CO₂ 하이드레이트의 film형 결정성장 거동에 관한 연구

이현주,김수민,이주동,김양도,Lee, Hyunju,Kim, Soomin,Lee, Ju-Dong,Kim, Yangdo 한국결정성장학회 2013 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.23 No.2

지구 온난화의 대표적인 주범인 $CO_2$를 저감하기 위하여 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히 가스 하이드레이트 형성원리를 이용한 $CO_2$ 분리 및 저장 공정이 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 필름형 $CO_2$ 하이드레이트의 결정성장 거동에 관하여 성장 메커니즘을 규명하였다. 다양한 압력조건에서 반회분식 교반 반응기를 이용하여 $CO_2$ 하이드레이트를 형성시켰으며 객체가스의 용해도 차이를 최소화하기 위하여 모든 실험에서 온도는 고정하였다. 공급된 가스는 순도 99.999 %의 $CO_2$ 가스를 사용하였고, CCD 카메라(Nikon DS-5M/Fi1/2M-U2)가 장착된 광학현미경을 사용하여 관찰 결과를 실시간 기록하였다. 실험에 적용되는 압력에 따라서 하이드레이트 성장형태와 성장속도는 매우 큰 차이를 보였다. 특히 2.0 MPa 이상의 압력에서 가장 큰 변화를 관찰하였으며, 이것은 $CO_2$의 농도 차이와 모세관 힘에 의한 것으로 사료된다. Many researches have been carried out to reduce and/or to capture the major global warming gases. Especially, the hydrate formation mechanisms were intensively investigated for carbon dioxide sequestration and storage process applications. In this study, the characteristics of film-type crystal growth mechanism of carbon dioxide hydrate were comprehensively examined. Carbon dioxide hydrate crystal was formed in semi-batch type stir reactor at various pressure conditions while the temperature was fixed to be constant to reduce and minimize the guest gas solubility effects. A supply gas composition was 99.999 % of Carbon dioxide, the observation data was collected by optical microscope adopted CCD camera (Nikon DS-5M/Fi1/2M-U2). This study revealed that the guest gas pressure changes significantly altered the crystal growth mechanism and film growth rate of carbon dioxide hydrate crystal. The critical pressure of the carbon dioxide hydrate of crystal growth mechanism change was found to be 2.0 MPa. The capillary force and gas concentration gradient also significantly changed the film-type crystal growth mechanism of carbon dioxide hydrate crystal.

Sub-lethal and lethal toxicities of elevated CO₂ on embryonic, juvenile, and adult stages of marine medaka <i>Oryzias melastigma</i>

Lee, Changkeun,Kwon, Bong-Oh,Hong, Seongjin,Noh, Junsung,Lee, Junghyun,Ryu, Jongseong,Kang, Seong-Gil,Khim, Jong Seong Elsevier 2018 Environmental pollution Vol.241 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The potential leakage from marine CO<SUB>2</SUB> storage sites is of increasing concern, but few studies have evaluated the probable adverse effects on marine organisms. Fish, one of the top predators in marine environments, should be an essential representative species used for water column toxicity testing in response to waterborne CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposure. In the present study, we conducted fish life cycle toxicity tests to fully elucidate CO<SUB>2</SUB> toxicity mechanism effects. We tested sub-lethal and lethal toxicities of elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentrations on marine medaka (<I>Oryzias melastigma</I>) at different developmental stages. At each developmental stage, the test species was exposed to varying concentrations of gaseous CO<SUB>2</SUB> (control air, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%), with 96 h of exposure at 0–4 d (early stage), 4–8 d (middle stage), and 8–12 d (late stage). Sub-lethal and lethal effects, including early developmental delays, cardiac edema, tail abnormalities, abnormal pigmentation, and mortality were monitored daily during the 14 d exposure period. At the embryonic stage, significant sub-lethal and lethal effects were observed at pH < 6.30. Hypercapnia can cause long-term and/or delayed developmental embryonic problems, even after transfer back to clean seawater. At fish juvenile and adult stages, significant mortality was observed at pH < 5.70, indicating elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposure might cause various adverse effects, even during short-term exposure periods. It should be noted the early embryonic stage was found more sensitive to CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposure than other developmental stages of the fish life cycle. Overall, the present study provided baseline information for potential adverse effects of high CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration exposure on fish developmental processes at different life cycle stages in marine ecosystems.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Adverse effects of elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> varied cross developmental stages of marine medaka. </LI> <LI> Embryo developmental delay to elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> showed in concentration-dependent manner. </LI> <LI> Middle stage of development was the most sensitive period to CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposure for mortality. </LI> <LI> Despite transfer to clean water, CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposed embryos could not be recovered. </LI> <LI> Key symptoms by elevated CO<SUB>2</SUB> exposure encompassed mortality and cardiac edema. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

