Novel Use of Cellulose Based Biodegradable Nano Crystals in the Machining of PPS Composites: An Approach Towards Green Machining

Serhat Şap,Üsame Ali Usca,Yavuz Selim Tarih,Adem Yar,Mustafa Kuntoğlu,Munish Kumar Gupta 한국정밀공학회 2024 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.11 No.1

Because of their biodegradable and regenerative properties, cellulose nanocrystals derived primarily from naturally occurring cellulose fibers serve as a sustainable and environmentally beneficial material for most applications. Although these nanocrystals are inherently hydrophilic, they can be surface functionalized to suit a wide range of demanding requirements, such as those associated with the creation of high-performance nanocomposites in hydrophobic polymer matrices. Therefore, the present work deals with the application of cellulose-based biodegradable nanocrystals as a lubricant in the machining of PPS composites. In this study, milling process was considered to investigate the influence of the sustainable lubricating conditions on the machinability indexes of PPS composites. As a novel cooling approach, water-based solutions enriched by cellulose nanocrystals with different reinforcements (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%) were used over known methods such as MQL, conventional flood, and dry. According to the research outcomes, cellulose nanocrystals-based nanofluids provided satisfying contributions on retarding the tool wear and reducing the cutting temperatures considerably. Despite the surface-related results such as roughness, topography and texture are promising for the developed strategy; further investigations will be useful to determine ideal water-particle concentration to improve the quality of the machined surface.

Characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose-based nanocomposite films reinforced with oxidized nanocellulose isolated using ammonium persulfate method

Oun, Ahmed A.,Rhim, Jong-Whan Elsevier 2017 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.174 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from cotton linter (CL) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using an ammonium persulfate (APS) method for a simultaneous isolation and oxidation of CNCs. The CNCs were in rod-like shape with a diameter of 10.3nm and 11.4nm, a length of 120–150nm and 103–337nm, a crystallinity index of 93.5% and 79.1% for the CNC<SUP>CL</SUP> and CNC<SUP>MCC</SUP>, respectively. The suspensions of oxidized CNCs were transparent and stable with the zeta potential values of −50.6mV and −46.9mV. The CNCs were uniformly distributed within the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer matrix. The tensile strength (TS) increased by 102% and 73%, and elastic modulus (E) increased by 228% and 166% with the incorporation of at 10wt% of CNC<SUP>CL</SUP> and CNC<SUP>MCC</SUP>, respectively. Conclusively, the CNC<SUP>CL</SUP> showed a more uniform particle size distribution, higher crystallinity, transparency, thermal stability, and superior mechanical strength compared with the CNC<SUP>MCC</SUP>.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were prepared using ammonium persulfate method. </LI> <LI> Cotton linter (CL) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were used as cellulose sources. </LI> <LI> The CNCs were used as reinforcing filler for preparation of CMC-based nanocomposite films. </LI> <LI> CNC<SUP>CL</SUP> exhibited higher crystallinity, mechanical strength, and transparency than CNC<SUP>MCC</SUP>. </LI> </UL> </P>

Cationic surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals: Toward tailoring dispersion and interface in carboxymethyl cellulose films

Li, Mei-Chun,Mei, Changtong,Xu, Xinwu,Lee, Sunyoung,Wu, Qinglin Elsevier 2016 Polymer Vol.107 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present work describes the development of high performance cellulose nanocrystals/carboxymethyl cellulose (CNC/CMC) films through a rational design of CNC surface chemistry. Considering the anionic surface nature of CMC, surface cationization of CNCs was performed in order to build strong interfacial bonding by electrostatic attraction and form uniform dispersion state by electrostatic repulsion. Nanocomposite films were fabricated by dispersing the CNCs and cationically modified CNCs (mCNCs) in CMC matrix through solution casting. The resultant CNC/CMC and mCNC/CMC films were then evaluated in terms of processability, mechanical properties and fracture surface morphology. Results showed that the reinforcing capacity of mCNCs was greatly dependent on its substitution degree. High substitution degree was favorable for obtaining mCNC/CMC film with uniform dispersion and superior mechanical properties. The observed distinctive reinforcing phenomena from CNCs and mCNCs in CMC matrix were interpreted in terms of dispersion state and interfacial bonding based on the fracture surface morphology.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cationic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are synthesized through etherification. </LI> <LI> Substitution degree (DS) is tuned by controlling water content in reaction system. </LI> <LI> Cationic CNCs are firstly used to reinforce carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films. </LI> <LI> The DS of cationic CNCs plays critical role on their dispersion in CMC films. </LI> <LI> Superior reinforcement of CMC films is achieved using cationic CNCs with higher DS. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Development of bioactive cellulose nanocrystals derived from dominant cellulose polymorphs I and II from <i>Capsosiphon Fulvescens</i> for biomedical applications

