公众参与 : 中国环境法的民主化、法治化课题 - 從近年來若干重大环境事件分析入手 -

莫于川 전남대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학논총 Vol.30 No.1

中國經濟和社會的可持續發展受到多方面因素的影響, 生態环境狀况和环境保護力度是其中的關鍵因素之一;不斷出現的重大环境事件表明, 环境保護的工作難度越來越大、社會成本越來越高、客觀要求越來越高;公衆參与是中國环境保護事業的民主推動力量, 是环境法制革新的民主化方向;公衆參与在近年來若干重大环境事件中發揮了積极作用, 但有序性和有效性不足, 面臨許多困難和矛盾, 亟需總結經驗和調整政策;在深化改革、轉型發展的新時期, 要堅持現代民主法治的基本原則, 逐步完善公衆參与制度, 創新公衆參与方法, 創造公衆參与條件, 不斷丰富中國环境法的新內涵, 認眞餞行中國环境法的新使命。 Sustainable development of Chinese economy and society is influenced by various factors, among which eco-environmental conditions and environmental protection efforts act as one of the crucial factors. Continuously occuring major environmental incidents indicate that environmental protection is confronted with greater difficulty of work, larger social cost and higher objective requirements. Public participation, as a democratic driving force of environmental protection in China, demonstrates the democratic direction for the innovation of environmental legal institutions. Public participation played a positive part in several major environmental incidents in recent years. However, lack of order and effectiveness, it also encounters many difficulties and conflicts, which makes it essential to learn from the past and adjust policies. In a new period of deepening the reform and transforming the development patterns, it is crucial to insist the modern fundamental principles of democracy and rule of law, to gradually ameliorate public participation institution and create public participation methods and public participation conditions, and to constantly enrich the content of Chinese environment law and fulfill the new mission of Chinese environmental law.

중국의 민사공익소송제도에 관한 연구

손한기 ( Han Ki Sohn ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2015 法學硏究 Vol.25 No.4

China newly adopted public interest litigation system in 2012. The Article 55 of the revised Civil Procedure Law(2012 edition), provides that the state agencies or the social organizations stipulated by laws can file suites against the acts of environmental pollution or severe infringements of consumer rights to protect the public interests. The public interest litigation retains its unique characteristics in every phases of the procedure, including the standing of a plaintiff, litigation requirements, process of the trial and the effects of its final decision, which cannot be found in the ordinary civil procedure. But lawmakers incorporated public litigation into the Code of Civil Procedure Law by adding only one article(Article 55) disregarding its distinctive features compared to that of a ordinary civil procedure. There arises some questions. Firstly, in view of legislative appropriateness, it seems that the public interest suites do not match up with other ordinary civil litigations in the Code of Civil Procedure Law. Secondly, the real equality between the parties is an indispensible element in a civil procedure, but it seems that this public interest suite loses balance between the plaintiff(especially the state agencies) and the defendant. In conclusion, to make another special law, covering the public interest suite, would be more appropriate. The majority of legislations of other countries shows that. To make a comprehensive ‘State Litigation Act’ which regulates the state-run litigations including public interest suites can also be recommendable. A good legislative example of such a law could be found in ‘Act on Litigations to Which the state is a Party’ of Korea.

『죽을 만큼 아프진 않아』성적 표현의 한-중 번역 전략 一 이국화와 전고(典故)

호정이,봉인영 한국중국언어문화연구회 2023 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.69

