Development of Ergonomic Balance Seat(e-BASE) Chair

Jae Hee Park,Seung Hee Kim,Min Uk Kim,Hanbum Jung,Young Soo Shim,Taehee Ryu 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop an ergonomic office chair that has an alarm function for the unbalanced sitting postures. Background: Contrary to expectation, it is reported that office workers sit on their chairs much more in unbalanced postures during daily work. Even though an office worker uses an ergonomically good-designed chair and begins their work in a good sitting posture, his/her posture is likely to shift to the unbalanced bad posture. Therefore, a posture alarm system would be very helpful in keeping office workers" good postures. Method: We developed a prototype chair with four load cells under a seat pan and one load cell beneath a backrest. Through some experiments, we set the criteria for unbalanced bad postures then implemented the criteria into the alarm system of the prototype chair. The chair called e-BASE chair could detect unbalance postures and show alarms for chair users. We also enhanced back support by developing a step-wised folding backrest. Results: The e-BASE chair showed better performance in interface pressure distributions and balanced posture ratio in VDT work. Conclusion: The ergonomic chair with posture alarm function(e-BASE chair) was developed. It showed better performance in seat pressure distribution and in keeping good posture during office work. Application: The posture alarm system and folding backrest can be applied to the new models of office chair.

Development of Tilting Chair for Maintaining Working Position at Reclined Posture

Joon-Ho Hyeong,Jong-Ryun Roh,Seong-Bin Park,Sayup Kim,Kyung-Ryul Chung 대한인간공학회 2014 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.33 No.2

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop an office chair enabling to keep working at reclined sitting posture. Background: Sedentary workers are supposed to change the posture frequently during long hours of sitting. A reclined sitting position has been recommended to reduce disc pressure. But slumped sitting posture caused by the buttock sliding forward without any adjustment of back reclining is commonly observed. The worker seems to have tendency to change the sitting posture maintaining working condition. We assumed the reason to be their hands movement away from the working space when tilting backward. Method: Slide mechanism allowing seat to move forward was designed to maintain the hand position in working space during reclining. A prototype was manufactured and tilting motion was analyzed using motion capture system. Four experiment chairs were tested including the manufactured prototype chair and three other commercial chairs. Results: A backward movements of the hand position were 13.0mm, 101.7mm, 156.1mm and 139.3mm at the prototype chair, compared to chair B, chair C and chair D, respectively. And the movement was remarkably small at the prototype chair. Conclusion: The developed seat sliding chair allows back tilting maintaining hand position at working space. We expect the user tilting back more often than normal tilting chair during seated work. But further investigation is required to figure out the effectiveness of the developed chair using prolonged working hours. Application: The developed office chair directly affects commercialization.