단신 : K2CO3를 담지시킨 고체 허니컴 이산화탄소 흡수제의 제조 및 이의 특성 평가

이동철 ( Dong Chul Lee ),김진배 ( Jin Bae Kim ),유윤종 ( Yoon Jong You ) 한국공업화학회 2012 공업화학 Vol.23 No.6

온실가스의 주요성분인 이산화탄소를 포집 및 회수하기 위해 세라믹 종이로 만든 허니컴에 K2CO3를 담지 시켜 이산화탄소 흡수특성을 알아보았다. 70 ℃, 66% RH 항온항습 조건에서 K2CO3를 담지 시킨 허니컴 흡수제의 이산화탄소 흡수량은 13.8 wt%를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과는 K2CO3 담지율 17.6 wt%와 거의 동일한 수준으로서 허니컴 흡수제에 담지된 K2CO3의 흡수 반응이 원활하게 진행되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 허니컴 흡수제를 충진한 반응기에 4.51% 이산화탄소와 수분 동시공급 또는 수분 선 공급 후 이산화탄소를 공급하여 50∼80 ℃ 범위에서 이산화탄소 흡수 후 파과특성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 수분을 먼저 공급한 후 건조된 이산화탄소를 공급했을 때 더욱 늦게 파괴되어 흡수 반응이 좋아짐을 알 수 있었다. 흡수제와 이산화탄소의 흡수 반응에서의 생성물인 KHCO3는 128 ℃에서 이산화탄소를 탈착하여 재생된다는 것을 Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD)분석 결과를 통해 확인할 수 있었다. To capture and recover carbon dioxide (CO2), we impregnated honeycomb made of ceramic paper with K2CO3 and its absorption characteristics of CO2 were investigated. The absorption amount of CO2 on the honeycomb absorbent impregnated with K2CO3 was 13.8 wt% at a constant temperature (70 ℃) and relative humidity (66%) condition. Because the absorption amount of CO2 achieved almost the same loading ratio of K2CO3 (17.6 wt%), the absorption reaction of CO2 by K2CO3 on the honeycomb absorbent seems to be going smoothly. In addition, CO2 absorption breakthrough characteristics of the honeycomb absorbent were analyzed at the temperature range of 50∼80 ℃, and the water vapor was fed to an absorption column before the feeding of CO2 or simultaneously with CO2. As a result, the absorption capacity of CO2 was more enhanced using the water vapor supplying before CO2 than that of simultaneous supplying. It was confirmed by temperature programmed desorption analysis that the KHCO3 produced by the absorption reaction of K2CO3 and CO2 is regenerated by the desorption of CO2 at a temperature of about 128 ℃.

CO2를 이용한 RO 막의 스케일 생성 저감 연구

표민수,최영균 대한상하수도학회 2016 상하수도학회지 Vol.30 No.4

In this study, carbon dioxide (CO2) was used as an inhibitor of scale production on the surface of RO membrane. In order to compare the effects of CO2 injection on scale production, four RO modules: 1) without CO2 injection and anti-scalant (RO module #1), 2) with only CO2 injection (RO module #2), 3) with only anti-scalant (RO module #3), 4) with both CO2 injection and anti-scalant (RO module #4), were operated for 60 days under constant flux mode. The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was observed to decrease significantly in RO modules with CO2 injection as compared with the other RO modules. When the feed water pH was controlled at 5.0 by injecting CO2, the maximum TMP in RO modules #2 and #4 was founded to decrease by 42 aㅋnd 40%, respectively. Moreover, the Ca2+ concentration in the concentrate was 20mg/L lower in RO modules without CO2 injection which is attributed to the scale formation on the surface of the RO membranes. The SEM-EDS analysis further showed a serious fouled RO membrane surface in RO modules #1 and #3.