Ko, Sung Won,Soriano, Juan Paolo E.,Rajan Unnithan, Afeesh,Lee, Ji Yeon,Park, Chan Hee,Kim, Cheol Sang Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES Vol.110 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Cellulose I and II polymorphs were isolated from <I>Capsosiphon fulvescens</I> (CF) using the conventional method of extraction and direct mercerization of raw sample, respectively. The morphological and structural differences between the isolated polymorphs were studied by FTIR, FESEM and XRD. Direct mercerization of raw CF yielded the transformation of highly crystalline cellulose I (81.3%) to II (63.7%) as observed in the shifting of XRD patterns. The derived cellulose I and II were hydrolyzed (60% w/w H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB>, 55°C, 1h, 10mL/g) to obtain the spindle-shaped cellulose nanocrystals. Cellulose nanocrystal I was observed to have a mean thickness and length of 12.67±2.69 and 92.31±21.31nm, respectively; while cellulose nanocrystal II has a mean thickness and length of 15.58±2.85 and 78.09±18.22nm, respectively. Furthermore, a fiber-like mat assembly, which could be used as supplement support structure for tissue engineering, was obtained after subjecting the aqueous cellulose nanocrystal suspensions to freeze-drying. A possible application of this material can be as a biocompatible and biodegradable composite for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.</P>

Synthesis and characterization of 3-pentadecylphenol (PDP) derivative as functionalization agent of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) which is reinforcement for polypropylene composites

서희란,신휘섭,이종찬 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1

Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is the product of acid assisted hydrolysis of cellulose. During the hydrolysis process, the amorphous parts of cellulose are removed, and the crystalline parts are left. There are various functional groups on the surface of remaining crystalline part, but the most abundant group is hydroxyl group. 3-Pentadecylphenol (PDP) which is a reduced form of cardanol has single phenol group. To change the hydrophilic surface property of CNC, the surface was functionalized with derivative of PDP which was reacted with succinic anhydride. The derivative of PDP (PDPBA) was analyzed with NMR. The functionalization of CNC was conducted by acid catalyzed esterification between CNC and PDPBA. The functionalization was successful and confirmed by EA, FT-IR and TGA. In the future work, PP composites containing functionalized and pristine CNC are going to be fabricated to investigate the effect of functionalization on the mechanical and thermal properties of PP composites.

Dynamics of Cellulose Nanocrystals in the Presence of Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide

Noor Rehman,Clara I. D. Bica,Maria Inez G. de Miranda,Simone M. L. Rosa 한국고분자학회 2017 Macromolecular Research Vol.25 No.8

A dynamic light scattering (DLS) study was performed to investigate the interactions of maize straw cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Phase analysis light scattering (which gives access to zeta potential (ζ) and electrical conductance) technique was used with the aim to obtain additional information. Zeta potential behavior demonstrated the colloidal systems are stable. By electrical conductance data, it was verified that the process of formation of micelles is thermodynamically spontaneous. Dynamic light scattering was shown to be very useful to find the optimum hydrolysis time so as to obtain well dispersed and more isolated nanocrystals. In the presence of the cationic surfactant CTAB, the formation of micelles and aggregates CNC/ CTAB were well identified by DLS showing that the dynamics of cellulose nanocrystals in aqueous suspensions is strongly affected by the surfactant.

Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystal-incorporated Poly(butylene succinate) Nanocomposites

조세연,이민의,곽효원,진형준 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.7

In this work, surface acetylation of cellulose nanocrystals was performed to improve their interfacial adhesion with hydrophobic polymer matrix and to restore their thermal stability by removing the sulfate groups. The morphological, chemical, and thermal characteristics of the surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals (ACNs) were confirmed by field emission-transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/ACNs nanocomposites were also prepared via melt-mixing process, and the reinforcing effects of ACNs on the thermal, mechanical, and biodegradable properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the PBS/ACN nanocomposites increased from 115.36 and 33.67 MPa for the neat PBS to 130.55 MPa and 39.97 MPa, respectively. The thermal stability and biodegradability of the nanocomposites also increased with increasing ACN content.

Morphologies and surface properties of cellulose-based activated carbon nanoplates

Seulbee Lee,Min Eui Lee,Min Yeong Song,Se Youn Cho,Young Soo Yun,Hyoung-Joon Jin 한국탄소학회 2016 Carbon Letters Vol.20 No.-

In this study, cellulose nanoplates (CNPs) were fabricated using cellulose nanocrystals obtained from commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Their pyrolysis behavior and the characteristics of the product carbonaceous materials were investigated. CNPs showed a relatively high char yield when compared with MCC due to sulfate functional groups introduced during the manufacturing process. In addition, pyrolyzed CNPs (CCNPs) showed more effective chemical activation behavior compared with MCC-induced carbonaceous materials. The activated CCNPs exhibited a microporous carbon structure with a high surface area of 1310.6 m2/g and numerous oxygen heteroatoms. The results of this study show the effects of morphology and the surface properties of cellulose-based nanomaterials on pyrolysis and the activation process.

Preparation of Covalent-Bonded Cellulose Nanocrystal/ Bromocresol Purple Nanocomposites for pH-Sensitive Intelligent Films

( Hossein Khanjanzadeh ),( Byung-dae Park ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

In this study, the surface of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was esterified, and then covalently bonded to activated bromocresol purple (a-BCP). The resultant composites were incorporated into cellulose acetate (CA) polymer to prepare pH-sensitive intelligent films. The interactions between e-CNCs and a-BCP were proved by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR). The colorimetric analysis showed that films containing 10% or 15% e-CNC/a-BCP composites had distinctive color changes upon pH variations from 4 to 5, or 7 to 8. In addition, films with 10% composite revealed excellent leaching resistance under acidic conditions. The color change of films was also reversible between acidic (pH 2) and alkaline (pH 10) buffer solutions. These pH-sensitive intelligent films had sufficient rigidity even though mechanical properties decreased as the composite content increased from 0% to 15%.

Cellulose-based Nanocrystals: Sources and Applications via Agricultural Byproducts

( Yu-ri Seo ),( Jin-woo Kim ),( Seonwoo Hoon ),( Jangho Kim ),( Jong Hoon Chung ),( Ki-taek Lim ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 바이오시스템공학 Vol.43 No.1

Purpose: Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are natural polymers that have been promoted as a next generation of new, sustainable materials. CNCs are invaluable as reinforcing materials for composites because they can impart improved mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties and they are biodegradable. The purpose of this review is to provide researchers with information that can assist in the application of CNCs extracted from waste agricultural byproducts (e.g. rice husks, corncobs, pineapple leaves). Methods & Results: This paper presents the unique characteristics of CNCs based on agricultural byproducts, and lists processing methods for manufacturing CNCs from agricultural byproducts. Various mechanical treatments (microfluidization and homogenization) and chemical treatments (alkali treatment, bleaching and hydrolysis) can be performed in order to generate nanocellulose. CNC-based composite properties and various applications are also discussed. Conclusions: CNC-based composites from agricultural byproducts can be combined to meet end-use applications such as sensors, batteries, films, food packaging, and 3D printing by utilizing their properties. The review discusses applications in food engineering, biological engineering, and cellulose-based hydrogels.