汉语教师实践性知识研究

QUANQUAN YUAN 한국중국어교육학회 2023 중국어교육과연구 Vol.- No.41

Despite the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, the popularity of Chinese in the world has "increased rather than decreased", and more and more people around the world are learning Chinese. Due to the increasing demand for Chinese language learning abroad, the Foreign Exchange and Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Education of China has sent many Chinese teachers to teach in many countries around the world. In the three years from 2018 to 2021, the author has been engaged in Chinese teaching in three high schools in the United States. She has discovered the problems she encountered as a Chinese teacher when teaching abroad, summarized some experiences and thoughts, and realized the importance of teachers’ practical knowledge directly affects whether teachers can successfully carry out teaching abroad and the level of teaching efficiency. This article sorts out the foreign language teaching concepts, teaching objectives and teaching methods in the United States, focusing on exploring and trying to answer the following questions: 1. What aspects does the practical knowledge of Chinese teachers include? 2. What practical knowledge affects the teaching ability and effectiveness of Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools in the United States? 3. How do Chinese teachers in primary and secondary schools in the United States use practical knowledge to improve their teaching abilities? This article identifies the types of practical knowledge that influence teachers' teaching abilities in the United States. They are: specific teaching methods, classroom teaching skills, teachers’ teaching experience, understanding of students, understanding of the environment, teachers’ cross-cultural communication skills, ability to reflect on and improve teaching, teachers’ English proficiency, etc. This practical knowledge plays a guiding role in teachers' teaching. The research results of this article have reference significance for the selection and recruitment of Chinese teachers in American primary and secondary schools, and for American Chinese teachers to improve their teaching abilities. This article will also help to understand the important types of practical knowledge that affect the teaching ability of Chinese primary and secondary school teachers in the United States, and at the same time provide materials for research on the practical knowledge of Chinese teachers outside China.

중국 관행 연구와 중국 연구의 재구성 : 試論的 接近

田寅甲(Jeon In-gap),張禎娥(Chang Jung-a) 중국근현대사학회 2010 중국근현대사연구 Vol.48 No.-

This paper aims to search for the possibility of construction of a new paradigm for humanistic China studies in Korea through the study of Chinese social and economic practices. For this purpose, a new understanding is required toward the tradition of the Chinese empire that has been deliberately depreciated by the discourse of modernity through Chinese modern and contemporary history. With the new understanding of the legacy of the Chinese empire, we could investigate how modern and contemporary Chinese have been searching for the construction of a powerful country through seeking the reconstruction of tradition and modernity. In this paper, we focus on the study of Chinese social and economic practices as a method for this new understanding. Practices comprehend not only historicity but also present meaning and rationality. For the path of the development with Chinese characteristics, termed as Chinese model, will be searched for with its own historic and cultural assets, the study of Chinese practices that combines positivistic research and theoretical study could provide a historical prospect of the future of China. Any analysis or general theory without considering the complexity and plurality of Chinese society burdened with the weight of history could be misleading. The objective in-depth analysis of Chinese society requires a close combination of thorough historical and positivistic research and theoretical study based on it. Through the combination of research and theoretical study on the Chinese practices proposed by this paper, we could assess the effectiveness of this methodology.

기획논단(企劃論壇) : 중국 관행 연구와 중국 연구의 재구성 -시론적(試論的) 접근(接近)-

전인갑 ( In Gap Jeon ),장정아 ( Jung A Chang ) 한국중국근현대사학회(구 중국근현대사학회) 2010 중국현대사연구 Vol.48 No.-

This paper aims to search for the possibility of construction of a new paradigm for humanistic China studies in Korea through the study of Chinese social and economic practices. For this purpose, a new understanding is required toward the tradition of the Chinese empire that has been deliberately depreciated by the discourse of modernity through Chinese modern and contemporary history. With the new understanding of the legacy of the Chinese empire, we could investigate how modern and contemporary Chinese have been searching for the construction of a powerful country through seeking the reconstruction of tradition and modernity. In this paper, we focus on the study of Chinese social and economic practices as a method for this new understanding. Practices comprehend not only historicity but also present meaning and rationality. For the path of the development with Chinese characteristics, termed as Chinese model, will be searched for with its own historic and cultural assets, the study of Chinese practices that combines positivistic research and theoretical study could provide a historical prospect of the future of China. Any analysis or general theory without considering the complexity and plurality of Chinese society burdened with the weight of history could be misleading. The objective in-depth analysis of Chinese society requires a close combination of thorough historical and positivistic research and theoretical study based on it. Through the combination of research and theoretical study on the Chinese practices proposed by this paper, we could assess the effectiveness of this methodology.