차이레(茶入)에 관한 연구

우관호(Woo, Kwan-Ho) 한국조형디자인학회 2007 조형디자인연구 Vol.10 No.2

The Chaire (tea leaf pot 茶入) is a ceramic vessel, which is a very important part of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, along with the Chawan (tea bowl) and the Mizusashi (water pot) etc. While Korean potters are concentrating their efforts on producing Chawan (tea bowl), there is a lack of interest in Chaire as Koreans are not very familiar with it and, thus, there is a lack of research in this area. However, the Chaire is of paramount importance when understanding the aesthetic consciousness of the Japanese Tea Ceremony and is considered to be a cultural treasure. The purpose of this research is to examine the various aspects of the Japanese Tea Ceremony by means of studying definitions, bounds, classes and special features and characteristics of Chaire. Chaire is a type of small pot (jar) which is used for putting Macha in. Macha was the most important of all tea used during the Japanese Tea Ceremony and was called: Oomeibutsu , Zukyomeibutsu. It was consider to be highly precious. Despite its history, Chaire no longer not carried the importance that it once did. Originally it was defined by the images which were depicted on the wares such as "Daikai" (great sea) - despite its small size. These wares once carried which it the historical name: Surichatsubo, but during the Momoyama period it was called: Gotsubo or Tsubo, which simply meant small pot, or jar. Chaire was classified into two categories: Chinese and Japanese. Those made in China were called Karamono and those made in Japan were called Wamono. The Japanese Chaire which originated from Seto, were called Gamawake. Futhermore, the first line, or generation, of the wares created by Toushirou were called Furuseto, those from the second generation were called Machuko. Those made from subsequent generations were called Kinkazankama, Hahugama, Nochigama and Kuniyaki, respectively. The names of each Chaire was given after synthesizing its shape, material, origin and images depicted on the ware. At first, It got a name such like Nasubi, Bunrin. Shiribukura, Marutsubo, Katatsuki, Daikai, Imoko, Roteiguchi, Kaki, Handou, Ankou, Suideki, Tegame, Toutaka, Mi-itsuki, Tsurukubi, Son, Hyotan, Yudou, Bunna, Hangiri, Taiko, Toushime, and Seishi. Later, they named according to shape, material, and origin. There are 5 key aesthetic points in appreciating, or valuating Chaire: the lip, neck, shoulder, belly and itokiri. Each Chaire must have all 5 of these features, and ultimately it was precision of these 5 key points and how well they complimented the form that would indicated its value. The Chaire (tea leaf pot 茶入) is a ceramic vessel, which is a very important part of the Japanese Tea Ceremony, along with the Chawan (tea bowl) and the Mizusashi (water pot) etc. While Korean potters are concentrating their efforts on producing Chawan (tea bowl), there is a lack of interest in Chaire as Koreans are not very familiar with it and, thus, there is a lack of research in this area. However, the Chaire is of paramount importance when understanding the aesthetic consciousness of the Japanese Tea Ceremony and is considered to be a cultural treasure. The purpose of this research is to examine the various aspects of the Japanese Tea Ceremony by means of studying definitions, bounds, classes and special features and characteristics of Chaire. Chaire is a type of small pot (jar) which is used for putting Macha in. Macha was the most important of all tea used during the Japanese Tea Ceremony and was called: Oomeibutsu , Zukyomeibutsu. It was consider to be highly precious. Despite its history, Chaire no longer not carried the importance that it once did. Originally it was defined by the images which were depicted on the wares such as "Daikai" (great sea) - despite its small size. These wares once carried which it the historical name: Surichatsubo, but during the Momoyama period it was called: Gotsubo or Tsubo, which simply meant small pot, or jar.

Effects of Lumbar Position Sense on Swing Chair in Healthy Adults

고유민,박설,김윤진,윤수빈,장권욱,박지원 대한물리치료학회 2012 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Purpose: To recognize the change in the proprioception under conditions that activate the local muscles, this study found the difference in the proprioception on a fixed and swing chair. Methods: Healthy adults (7 males, 13 females) in their twenties were evaluated lumbar position sense on fixed and swing chair. And the difference of the position sense between the fixed and swing chair were analyzed. Results: The joint position senses were compared between the fixed and swing chair. As a result, there was a significant difference from all motions. Conclusion: This study found that the improvement of proprioception using swing chair means that the local muscle is activated. Therefore, to use a swing chair, which was designed in this study, is able to replace the general chair either at work or during studies. Thus, this method is easily accessible for busy modern people who are exposed to low back pain or spinal disorders due to a pattern of inactivity. Purpose: To recognize the change in the proprioception under conditions that activate the local muscles, this study found the difference in the proprioception on a fixed and swing chair. Methods: Healthy adults (7 males, 13 females) in their twenties were evaluated lumbar position sense on fixed and swing chair. And the difference of the position sense between the fixed and swing chair were analyzed. Results: The joint position senses were compared between the fixed and swing chair. As a result, there was a significant difference from all motions. Conclusion: This study found that the improvement of proprioception using swing chair means that the local muscle is activated. Therefore, to use a swing chair, which was designed in this study, is able to replace the general chair either at work or during studies. Thus, this method is easily accessible for busy modern people who are exposed to low back pain or spinal disorders due to a pattern of inactivity.