CO2 지중 영구저장의 입법정책적 문제

조인성(CHO, In-Sung) 한국지방자치법학회 2016 지방자치법연구(地方自治法硏究) Vol.16 No.1

본고는 CCS 저장기술의 기본 원리를 설명하면서 특별히 독일 CO2 저장법(KSpG)을 모델로 하여 CO2 저장의 입법정책적 문제를 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 CCS 관련법을 체계적으로 구축하기 위한 발전 방향을 모색하는데 기여하고 있다. 입법정책적으로 몇가지 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 1. “주입시설”, “저장소”, 그리고 “저장시설”에 관한 정의 규정보다는 “CO2 저장소”(Kohlendioxidspeicher) 및 “저장소 단지”(Speicherkomplex)에 관한 정의 규정이 더 분명해 보인다. 2. 탐사를 할 때 타인의 토지이용이 필요하다면, 탐사시작 전에 토지소유자와 기타 이용권자의 동의를 얻어야 할 것이다. 동의가 거절되면, 그 동의는 우월한 공공 이익이 탐사를 필요로 할 때 행정청의 결정으로 대체될 수 있을 것이다. 3. 조문 배열의 순서를 저장소의 탐사 승인에 이어서, 차례로 주입시설의 허가 규정을 두는 것이 더 타당하다고 생각한다. 4. 수인의무와 공용수용법적 효과에 관한 규정을 검토할 필요가 있을 것으로 본다. 손실보상책임의 요건과 효과에 관한 규정을 어느 범위에서 들 것인지 관련 현행법과 법리를 고찰할 과제가 남겨들 여지가 충분하다고 본다. 5. 대중참여 절차를 통해 사회적 수용성을 제고할 필요가 있다. 대중은 가능한 한CO2 저장소의 설치, 운영 및 중대한 변경에 관하여 관할 행정청에게 미리 계획확정을신청하기 전에도 계획확정의무를 지는 사업계획안에 대하여, 특히 CO2 저장소의 상태와 규모 및 이산화탄소 저장기술에 대하여 정보를 제공받을 수 있다. 6. CO2 저장소 폐쇄는 단순히 허가받을 의무가 있으며, 환경영향평가가 필요하다고본다. 폐쇄 허가신청에는 폐쇄 및 사후관리라는 컨셉이 첨부될 수 있어야 할 것이다. 7. 사업자는 ‘누출’이나 ‘중대한 비정상상태’라는 불의의 사고가 생기면 지체 없이개입할 의무를 갖도록 해야 할 것이다. ‘누출’이나 ‘중대한 비정상상태’에 관한 분명한용어 정의가 필요하다고 본다. 8. CO2 스트림에 필요한 사항에 관해서는 입법 흠결을 보완함이 타당하다고 생각한다. 9. 저장사업자는 토지탐사를 할 경우에 위험책임을 부담하는 것이 타당하다고 생각한다. 부지를 탐사하거나 영구 저장을 한 결과, 인적 손해나 물적 손해가 생긴 때에, 저장사업자는 손해배상의무를 부담하도록 규정하는 것이다. 10. 재정보증 규정을 통해 책임리스크를 방지해야 할 것으로 본다. 특별히 이러한 재정보증 규정을 별도로 규정할 필요가 있다. 저장사업자가 저장시설 폐쇄 후 사후관리책임을 성실히 이행할 수 있도록 하기 위하여 책임이행을 보증하기 위한 보험 또는 담보를 저장사업자에게 요구하는데 그쳐서는 안된다. 11. 사후관리 기한을 40년으로 정할 것인지, 아니면 30년으로 정할 것인지는 입법정책의 문제로 볼 수 있다. Some legislative policy proposal is as follows. 1. For Korean law (KSpG) are applied the following definitions: carbon dioxide storage and storage complex in german CCS Law. 2. The exploration of the subsurface for its suitability for the construction of carbon dioxide storage requires the permission. 3. Construction, operation and substantial change of carbon dioxide storage require prior plan approval by the competent authority. 4. As for the required carbon dioxide stream is to be considered the complement of the legislative defects. 5. The decommissioning require the permission. 6. There is a need to improve the social acceptance through the public participation process. 7. Whether the aftercare period sets in 40 or 30 years, it can be seen as a matter of legislative policy. 8. If you need to use someone else s land for exploration, before the start of exploration you will have to get a ticket landowners and other parties agree. 9. Storage operators bear the liability of risk for land exploration. 10. Through regulation of financial security must be avoided the liability risks. 11. If Operators encounter a sudden accident called ‘leakage’ or ‘serious abnormal condition’, they will be required to have a duty to intervene without delay.