비즈니스 중국어 교육 방안 연구

이금희(Keum-Hee Lee) 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.34

The ultimate goal of this study was to make suggestions for establishing an effective business Chinese educational program. This study was motivated by the concern that what Chinese educators should teach students majoring in Chinese-related subjects. To achieve this goal, the researcher of this study analyzed both nine textbooks for teaching business Chinese and contents of the BCT (Business Chinese Test). Furthermore, this study conducted a survey with 18 items on duties requiring Chinese language among 83 workers from 14 companies involved in business with China. Data from the analyses and the survey were utilized to examine whether the current Chinese education in universities would reflect the use of business Chinese in the field. While conducting this study, the researcher of this study designed and practiced a Chinese teaching program in accordance with the data collected. According to the survey data from the participants in the program, the designed program could produce some positive results. At the end of this study, the researcher of this study made some implications for establishing an effective business Chinese educational program.

채무소송으로 본 華商의 商慣行(1906~1910) - 移住空間 漢城을 중심으로 -

손승희 동북아역사재단 2012 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.36

This study analyzed debt liability suits in the “Documents of the Chinese Diplomatic Office in Korea” (「駐韓使館檔」) of the Chinese Consul Ma Tingliang(馬廷亮). I examined not only the aspects of competition among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean merchants at Hanseong as an immigrant area, but also activities and commercial practices of Chinese merchants. A review of 75 cases of debt liability suits in the “Documents of the Chinese Diplomatic Office in Korea” during Ma Tingliang’s time in office show that the process and the shape of suits differed according to the nationality of the complainant and the nationality of the defendant. In order to know commercial practices at Hanseong, this article mainly analyzed suits regarding a Korean merchant’s payment default. In many cases, payment default and debtor’s runaway happened in business between a Chinese merchant and a Korean merchant. This should be connected with the commodity distribution channels in Hanseong. It was common that the imported/exported goods were dealt through brokers, who did business as a broker or a wholesaler who repaid the value of the commodity later. Naturally, these types of credit-type business of indirect long-term connection between the buyer and the seller may have led to frequent disputes over payment. Chinese merchants who had not been repaid and, moreover, could not chase the escaped debtor tried to get compensation through a colleague(同夥) or a shop manager, or through a broker(經紀), and even through a relative of the debtor. In order to explain these situations, I reviewed how the Hapgua Company(合夥企業), a Chinese company,settled debt. In the Hapgua Company, it was the principle that the profits and the losses of the company shall be shared according to the ratio of shareholding. But when a debtor ran away, the creditor tried to ask the shareholder(s) or their relatives to return instead. At that time there was no concrete rule in the law, and the debt return might be ruled by general practice. In China, the shareholder(s) normally was also responsible for the debt. Thus, naturally, the Chinese merchant tried to get unlimited responsibility for the return of the debt from the business partner or from relatives. Also, in China a jingji , or broker, only performed brokering duties and had no responsibility for debt return. But in Korea, Chinese merchants sometimes requested the jingji to be responsible for the debt owing to the fact that the jingji did the urging of the return of debt and the debt return had been done by the jingji . As briefly described above, the relationship and meaning of the business partner, the employee, the employer, and others were considerably different between Korea and Chinese merchants. It seems that this difference was a major reason for the complexity and difficulties of resolving disputes.

한의사와 중의사의 면허제도에 관한 비교 고찰

왕비 ( Wang Fei ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2021 외법논집 Vol.45 No.3