By analyzing a case study that translates sexual terms in Hwang Hyunjin’s novel, The Pain Didn’t Kill Me, from Korean into Chinese, this paper applies Venuti’s foreignization to translation, together with defamiliarization and diangu (classical allusions). These three strategies are a viable method of conveying both the explicit and implicit meanings of the source text so as to circumvent the strict censorship of publications on sexuality and to achieve the skopos of translation. Drawing on the theory of politeness and the Chinese concept of face, mianzi and lian, respectively, this paper argues that the strategies could also mitigate the shame arising from face-threatening acts as there is a delay in Chinese readers’ ability to understand the meanings of translated Chinese sentences at the cognitive and receptive levels. Addressing the criteria for banning sexually graphic materials, as defined in the Chinese Publication Laws, this paper explores the ways in which Chinese laws regulate the circulation of sexually explicit works, and how these laws could be reflected in writing a translation brief. Furthermore, based on epitextual information pertaining to the text, including newspaper articles and interviews of Hwang Hyunjin, this paper shows that creating a translation brief (a translation commission) while accommodating the legal factors affecting publication is a means of endorsing the quality of a translation. Finally, this study suggests that combining foreignization with diangu further evokes readers’ literary imagination and thus significantly reifies the theme of the text. Readers would then be able to receive the text figuratively while cultivating a sense of openness to other cultures and peoples. 본고는 베누티의 이국화 전략을 토대로 황현진의 소설 죽을 만큼 아프진 않아 에 재현된 성적 표현을 중국어로 번역하고, 나아가 ‘낯설게 하기’ 및 전고(典故)를 활용하는 번역 전략이 성적 표현에 대한 민감도를 완화하는 효과가 있음을 제시한다. 이 번역 전략은 에로물의 출판을 금지하는 중국 출판법의 규제를 피하는 현실적인 방법으로, ST의 명시적·암시적 의미를 모두 전달함으로써 번역 스코포스를 구현할 수 있다. 공손성 이론 및 중국어의 체면 개념이 얼굴(脸)과 체면(面子)으로 분기하는 점에 착안하여, 본고는 이 전략이 인지적·수용적 측면에서 독자의 TT 이해력을 지연시켜, 궁극적으로 독자의 수치감을 완화하는 기능함을 밝힌다. 번역 스코포스를 구현하기 위하여, 본고는 중국 출판법의 에로물 검열 규정 및 에피텍스트(epitext, 후텍스트)의 작가 인터뷰와 관련 기사 정보를 참작하여 번역 브리프를 구성한다. 이 논문은 이국화와 전고를 결합하는 번역 전략이 텍스트 주제를 구현하고 독자의 문학적 상상력을 제고하는 효과적인 방식임을 보여준다.

중국 상표법상 치명상표의 개념 및 인정방식에 대한 연구

정태호(Tae-Ho Jung) 세창출판사 2008 창작과 권리 Vol.- No.53

The concept of well-known mark in Chinese Trademark Law isn't definitely understood and it is still difficult for foreigners to understand its concept exactly. Therefore, it is needed to define the concept of well-known mark and study determination methods of Well-known mark in Chinese Trademark Law. China is a party to the WTO, therefore it is committed to TRIPs and WIPO JOINT RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING PROVISIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN MARKS. And thus, an well-known mark can be protected and enforceable effectively. The revised Trademark Act Article 13, 14, effective on December 2001 and the regulation entitled "Provisions on the Determination and Protection of Well-Known marks", effective on June 2003, have helped to recognize Well-Known status of a number of Chinese trademarks. On the other hand, an unregistered trademark, if identified by the Trademark Office as an well-known mark in the relavant sector of the public, is as enforceable as a registered trademark be. And there become to be two main methods to determine Well-Known mark; One is by administrative means if there are oppositions or trials, the other is through the People's Court if there are suits. The Article 13 states that "Where a trademark in respect of which the application for registration is filed for use for identical or similar goods is a reproduction, imitation or translation of another person's trademark not registered in China and likely to cause confusion, it shall be rejected for registration and prohibited from use. Where a trademark in respect of which the application for registration is filed fdr use for non-identical or dissimilar goods is a reproduction, imitation or translation of the well-known mark of another person that has been registered in China, misleads the pub1ic and is likely to create prejudice to the interests of the well-known mark registrant, it shall be rejected for registration and prohibited from use." and the Article 14 states that "Account shall be taken of the fol1owing factors in establishment of a well-known mark: ⑴ reputation of the mark to the relevant public; (2) time for continued use of the mark; (3) consecutive time, extent and geographical area of advertisement of the mark; (4) records of protection of the mark as a well-known mark; and (5) any other factors relevant to the reputation of the mark." And this provisions have accepted relavant provisions of WIPO JOINT RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING PROVISIONS ON THE PROTECTION OF WELL-KNOWN MARKS. This provisions in China leads us to think that it is needed to make the definite standards and concrete method determining Well-Known mark in our Trademark Law. Therefore, I think that Korea Intellectual Property Office also need to make the definite regulations about determining Well-Known mark like the cases of Chinese Trademark Law and regulations.