Ergonomic Evaluation of Console Chairs for a Weapon Locating Radar

Baekhee Lee,Kihyo Jung,Jineun Jeong,Jinman Kim,Wongi Hong,Seikwon Park,Heecheon You 대한인간공학회 2014 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.33 No.2

Objective:The present study is intended to evaluate the usability of a console chair for a weapon locating radar by comparing with different kinds of chair design. Background: Console chairs need to be ergonomically designed to reduce physical workload of operators and improve mission capability; few studies have been reported which systematically evaluate usability of military console chairs. Method: Ergonomic design of a console chair, a bus seat, and an office chair was evaluated in terms of headrest, seatback, seatpan, armrest, and controller on a 7-point scale. Ten males in their 20s and 30s were recruited considering the demographic characteristics of console operators. Results: The satisfaction scores of the console chair for headrest, seatback, and seatpan were significantly higher than those of the bus seat (mean difference [MD] = 0.9) and office chair (MD = 1.3). Meanwhile, the satisfaction scores of the console chair for armrest and controller were significantly lower than those of the office chair (MD = -1.4) and bus seat (MD = -2.2). Conclusion: The armrest and controller of the console chair needs ergonomic improvements for better comfort. Application: The evaluation results of the console chair would be of use for ergonomic console chair design.

공간적 오브제로서 의자디자인에 나타난 특성에 관한 연구 - 덴마크 디자이너 아르네 야콥센과 베르너 팬톤의 작품을 중심으로 -

권은정 ( Eunjung Kwon ) 한국공간디자인학회 2017 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.12 No.2

(Background and Goal) Among various objets, chair design is influenced by spatial size, shape and characteristics of consumers. Chair in the space is usually affected by consumers, and sometimes it causes their behaviors; through these, various communication happens. In other words, chair is an essential factor that composes space, and it plays a medium between human and space as objet. Therefore, prospecting chair design in stance of space design is worthy enough to implement. (Research Method) In this research, we try to analysis chair design of Arne Emil Jacobsen and Verner Panton in aspect of space objet among numerous sorts of chairs. First of all, we considered traits and developed background of modern design in Demark and arranged concepts about relationship between space and objet as theoretical contemplation. For the next, we looked into traits through 8 pieces of chair design arts of Arne Emil Jacobsen and Verner Panton. Finally, we analyzed and classified traits of chair design of two maestros by their functions of shape, material, end and space, and we drew a conclusion. (Result) As chair design of Arne Emil Jacobsen and Verner Panton was analyzed in aspect of space objet, chair design of Arne Emil Jacobsen expressed organic forms in metaphorical way, and pursued simplicity to the exclusion of unnecessary decorations. Additionally, it pursued humorous and flexible formativeness as an united body forming back and seat together. For materials and end, minimizing materials, production process, and integrating new technology of plywood molding method were pursued. For spatial function, stacking functions which are light and able to store helped to get comfortable movement and minimize space, and it offered comfort by shaping personal space wrapping people`s body. Additionally, it could be transformed in various shape, and it made us to use it in multiple ways according to necessity of space. Chair design of Verner Panton pursued dynamic shapes and abstract curves following tendency of pop arts. They used various materials such as synthetic resins and metal rather than timber which were found by experiments using new materials, and prefer primary color with high chroma. For spatial functions, they offered various options and variables to positions and locations, and made a border between space and chair ambiguous. Also, they pursued light and practical design. (Conclusion) Finally, we contemplated functions in space, and analyzed examples or arts relevant to chair design as space objet. As space objet, we could figure out chair was a device factor which were fitting on aim of space, and it induced users to participate, and it was functionally and physically objet. In the future, we hopefully expect that this article can be used as a baseline data for research about space, chair, and compatibility between space and human`s behaviour based on this result.