한의학과 중의학(中醫學)은 한국과 중국의 전통의학으로서 같은 의학이론체계에서 기원했지만, 역 사에 따라 완전히 다른 의료체계로 발전하였다. 지난 세기 이래 서양의학의 빠른 치료효과와 의료장비의 발달, 그리고 과학적인 치료방법은 전세계의 의료체계에 지대한 영향을 미치게 된다. 사회발전과 의료위생 구조의 변화에 따라 노인병, 만성질환환자가 늘면서 난치병 치료에서 서양의학의 한계가 점점 뚜렷해지고 있다. 이에 반해 전통의학은 부작용이 적고 가격이 저렴하며 독특한 치료기법으로 노인병, 만성병, 난치병 등의 분야에서 강점이 점차 드러남에 따라 전세계적으로 전통의학의 인기가 다시 높아지고 있다. 한국은 1951년 국민의료법의 개정을 통해 한의학과 양의학의 두 체계가 공존하며 동등한 법적 지위를 갖는 이원화된 의료체계를 마련하게 된다. 이원화된 의료체계로서 한의학과 서양의학을 구분하고 있고 한의학과 서양의학의 교육과정과 치료방법이 다르므로 한의사의 한방의료행위와 의사의 의료 행위에 대해 면허된 것 이외의 의료행위는 무면허 의료행위로 해석하고 있다. 중국에서는 중의학(中醫學)과 서의학(西醫學)이 서로 융합, 발전하는 태세이다. 국가는 중서의결합 의학(中西醫結合醫學)을 장려하며, 국가의 정책지원하에 중의, 서의, 중서의결합의의 다방면의 의료 체계를 공동 발전시키고 있고 세계 전통의학시장에도 진출하고 있다. 중국 관련법에서는 중의사의 업무범위에 대한 명확한 규정이 없고 중·서의사가 상대 학과의 의료행위를 무제한 행사하는 현상은 현실에서 법제의 혼란을 초래할 수 있다고 사료된다. 의료행위가 고도의 위험성을 가지고 있어 전문적인 의료인이 아닌 경우 국민의 생명, 신체나 공중 위생에 대해 엄중한 위해성을 초래할 수 있으므로 무면허 의료행위는 엄격히 금지되어야 한다. 이러한 법익을 보호하기 위하여 형벌을 사용하여 제재하는 것이 마땅히 필요하지만 무면허 의료행위와 면허 된 것 이외의 의료행위를 구별 없이 강력한 형벌권의 행사는 의료인의 자율성에 심각한 제약을 야기 하였으며 자율권을 보장하는 세계적 추세에도 부합되지 않는다. 과학기술의 발전으로 인해 미래의 의료 분야에서는 현대 과학기술의 교차와 융합에 관한 더 많은 법적인 문제들을 야기할 것이다. 본 연구는 한의사와 중의사 면허제도의 비교를 통하여 두 제도 각각의 장단점을 살펴보고 한의사와 중의사의 면허제도의 원활한 전개 및 양국의 전통의학 법률체제의 건전한 발전을 촉진하고자 한다. As traditional medicine in Korea and China, Korean medicine and traditional Chinese medicine originated from the same medical theory system but developed into a completely different medical system depending on history. Since the last century, the rapid therapeutic effect, advanced medical equipment, and scientific treatment methods of Western medicine have profoundly impacted the traditional medicine system worldwide. With changes in social development and medical hygiene structure, the increase of the number of elderly and chronic diseases, and the limitations of Western medicine in treating incurable diseases are becoming more pronounced. In contrast, traditional medicine has fewer side effects, lower prices, and unique treatment techniques, which have revealed its strength in geriatric disease, chronic disease, incurable disease. As a result, the popularity of traditional medicine around the world is increasing again. Through the revision of the National Medical Law in 1951, Korea has established a dualized medical system. The dualized medical system distinguishes Korean medicine from Western medicine, and the curriculum and treatment methods of Korean medicine and Western medicine are different, medical practices out of licensed practice scope of Korean medicine doctors and Western medicine doctors are interpreted as unlicensed medical practices. In China, traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are poised to develop fusion, and the government encourages the integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine. With the support of the national policy, it is advancing in a multilevel medical system, including traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, and integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine. However, the related law does not have a precise regulation on the practice scope of traditional Chinese medicine doctors, and the phenomenon that traditional Chinese medicine doctors and Western medicine doctors exercise medical activities in each other’s departments unlimitedly can confuse the medical-legal system. Since medical practice involves invasions of the human body and contains risks that can cause harm to human life and public health, unlicensed medical practice should be strictly prohibited. But the strong punishment without distinction between unlicensed medical practices and medical practices out of licensed practice scope has caused serious restrictions on the autonomy of medical doctors and is not consistent with the global trend of ensuring autonomy. The development of science and technology will lead to more legal issues regarding the intersection and convergence of modern technology in the medical field of the future. This article compares the qualification system of Korean medicine doctors and traditional Chinese medicine doctors and analyzes their respective advantages and disadvantages. It seeks to promote the smooth development of the qualification system of Korean medicine doctors and traditional Chinese medicine doctors and the healthy development of the traditional medical-legal systems of the two countries.