중국 부동산등기제도의 법리

신봉근(Bong-Geun Shin) 한국비교사법학회 2009 비교사법 Vol.16 No.2

Korea is trading with China frequently. Many Korean human and material resources is going into the China. China passed the law of reality recently, and enforced it October 1, 2007. It is important that we study the real estate registration in china. China has social system and legal culture that are different with korea, and his history is very perpetual, so the Chinese real estate registration has specific characters that are different with korea. There are recording system and torrens system about registration in Anglo-American law. Registration is needed to form right alteration or to claim it. Registration examiner can inspect it formally or substantially. In China, registration is torrens system, needed to form right alteration, and registration examiners inspect it formally and substantially. The real estate registration is a public announcement of acquisitions, losses, changes about a real right. Therefore, a public announcement of a real right is a important principle of a real right law. it is same in China, even if the country emphasize on the administration of real estate registration. Especially, we have to study on the public trust of it. This paper demonstrates a present state, problems and solutions of the real estate registration in China. I hope that this paper help you understand it.

중국 가족법상 부양제도

우병창 한중법학회 2013 中國法硏究 Vol.20 No.-

Support is an economical, psychological and physical assistance of an individual such as family or of a country, for someone whose right to live is threatened and cannot able to sustain independent life by oneself because of natural and social causes. In the Chinese family law, support is defined as a legal duty to support and help between a certain range of relatives. support has the both aspects of right and duty, and the one who receive support becomes the person entitled to get support, and the one who has the responsibility to perform the support becomes the person under duty. There are five cases of support in the Chinese family law. First, a legal duty of parents to support their minor child. This duty cannot be exempted as it is a parental right, and is unconditional duty. Second, a legal duty of child to support his parents. This includes not only economical but also psychological and physical assistance to aged parents. This duty is conditional, but cannot be exempted. Third, support between married couple. This also includes economical, psychological and physical assistance. The legal duty to support between married couple must be performed, and unconditional and cannot be exempted. Fourth, support between brothers and sisters. This also includes economical, psychological and physical assistance. This is conditional. Fifth, support between lineal or collateral ascendant and descendant, lineal relatives by affinity. This is conditional. In Chinese family law, support is considered as something to guarantee the life of the aged and children, patients and disabled people, and the poor and to stabilize family relationship, and to promote the social stability and the demand of the civilization development as the legal effect after the certain relative relation is legally established.