CO2 Transport for CCS Application in Republic of Korea

허철,강성길,조맹익 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2010 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Offshore subsurface storage of CO2 is regarded as one of the most promising options to response severe climate change. Marine geological storage of CO2 is to capture CO2 from major point sources, to transport to the storage sites and to store CO2 into the offshore subsurface geological structure such as the depleted gas reservoir and deep sea saline aquifer. Since 2005, we have developed relevant technologies for marine geological storage of CO2. Those technologies include possible storage site surveys and basic designs for CO2 transport and storage processes. To design a reliable CO2 marine geological storage system, we devised a hypothetical scenario and used a numerical simulation tool to study its detailed processes. The process of transport CO2 from the onshore capture sites to the offshore storage sites can be simulated with a thermodynamic equation of state. Before going to main calculation of process design, we compared and analyzed the relevant equation of states. To evaluate the predictive accuracies of the examined equation of states, we compare the results of numerical calculations with experimental reference data. Up to now, process design for this CO2 marine geological storage has been carried out mainly on pure CO2. Unfortunately the captured CO2 mixture contains many impurities such as N2, O2, Ar, H2O, SOx, H2S. A small amount of impurities can change the thermodynamic properties and then significantly affect the compression,purification and transport processes. This paper analyzes the major design parameters that are useful for constructing onshore and offshore CO2 transport systems. On the basis of a parametric study of the hypothetical scenario,we suggest relevant variation ranges for the design parameters, particularly the flow rate, diameter, temperature,and pressure.

Box experiments on monitoring the CO2 migration in a homogeneous medium using electrical resistivity survey

Sookyun Wang,박미경,이민희,Jun-Mo Kim 한국지질과학협의회 2010 Geosciences Journal Vol.14 No.1

Geological sequestration of CO2 necessarily involves reliable techniques for monitoring the migration of CO2 injected in deep formations. In this study, a series of lab-scale experiments was conducted to investigate the feasibility of geochemical sampling and electrical resistivity survey in imaging and characterizing various phases of CO2 in a homogeneous medium. An acryl box packed with 1-mm dia. glass beads was used as the brine aquifer for CO2 sequestration. Two phases of CO2 and a supercritical CO2 substitute were applied in a series of injection processes in modified experiments for simulating CO2 sequestration. As well as porewater analysis, time-lapse electrical resistivity survey was performed with electrodes positioned on the box. For reconstructing two-dimensional resistivity images, electrical potential differences were measured at potential dipoles on the top surface of the box. To investigate the spatial and temporal evolution of the plume of injecting fluids, 2D resultant resistivity images at specified time were compared with discrete distributions of CO2 concentration in the box. In the experiment of CO2 gas, the time-lapse resistivity images showed the distinct increase in resistivity and suggested that the sequential changes in electrical resistivity images could be acquired when the CO2 gas plume migrates in deep brine aquifers. In the experiment of supercritical CO2 substitute, the time-lapse resistivity images showed that injected KF50 was kept afloat by buoyancy, which accumulated under the impermeable layer in free phase, and leaked somewhat to the surface. The electrical resistivity survey can be successfully detect the heterogeneous and localized distributions of supercritical CO2 in deep brine aquifers, implying that the electrical resistivity tomography could be a useful technical option for monitoring CO2 during geological sequestration.

Photosynthetic and Growth Response of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to Variable CO2 Concentrations at Different Vegetative Growth Stages