The observation of children`s holding position to redesign elementary school chair for easy carrying and moving

Lu’lu’ Purwaningrum,Satoshi Muraki 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

Objectives. Carrying and moving chairs enable and improve learning activities at school, which leads to better quality of education. At elementary schools in Indonesia and other developing countries, only one size of chair has been used for all ages and grades, therefore, making it heavy for younger children. The objective of the present study was to observe the motion of carrying and moving an elementary school chair by children. Methods. A total of 41 children consisting of 16 Indonesian and 25 Japanese children (17 boys and 24 girls) aged 6, 7, 8 and 9 participated in this study. We used three elementary school chairs (1 Indonesian and 2 Japanese chairs). The participants carried and moved the chairs 3 m with an ordinary speed, and were allowed to hold any part of the chair that was convenient for them. We recorded their motion when carrying and moving the chair. Results. The chair was carried at the side or in front of the child’s body, and the chair being in a lateral position is the most popular method of carrying and moving (75%). In all methods, participants showed a preference in using two particular chair parts to hold the chair. Conclusions. Careful consideration is needed on the design of elementary school chairs from the perspective of the main methods and holding pattern for carrying and moving them, especially heavy chairs that are used in elementary schools in Indonesia.

제국의 감성과 문화생활의 필수품, 라탄 체어 - 개항 이후 국내에 유입된 등의자 연구

최지혜(Choi Jihye) 한국근현대미술사학회 2021 한국근현대미술사학 Vol.41 No.-

‘라탄 의자(rattan chair)’는 동아시아 열대우림에서 자라는 등나무 줄기인 라탄을 주재료로 만든 것으로서 대나무, 갈대, 야자수, 버드나무와 같은 것을 엮어 짠 ‘위커 가구’의 일종이다. 본 연구는 근대 실내·외를 촬영한 사진에 자주 포착되는 등 의자에 주목하여 이것이 개항 이후 우리나라에 어떻게 유입되고 사용되었는지 그 맥락을 짚어보았다. 라탄은 17세기 유럽과 아시아 사이의 무역이 본격화되면서 의자의 부재료로 사용되었다. 네덜란드령 동인도에서 식민 통치자들이 사용한 ‘크로시 고방(krossie gobang)’이나 중국의 ‘취옹의(醉翁椅)’, 그리고 각종 등나무 의자들은 서구인들이 체험한 동양의 럭셔리 체어였다. 기선의 갑판이나 개항지, 식민지에서 사용한 경험을 통해 등의자는 서구 가정의 베란다나 정원, 흡연실, 호텔이나 리조트에서 누리는 안락한 이국적 감성과 연결되었다. 그리하여 가볍고 통풍이 잘되며 가격이 저렴한 아시아의 등의자가 19세기에 유럽과 미국으로 대량 수출되었다. 미국 뉴욕의 오리엔탈 상점인 반틴에서 판매한 ‘모래시계 의자’는 19세기 말 홍콩에서 수입된 라탄 의자의 대표 격이다. 이러한 유행과 동시에 미국에서는 수입한 라탄 재료와 자국의 버들가지로 짠 ‘위커 가구’가 큰 산업으로 성장했다. 미국이민 노동자들의 손에 의해 제작된 위커 체어는 19세기 후반 콜트사와 헤이우드-웨이크필드사를 중심으로 큰 인기를 누렸다. 일본의 경우 좌식에서 입식으로의 생활개선이 장려되고 문화주택이 보급됨에 따라의자의 사용이 늘어났다. 이는 대만을 식민지로 삼은 1895년 무렵부터 등의자가 본격적으로 유입된 계기가 되었다. 백화점이 성업하면서 미쓰코시 백화점은 1910년대부터 타이완제 등의자를 대량으로 수입, ‘미쓰코시 등의자’라는 이름하에 판매했다. 그리하여 다다미와 재료상 이질감이 없는 등의자는 근대 일본의 가정 속으로 깊이 파고들었다. 반틴에서 판매한 홍콩산 ‘모래시계 의자’는 서울주재 외국공사관을 비롯하여 대한제국시기 황태자 이은과 여러 관료들의 사진에도 등장한다. 미국공사관 정원에서 사용된 등의자는 그 종류와 수가 다양했는데, 관련 기록에 따르면 이러한 의자들은 중국인 상점 스튜어드상점(E. D. Steward & Co.)에서 구입했다. 등의자는 공사관뿐만 아니라 개항 이후 서울에 거주한 외국인들의 집을 중심으로 ‘예술적 인테리어’에 널리 활용되었다. 일본과 마찬가지로 우리나라에서도 일제강점기 위생담론을 배경으로 생활개선의 일환으로 의자 사용이 늘어났다. 주로 상류층의 새로운 공간인 응접실이나 서재에서 사용되었다. ‘미쓰코시 등의자’는 1920년대 후반 국내에서도 백화점이나 등의자 전문점을 통해 판매되었고 카페와 호텔, 요릿집과 같은 상업공간에서도 사용되었다. 한편 제작강습회가 개최되는 등 등의자 제작이 국내에서도 시도되었지만 1930년대 이후에도 등의자는 여전히 고급 수입품으로서 인식되었다. 외국인의 정주와 함께 사용하게 된 등의자는 일제강점기 문화생활의 필수품으로 자리 잡았다. 