중국의 공중보건 비상사태 응급관리 시스템 연구 -현황, 대외 갈등 및 전망을 중심으로-

정태요 중국지역학회 2020 중국지역연구 Vol.7 No.4

This paper analyzes the Chinese government’s crisis management system in response to the spread of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). To date, China has declared and responded to the COVID-19 pandemic as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern,” as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Chapter 2 of this paper examines the Chinese government’s public health emergency management system in terms of the laws in place to govern the system, and organizations tasked with supporting and executing the system. Chapter 3 examines external conflicts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, and Chapter 4 looks into the limitations of China’s crisis management system. Since the SARS crisis in 2003, the Chinese government has been strengthening its legal systems and organizations for public health emergencies. Experts still believe China has plenty of areas to improve upon, including the efficiency and transparency of the public health emergency system, but the Chinese government now understands the seriousness of public health emergencies, and it is making every effort to mitigate outbreaks of diseases. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, some players in the international community have blamed the Chinese government. This criticism is largely based on the fact that COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China, and on the suspicion that the Chinese government initially tried to cover up and control information regarding the spread of the virus. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, China and the United States were already butting heads in with disputes involving trade, technological competition, and the sovereignty of Taiwan. Now, COVID-19 has added another point of contention for China and the United States. 이 논문은 코로나 19 바이러스 확산에 대응하는 중국 정부의 위기관리 시스템을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 중국은 코로나 19 바이러스 위기를 세계보건기구(WHO)가 규정하는 “국제 공중보건 비상사태”로 정의하고 이에 대응하고 있다. 논문의 2장에서는 공중보건 응급관리 시스템을 법률과 기구로 나누어 살펴보았으며, 3장에서는 코로나 19위기 대응과정에서 나타난 대외 갈등을 살펴보았다. 4장에서는 중국 위기관리 시스템의 한계점을 짚어보았다. 중국 정부는 2003년사스 위기 이후 공중보건 비상사태에 관한 법률과 기구를 강화하고 있다. 아직까지 그 효율성 면이나 투명성에서 개선해야 할 점이 많이 지적되고 있지만, 공중보건 비상사태의 심각성을 인식하고 이에 대한 대응에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 코로나 19를 둘러싸고 국제사회에서는 중국의 책임론이 대두되었다. 애초에발원지가 중국의 우한인 점이 이를 확산시켰지만, 초기에 중국 정부가 이를 은폐하고 통제하려고 한 데서 국제사회의 비난은 더욱 커졌다고 할 수 있다. 중국과 미국은 코로나 19 문제 이외에도 무역분쟁, 기술 패권 분쟁, 타이완 문제등에서 갈등을 빚고 있는 상황에서 코로나 19 위기는 또 다른 갈등 요소가 되고 있다.

알파벳과 민주적 법치주의의 발전

김영환(金榮煥) 동북아시아문화학회 2017 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.53

In ancient society, unwritten laws became gradually codified. In this process simple writing system was essential. In ancient Greece and Rome, alphabet was very easy to learn which was sufficient for this process. If this condition is not fulfilled, most people can not read and write. By enlarging the population of literate people, the base for the creation of public opinion was made. In modern Europe reading public emerged as the effects of Gutenberg galaxy. But, in East Asia, there were no such appropriate medium for the common. Chinese characters were very difficult to learn, cost much efforts. The number who can read written laws were quite limited all the time. So hegemony of literate scholars continued till the 19th century. In Joseon dynasty, Korean alphabet was not in active use though it was very efficient and easy to learn. Among the purposes for the creation of writing system, proclamation of law was very important. In various situations, we can see simple and easy writing system was indispensible condition for rule of law and democracy. In East Asia, there were de facto rule of law, but weak democratic tradition. There were tendency to view rule of law as negative. In traditional east asian society, rule of li(rites) overwhelmed rule of law, which had been paternalistic. Due to the inefficient writing system, monopoly of knowledge and information were easy, ruling class was regarded as teacher. It can be inferred Chinese idiogram was main cause of all these phenomena.

Insurability of Drunk Driving Liability in China - From the Perspective of Public Function of Liability Insurance -