漢字·漢文敎育 現場實踐 指向的 敎授-學習 方法 硏究의 現況과 成果

안동규 한국한자한문교육학회 2014 漢字 漢文敎育 Vol.34 No.-

This article examines the field-based teaching-learning methods ofeducation of Chinese characters and classical Chinese. Based onexamining the present situation of prior studies done so far, it aims topresent suggestions for improvement. 『Education of Chinese Characters(한자한문교육)』, a journal of the Korea Association for Education ofChinese Characters, and 『Study of Classical Chinese Education(한문교육연구』previousresearches on teaching-learning methods were done at a conference incelebration of the Korea Association for Education of Chinese Characters'30th Anniversary(2011), and 『Classical Chinese and Teaching-LearningMethods』(2012), a collection of researches of Korean Classical Chineseeducation. The current situation and result of this research are categorized into‘Chinese Characters', ‘Vocabulary', ‘Chinese poetry', and ‘Prose'. Otherthan these categories are gathered and labeled as ‘General data'. Also,related materials of ‘Media Application Education' are referred separately. As examined so far, problems are pointed out as follows, and also a fewsuggestions for improvement are added. First of all, current results of researches on Chinese poetry and proseteaching-learning methods are not good enough. It seems necessary that these researches be activated by setting up the issue as subject ofconferences. Secondly, result of researches on ‘class models' or‘systematization of teaching-learning methods' should be accumulatedmore through activation of these studies, since this could be directteaching guidelines for teachers at the chalkface. Lastly, the field studyof teaching-learning methods is relatively poor in research result thanwhat the theoretical study is. To solve this, there is a need to lead teachersmajoring the subject to participate conferences to share their individualgreatness. 이 글의 검토 대상은 ‘한자·한문교육 현장실천 교수-학습 방법’이다. 그간의연구현황 및 성과를 돌아보고 이를 바탕으로 향후의 과제점검을 목적으로 한다. 연구현황을 확인하기 위한 자료는 한국한자한문교육학회지 『한자한문교육』과 한국한문교육학회지 『한문교육연구』이다. 교수-학습 방법에 대해서는 한국한문교육학회 창립 30주년기념 학술대회(2011)와 한국한문교육연구총서 『한문과 교수-학습 방법론』(2012)에서 그간의 연구실적을 정리하였다. 연구의 현황과 성과는 ‘한자’, ‘어휘’, ‘한시’, ‘산문’으로 분류하고, 이에 속하지않는 것은 ‘일반자료’로 모아서 정리 하였다. 또한 ‘매체 활용교육’ 관련 자료도 별도로 언급하였다. 이상을 검토해 본 바 다음과 같은 몇 가지 과제가 확인되었다. 첫째, 한시·산문 관련 교수-학습 방법 연구 성과가 부족하다. 이 부분에 대해서는 학회차원에서 기획주제로 다루어 이에 대한 연구의 활성화를 도모할 필요가있다. 둘째, ‘수업모형’이나 ‘교수-학습 방법의 체계화’와 관련한 연구가 활발해져서 연구성과가 교육과정에 더 많이 축적되어야 하겠다. 현장교사들에게 있어 교육과정은 직접적인 수업안내 지침이기 때문이다. 셋째, 교수-학습 방법과 관련하여 이론연구보다 현장실천 연구실적이 상대적으로 빈약하다. 이의 해결을 위해 전공교사들의 학회 참여 유도가 필요하리라 본다. 교사 개인이 지닌 우수 지도방안을 공유할 수 있도록 하기 위해서이다.

한국의 중국어 교육에 대한 반성적 고찰

趙寬熙(Cho Kwan-hee) 중국어문학연구회 2009 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.57

Koreans have experienced a sweeping zeal for learning Chinese since the diplomatic relationship between Korea and China in recent years. But I wonder if Korea's Chinese education system is well prepared to meet the rising demand. In this thesis, I would like to closely look into Chinese education in Korea and come up with alternatives. Roughly speaking, before Korea-China diplomatic relationship, the grammar translation method was dominant in Korea's Chinese education, which in turn produced those low in communicative competence. So, after the diplomatic ties between two countries, Korea's Chinese education has focused on so-called 'Practical Chinese' teaching to improve real communicative competence. But Practical Chinese teaching is not without its drawbacks. Because it concentrates on teaching about language, learners can't build up comprehensive knowledge about China. As a result, while learners can get involved in a simple communication with the Chinese, they can't talk with them about various topics including sociocultural aspects. Therefore, I insist that learners should be taught Chinese Culture in oder to make them with proper communication skills participate in (in-depth) conversations about diverse aspects of China with native speakers.