이처럼 등의자는 제국주의와 자본주의라는 두 동기에 의해 동·서양 문명을 단단히 엮어주고 문명화된 생활로 이행하는 과정과 사람과 사물의 이동을 통한 소비의 과정을 보여주는 흥미로운 매개체였다. ‘Rattan chair’ is largely made of rattan from the Southeast rain forest and, it is included in the wicker furniture which is woven with bamboo, weed, palm leaves, and willow. This study is focused on the rattan chairs, which first appeared in the photographs of early modern era, and how these chairs first came into use in Korea. Rattan began to be used as raw material since the trade between Europe and Asia was in full swing in the 17th century. The chair called Krossie gobang used by bureaucrats in the Dutch East Indies as well as by the Chinese “drunken lord’s chair(zuiwengyi)”. Rattan chairs were also Eastern luxuries experienced by the Westerners. Through the experience of rattan chairs in steamer’s decks, as well as in the treaty ports and colonies, they became popular in the gardens, smoking rooms, hotels, and resorts which are associated with the exotic sensibility. Therefore, light weight, airing, and cheap Asian rattan chairs were exported into Europe and America in large quantities. For example, the “hour glass chair” imported by the oriental store, A.A. Vantine & Co. in New York represents the Canton rattan chair. Imported rattan and native willow, together with the vogue of wicker furniture at the time, developed as a big industry in America. The wicker chairs woven by immigrant workers in the late 19th century manufactured in the Colt Willow Ware Manufactory and the Heywood Brothers and Wakefield Company were immensely popular. For example, in 1895 when Japan colonized Taiwan, rattan chairs were actively imported and used through out the country. With the Life Improvement Movement, which encouraged a shift from sitting on the floor at home, the thriving of department stores and the popularization of “culture houses”, rattan chairs were sold as mass-produced commodities under the name of Mitsukoshi-style chairs. Coupled with the lack of heterogeneity that existed with tatami mats, rattan chairs were able to penetrate modern Japanese homes. The ‘hour-glass chairs’, the same type sold at Vantine’s appeared in the various photographs of foreign legations in Seoul taken in the Korean Empire. Rattan chairs used in the garden of the American legation in Seoul show various types. According to the inventory of American legation, rattan chairs were bought from the Chinese shop called E.D.Steward & Co. Apart from legations, rattan chairs were widely used in foreigners’ houses in Seoul for the ‘artistic interior’. In the case of Japan, chairs were also recommended in Korea as civilizing campaigns of reformers and used largely in the upper class living room or library. ‘Mitsukoshi-style chairs’ were advertised and sold in department stores and some specialized stores. They were also used in commercial spaces such as cafes, hotels, and kisaeng houses. Rattan chair makings were taught in some classes in 1920s but still remained as an imported luxury commodity then and also after 1930s. Rattan chair usage began with the settlement of foreigners in Korea and became essential of culture life in the Japanese colonial period. The popularization of rattan chairs demonstrates an interesting tie between the East and the West, motivated by Imperialism and Capitalism as well as the process of consumption through the movement of people and commodity.