Li Kejing,Luo Can 중국지역학회 2021 중국지역연구 Vol.8 No.1

음주운전 책임의 보험적용 가능성, 즉 보험사가 피보험자의 음주운전으로 인한 교통 사고에 대해 보험금을 지급해야 하는지에 대하여 중국 내에서 논란이 있어 왔다. 이는 현재 발효 중인 입법과 상충되는데, 1995년 제정된 ‘보험법(保险法)’은 2002년, 2005년, 2013년 개정되면서 이에 대해 부정적인 시각을 견지해 왔다. 또 2006년 ‘자동차교통사 고 강제보험 조례(机动车交通事故责任强制保险条例)’ 제22조는 이 문제에 대하여 별도 의 규정을 두고 있지만, 이견이 있다는 지적에도 2019년 개정이 이루어지지 않았다. 2012년 최고인민법원은 ‘도로교통사고 손해배상 사건의 적용에 관한 법률의 일부 문제 에 관한 최고인민법원의 해석(最高人民法院关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法 律若干问题的解释)’을 공포하고, 제18조에서 이를 지지한다는 입장을 확정하였다. 이처 럼 규정들의 충돌은 법관의 사법 실무에 난제로 작용하고 있다. 한편, 10여 년 전부터 법관이 음주운전 책임의 보험적용 가능성을 지지하는 판례가 나오기도 하였는데, 2006-2012년 168건, 2013-2019년 262건으로 확인되었다. 또 같은 조문을 적용할 때 판사 가 내리는 결론이 일관되지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 책임보험의 공적 기능이라는 관점에 서 볼 때, 음주운전 책임의 보장성이 뒷받침되어야 한다는 점도 법관들이 갈수록 지지 하는 요인이다. 책임보험의 공적 기능은 다른 보험에 비해 피보험자와 피해자를 더 많 이 보호함으로써 국가 금융 리스크 관리의 방안이 된다. 이는 미국의 실무와 이론에서 책임보험의 급속한 발전을 비롯하여 음주운전 책임 문제를 해결하는 근본적인 동력이 라는 것을 증명하고 있으며, 그 진행 과정에서 도덕적 문제를 배제할 수 없다. 중국의 이와 같은 논란과 관련하여 균형 잡힌 책임보험의 공적 기능과 상업적 관계를 발전시키 는 데는 최근 영국의 자동차보험제도 개혁의 성과를 참고하여 중국 입법을 보완하여야 할 필요가 있을 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 먼저 자동차 음주운전의 보험금 지급과 관련하여 중국 입법에서의 충돌 여부를 확인하고, 실제 사례에서 판사의 지지 관점을 분석한다. 이를 다시 책임보험의 공공기능 관점에서 음주운전의 위험성을 입증한다. 이를 통해 책임보험의 공공기능과 상업성을 어떻게 균형 있게 할 것인지에 대하여 의견 을 제시하였다. The insurability of drunken driving liability, that is, whether insurance companies should pay for traffic accidents caused by the insured who is a drunk driver, has always been a controversial issue in China. Current legislation is conflicting. Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China 1995 insists a negative view through the amendments in 2002, 2005, and 2013. Article 22 of Regulation on Compulsory Traffic Accident Liability Insurance for Motor Vehicles 2006 specifically this issue is believed to be ambiguous and still did not respond it in the 2019 revision. the Supreme people's Court in 2012 enacted the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases on Compensation for Damage in Road Traffic Accidents, which has established a supportive position in Article 18. These conflicts have been bringing difficulties to Judges in judicial practice. On the other hand, Judges have been increasingly inclined to support the insurability of drunk driving liability in judicial cases since more than a decade ago, as confirmed by the results of 168 cases between 2006 and 2012 and 262 sample cases between 2013 and 2019. However, these cases also show that the conclusions reached by judges in the application of the same provision are not uniform. From the perspective of the public function of liability insurance, the insurability of drunk driving liability should be supported, which is also the main reason why more and more Judges have been becoming supporters. Compared with others, the public function of liability insurance means that it can provide more protection both for the insured and victims, as a result, it would be a financial approach in governing risks of the State. And the practice and theoretical research in the US have proved that it is the fundamental driving force for the rapid development of liability insurance, including settling the problem of drunk driving, and the decline of moral hazard is also essential for the developing process. As far as the dispute, we should balance the relationship between public function and the commercial nature of liability insurance in the development, improve Chinese law by learning from the reform achievements of the UK in recent years. Accordingly, this article is divided into four parts. First of all, conflicts in current Chinese legislation are sorted out; secondly, there comes an analysis of the supporting views by Judges in judicial cases; thirdly, a key argument is demonstrated, that is, the insurability of drunk driving risk should be affirmed from the perspective of the public function of liability insurance; finally, the focus is how to balance the public function and commercial nature of liability insurance.