중국 소비자의 소비자 민족주의: 소비실천 이론의 측면에서 접근

장가준,전승우 부산대학교 중국연구소 2022 Journal of China Studies Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese consumers’ practices related to consumer nationalism. Based upon Holt’s typology of consumer practices(1995), we analyzed how Chinese consumers perform consumer nationalism practices in a variety of ways for multiple reasons. To do so, we conducted in-depth interviews with 15 Chinese young adults living in mainland China. First, the results showed that participants explained and evaluated various consumer nationalism phenomena with their own interpretive framework. Most of them evaluated Guochao as evidence of the economic development of China and supported consumer boycotts of global brands. All participants appeared to be competent in performing political and banal consumer nationalism practices in everyday life in appropriate ways with regard to the integration related to construction of self-identity through consumption. Third, play is related to gaining joyful experiences in consumer nationalism practices. The participants were found to experience pleasure while interacting with others online and offline. Fourth, classification is deeply related to the acquisition of status. Most of the participants tried to avoid deviating from social norms, as they were aware of others’ attention on their nationalist consumption. It was also found that people uploaded videos and photos to gain popularity online. The results have several contributions to consumer nationalism research. This study showed a possibility that consumers would engage in consumer nationalism not as a result of their attitudes toward their nation, but in order to enjoy positive experiences or gain social status. Therefore, their nationalist attitudes or patriotism may develop as the result of their nationalist consumption practices.

수출제조 기업의 녹색경영활동과 성과에 관한 연구: 중국 수출제조 기업을 중심으로

주혜영,최한별 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2015 전자무역연구 Vol.13 No.2

연구목적: 본 연구는 중국 수출제조 기업들을 대상으로 녹색경영활동이 기업의 환경성과와 수출성과에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것을 주요한 목적으로 하고 있다. 논문구성/논리: 제1장 서론에서는 연구의 목적과 배경을 기술하였고 제2장의 이론적 배경에서는 국제환경규제와 수출환경의 변화를 살펴보았으며 선행연구를 통해 연구가설을 도출하였다. 제3장은 연구의 설계로 연구모형의 설정, 설문의 구성과 측정이 이루어졌다. 제4장에서는 가설의 검정이 이루어졌는데 이를 위해 측정모형의 신뢰성과 타당성이 검토 되었다. 제5장 결론에서는 연구결과를 요약하고 시사점을 논의하였다. 결과: 녹색경영활동은 녹색구매와 에코디자인을 강화한다. 고차요인구조로 구성된 녹색경영활동은 환경성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며 수출성과에도 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 수출제조 기업의 환경성과는 수출성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 독창성/가치: 본 연구는 녹색경영활동이 고차요인구조로 되어 있는지를 경쟁모형과의 비교를 통해 밝히고 있다. 가설검정결과, 녹색경영활동이 고차요인구조를 가진다는 점을 제안함에 따라 관련 연구의 이론적 관점을 확대하고 있다. 아울러, 수출제조 기업의 녹색경영활동은 환경성과를 높일 뿐 아니라 수출성과도 직접적으로 높인다는 점을 증명하고 있다. 또한 환경성과를 높이면 수출성과도 제고된다는 관점을 실증적으로 밝힘에 따라 기업자원 배분을 위한 포인트를 명확히 제시하고 있다는 점에서 연구의 실무적 가치도 높이고 있다. Purpose: This study aims to reveal the relationships between green management practices and corporate performance for chinese exports. Composition/Logic: This study started with general background and presented a goal of the study in chapter Ⅰ. In chapter Ⅱ, we investigated international environmental regulations and change of export environment in a global market. And then, we drew a research hypothesis based on precedent study. Research design was constructed in chapter Ⅲ. We was setting the research model based on the theoretical background and we discussed how to measure. Hypothesis testing was conducted in chapter Ⅳ, and prior to testing, reliability and validation verification on the scale was made. Implications was discussed in chapter Ⅴ. Findings: Our research findings show that 1) green purchasing and eco-design are fortified by green management practices, 2) green management practices not only have a significant effect on environmental performance but also, export performance. Thus, green management practices are becoming a critical factor improving corporate performance in the international environmental regulations, 3) environmental performance of exporters have an impact on export performance. Originality/Value: Compared to a competing model, this study is verifying the higher order structure in green management practices model. Theoretically, this is meaningful because the result is extending the theoretical view of green management practices research. Also, the study shows the green management practices become a main factor to raise both environmental and export performance. The exporters which want to promote corporate performance should note the green management practices.