三國時代 半跏思惟像 坐具 연구

심희진 불교미술사학회 2024 불교미술사학 Vol.37 No.-

반가사유상은 반가좌에 사유수인을 취하고 원통형 좌구에 앉는 형식으로 제작되었다. 반가사유상의 좌구는 다른 미술품에서 찾기 힘든 이 상의 특징이자, 반가상이 유행한 지역 중 한국에서 두드러진 상의 형식이다. 좌구는 반가사유상의 구조와 긴밀히 연결되며 일정한 형태 변화를 보이기에 상의 편년을 파악하는 지표로 삼을 수 있다. 본고에서는 반가사유상 좌구 유형을 분석하며 삼국시대 반가상의 선후관계를 파악하고, 이 상의 좌구가 중국 및 일본 반가사유상과 구분되는 한국 반가사유상의 특징임을 제시하고자 했다. 반가사유상 좌구는 한국에서 이 상을 환조상으로 만들며 구체적으로 표현되기 시작하였다. 반가사유상의 두광이 후두부에 설치되고, 중국 반가상에 있던 천의표현이 사라지며 상의 全面이 연결되었다. 여기서 좌구는 반가상의 측면과 후면을 조각하기 위해 부각된 새로운 요소였으며, 상의 복잡한 구조 속에서 그 모습을 드러냈다. 반가사유상 좌구는 상현과 방석 문양을 기준으로 4가지 유형으로 분류할 수 있다. 이 유형들에서 삼국시대 반가사유상의 좌구가 일정한 방법으로 표현되며, 점차 상에서 분리되는 시대적 변화를 보인 점이 확인되었다. 초기 반가사유상에서 보이는 연결형 좌구는 하부구조의 다른 요소와 연결되어 있어, 방석 문양과 요패수식으로 좌구의 형태가 구분되었다. 중간 단계 좌구는 구조적 분리와 선 새김이 병존하는 과도기적 모습을 보이며, 좌구의 부피가 줄고 상의 자세가 자연스러워진다. 더불어 중간 단계 좌구 반가상의 등에 금속판을 갑입하는 새로운 기술이 사용된 점은 이 유형에서 반가사유상 제작 기술이 달라진 점을 말해준다. 이후 반가사유상의 좌구는 구조만으로 형태가 뚜렷한 분리형 좌구가 된다. 상과 좌구를 구분하던 방석 문양은 사라지고, 상의 옷주름과 좌구의 천주름을 경계 짓던 요패수식은 장신구로 처리된다. 반가사유상 좌구는 상의 시대적 흐름과 함께 다양한 모습으로 변화했으며, 별도로 제작되기도 한다. 삼국시대 반가사유상 좌구는 당시 반가상의 위상과 함께 해석할 수 있다. 한국 반가사유상은 협시상과 본존상으로 배치되었으며, 드물게 대형상으로 남아 있다. 이는 반가사유상이 예배상으로 조성될 만큼 중요하게 여겨졌던 상황을 짐작케 한다. 반가상의 높은 위상은 반가사유상에 좌구라는 새로운 표현을 시행하는 하나의 배경이 되었을 것이다. 반가사유상 좌구의 변화는 이 상이 전해진 일본에서도 이어졌다. 일본 반가상은 처음에는 한국 반가상의 좌구 유형을 유지했으나, 점차 일본 불상 관습에 맞춰 형태가 달라졌다. 좌구의 크기가 갑자기 커지거나, 좌구가 연화대좌 형식으로 바뀌었으며, 그에 따라 측면에서 상현과 좌구를 경계 짓던 요패수식이 사라졌다. 또한 시대가 내려가며 대좌에 안치된 일본 반가사유상은 두광이 후두부가 아닌 하단 연화좌에서 올라오는 기둥에 설치되는 변형을 보였다. The Pensive Bodhisattva(半跏思惟像) was made in the form of sitting on a cylindrical stool. The chair is a distinctive feature of the Pensive Bodhisattva statue, which is difficult to find in other artworks, and it is a prominent element of the statue in Korea, where the Pensive Bodhisattva is popular. The stool on the Pensive Bodhisattva is closely connected to the structure of the statue and can be used as an indicator to estimate the time of the statue's production, as it shows a certain change in shape. This paper analyzes the types of chairs, identifies the production period of the Ancient Korea Pensive Bodhisattva statue, and suggests that the stool of the statue is characteristic of the Korean Pensive Bodhisattva, thereby distinguishing it from the Chinese and Japanese Pensive Bodhisattva statues. The Chair of Pensive Bodhisattva appeared in Korea when the statue was made in three dimensions. The halo was installed at the back of the statue's head, causing the celestial robe expression on the Chinese statue to disappear and creating a seamless surface across the entire statue. Here, the chair was a new element that appeared to carve the side and back of the statue, harmonizing with its overall structure. The Pensive Bodhisattva chairs can be classified into four types based on drapery folds and cushion patterns. In these types, it was confirmed that the seat of the Pensive Statue in Ancient Korean was expressed in a specific manner and gradually evolved to become distinct from the statue. The early Pensive Bodhisattva Statue depicts a chair as a connecting seat within the substructure. The seat’s shape is divided into a cushion pattern and waist ornaments(腰佩垂飾). In the intermediate stage, the chair was expressed in structural separation and pattern. The chair's size decreased, and the sculpture's posture became more natural. Furthermore, the use of a new technology to attach a metal plate on the back of a sculpture with an intermediate chair suggests that the manufacturing technology has changed from the previous one. After that, the Pensive Bodhisattva's chair becomes a separate chair with a clear shape solely through its structure. The distinctive cushion pattern that set the chair apart from the sculpture has disappeared, and the waist ornaments, which once bordered the clothes and the chairs, are expressed as simple accessories. The chair of the statue changed into various shapes to reflect the trends of the Pensive Bodhisattvas during ancient Korea. These chairs were made separately from the start. The Pensive Bodhisattva’s chair can be interpreted in relation to the status of the Bodhisattva statue at that time. In Korea, the Pensive Statue was placed as an attendant statue of the Buddha Triad or established as the central statue. Furthermore, the fact that it remains a large statue among the Buddhist sculptures of the ancient Korean period suggests that this statue may have been created as an object of worship in a temple. This situation may be related to the new expression of a chair on the Pensive Bodhisattva Statue, which features an exposed rear surface. The evolution of the Pensive Statue chair also continued in Japan, where the sculpture was passed down. At first, the Japanese Pensive Statue Chair was similar to the formation of that in Korea, but it gradually changed over time. The chair suddenly increased in size, transforming into a lotus pedestal. As a result, the waist ornaments that distinguished the folds of clothes and chairs disappeared. In addition, the Japanese Pensive Bodhisattva Statue, which was placed on the pedestal, underwent a transformation in which the halo was installed on a pillar rising from the bottom, rather than the occipital part.