중국의 국가위기관리 체계에 관한 고찰

이강근 원광대학교 한중관계연구원 2017 韓中關係硏究 Vol.3 No.1

동서고금을 막론하고 현재까지 국가의 존폐를 위협하는 사건들은 늘 존재하여왔다. 이러한 국가의 위기사항은 국가와 국가 간의 갈등이 원인이거나 국가 내의 정치적 혼란에 의한 경우에는 전쟁 또는 쿠데타의 발생으로 위기상황이 표출되었다. 또한, 전통 적인 국가위기로는 전염병의 창궐, 지진이나 태풍과 같은 자연재해의 원인으로 국가의 위기와 맞서기도 한다. 하지만, 어떠한 원인으로 발생한 위기일지라도 현대사회에서는 경제적인 문제와 직결되어 1차 원인의 위기가 배가되는 것이 현실이라는 것이다. 중국의 경우 유구한 역사에서 보아 알 수 있듯이, 광활한 영토와 다양한 민족의 풍속 으로 인하여 내부적 갈등이 빈번하였음은 물론, 지진이나 홍수와 같은 자연재해로 인하여 작금으로 많은 손실을 초래하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 최근에 와서는 SARS와 같은 전염병의 발생이나 신장위구르자치구와 같은 특정지역의 분쟁사태, 지진이나 홍수로 인한 자연재해, 무엇보다도 대만과의 지역갈등을 비롯하여, 국제사회에서의 테러에 대 하여 안전문제도 최근에 발생하는 국가위기의 유형으로 부상하였다. 이에 중국은 국가 위기상황의 경험을 기초로 하여 각종 위기상황 유형에 따른 법률을 마련하고, 이에 신속히 대처함으로써 중국인민의 생명과 재산을 보호하려고 노력하고 있다. 지난 한국의 MERS 사태에서 우리는 중국의 SARS 사태를 타산지석으로 삼아 문제 를 해결하려고 노력하였음에도 불구하고, 입법의 부재와 시행착오로 인하여 국민의 생명과 재산에 막대한 손실을 초래하였다. 이처럼 한국과 중국의 지역적 특성과 유사 한 문화권에 속해 있다는 점에서, 그리고 한국의 중국에 대한 무역의존도가 높다는 점에서 중국의 국가위기 관련 법률을 검토함으로써, 국가위기 발생 시에 신속한 대응 조치가 가능할 것이라고 본다. 이러한 관점에서 이하에서는 중국법률상 국가위기의 개념과 유형별 발생현황을 검토하고, 각 유형별 관련 법률을 분석한다. 또한 이러한 분석을 통하여 중국의 국가위기에 관한 법률의 문제점과 시사점을 검토함으로써 앞으로 중국의 위기관련 법률의 발전 을 전망한다. 이를 통하여 한국의 국가위기 발생시 한중간의 협력에도 도움이 될 것이라 본다. Many accidents have always threatened the existence of nations across all ages and nations. Such a national crisis is caused by conflicts between nations or wars or coups derived from political turmoil in a nation. In addition, many nations also face traditional national crises such as epidemic outbreak and natural disasters including earthquakes and storms. However, even the crises caused by a reason are directly related with economic problems in the modern society, so the first crises are actually doubled. From the long history of China, it can be found that inner conflicts have often occurred due to its wide territory and various customs of different ethnic groups, and that much loss has been resulted from natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. In particular, new types of national crises recently appear: occurrences of epidemic such as SARS; disputes in a specific region like the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region; natural disasters due to earthquakes or floods; and above all, regional conflicts with Taiwan, as well as international terrorism. Thus, China has enacted many laws according to all kinds of crises and also tried to protect people’s lives and properties by quickly copping with such crises. Although Korea struggled to resolve the MERS crisis by reflecting on Chinese SARS crisis, people’s lives and properties were seriously damaged due to lack of legislations and trial and error. It may be possible to quickly cope with national crises in Korea by reviewing laws regarding Chinese national crisis, given high level of Korean trade dependency on China, regional characteristics between two nations and the fact that two nations belong to the same cultural area. From such a perspective, it examines the concept of national crisis and occurrences by type of it, on Chinese laws and analyzes the related laws by the type. Moreover, it also presupposes the development of Chinese crisis management in the future, by reviewing problems and implications of the laws regarding Chinese national crisis, based on such an analysis. Thus, such developments are thought to contribute to cooperation between Korea and China, when Korean national crisis occurs.