Su Jung Song,Do Lee Yun,Ah Ram Cho,Yoon Jin Kim 한국화훼학회 2019 화훼연구 Vol.27 No.1

Photosynthetic characteristics and growth responses of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ orchid were determined in plants exposed to variable carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at 2-, 24-, and 36-weeks age (i.e., corresponding to juvenile, young, and mature vegetative growth stages, respectively). Plants were grown at 400 (control), 800, or 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 for 6 hours during the nighttime for 32 weeks. Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’ in 2- and 24-week-old plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 had increased leaf number and net CO2 uptake compared with the plants grown at 400 μmol・mol-1 CO2. In 36-week-old of Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’, leaf number was significantly greater in plant grown at 800 and 1,600 μmol・mol-1 conditions compared with plants grown at 400 μmol・mol-1 CO2. Leaves that emerged after the start of the CO2 treatment were initially longer in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 than at 400 μmol·mol-1 C O2, but the final leaf length was shortest in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 condition. Plants showed crassulancean acid metabolism characteristic of nighttime CO2 uptake regardless plant growth stages. We found that growers may be able to promote leaf growth with increasing leaf number and reducing time to leaf initiation in the 36-week-old (i.e., mature stage) plants with 800 – 1,600 μmol·mol-1 CO2 and 2- and 24-week-old (i.e., juvenile and young stages) plants with 1,600 μmol·mol-1 C O2 for Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’.

Photosynthetic and Growth Response of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ to Variable CO2 Concentrations at Different Vegetative Growth Stages

송수정,윤도이,조아람,김윤진 한국화훼학회 2019 화훼연구 Vol.27 No.1

Photosynthetic characteristics and growth responses of Phalaenopsis Queen Beer ‘Mantefon’ orchid were determined in plants exposed to variable carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at 2-, 24-, and 36-weeks age (i.e., corresponding to juvenile, young, and mature vegetative growth stages, respectively). Plants were grown at 400 (control), 800, or 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 for 6 hours during the nighttime for 32 weeks. Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’ in 2- and 24-week-old plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 had increased leaf number and net CO2 uptake compared with the plants grown at 400 μmol・mol-1 CO2. In 36-week-old of Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’, leaf number was significantly greater in plant grown at 800 and 1,600 μmol・mol-1 conditions compared with plants grown at 400 μmol・mol-1 CO2. Leaves that emerged after the start of the CO2 treatment were initially longer in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 than at 400 μmol·mol-1 CO 2, but the final leaf length was shortest in the plants grown at 1,600 μmol・mol-1 CO2 condition. Plants showed crassulancean acid metabolism characteristic of nighttime CO2 uptake regardless plant growth stages. We found that growers may be able to promote leaf growth with increasing leaf number and reducing time to leaf initiation in the 36-week-old (i.e., mature stage) plants with 800 – 1,600 μmol·mol-1 CO2 and 2- and 24-week-old (i.e., juvenile and young stages) plants with 1,600 μmol·mol-1 CO 2 for Phalaenopsis ‘Mantefon’.

이산화탄소 흡수 공정에서 흡수액 최적 재생 조건에 대한 이론적 고찰

박성열 ( Sung Youl Park ) 한국화학공학회 2012 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.50 No.6

The considerable portion of energy demand has been satisfied by the combustion of fossil fuel and the consequent CO2 emission was considered as a main cause of global warming. As a technology option for CO2 emission mitigation, absorption process has been used in CO2 capture from large scale emission sources. To set up optimal operating parameters in CO2 absorption and solvent regeneration units are important for the better performance of the whole CO2 absorption plant. Optimal operating parameters are usually selected through a lot of actual operation data. However theoretical approach are also useful because the arbitrary change of process parameters often limited for the stability of process operation, In this paper, a theoretical approach based on vapor-liquid equilibrium was proposed to estimate optimal operating conditions of CO2 absorption process. Two CO2 absorption processes using 12 wt% aqueous NH3 solution and 20 wt% aqueous MEA solution were investigated in this theoretical estimation of optimal operating conditions. The results showed that CO2 loading of rich absorbent should be kept below 0.4 in case of 12 wt% aqueous NH3 solution for CO2 absorption but there was no limitation of CO2 loading in case of 20 wt% aqueous MEA solution for CO2 absorption. The optimal regeneration temperature was determined by theoretical approach based on CO2 loadings of rich and lean absorbent, which determined to satisfy the amount of absorbed CO2. The amount of heating medium at optimal regeneration temperature is also determined to meet the difference of CO2 loading between rich and lean absorbent. It could be confirmed that the theoretical approach, which accurately estimate the optimal regeneration conditions of lab scale CO2 absorption using 12 wt% aqueous NH3 solution could estimate those of 20 wt% aqueous MEA solution and could be used for the design and operation of CO2 absorption process using chemical absorbent.