의자디자인 구조의 결합 유형에 관한 연구

오세환(Oh, Sehwan),박영순(Park, Young-Soon) 한국실내디자인학회 2009 한국실내디자인학회논문집 Vol.18 No.6

Structure is one of the most important components in designing chairs, since a chair should support the weight of users and make them feel comfortable. However, previous studies have focused on examining the materials and the techniques of processing of chairs, but less on studying the structures to facilitate human friendly use enough to influence the change of the current chair design. The purpose of this study is to analyze the composition element in structure of the chair design specifically from 2000 to 2008 the fundamentals to achieve quality chair design. This study examined 386 chairs which the most reputable furniture fair, the Milan International Furniture Fair exhibited from 2000 to 2008. 386 chairs were chosen from 72 companies which passed the popularity and ranks. 24 Components of the structure of chairs were used to annalize the 386 chairs. The structural types of chair design included 51 kinds. Among them, the most representative types appeared to be 5 kinds. Particularly, the single structure chair was comprised of 25%, its productivity has increased steadily since 2004 which indicated that the structure of chair has become simplified. According to the components of chair, classified structure types were analyzed into (1) a single structure consisting of one component, (2) a simple structure with two components, (3) a complex structure with three components, and (4) a multiple structure with four components. The majority of chair types followed the order of the single structure, simple structure, complex structure, and multiple structure. The results of the analysis on the structure of chairs indicated that the structure of chairs has been changed toward single type No. 24 and simple type No. 6+13.