리타겟티드 3D 캐릭터 모션 캡쳐 연구

송밝음,최동혁 한국만화애니메이션학회 2019 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.57

Motion capture is widely used in many areas due to its realistic implementation and reduced cost time. It is widely used not only in the game field but also in the field of VFX and animation, and contributes greatly to the digital media. Along with the development of motion capture, embedded systems that read motion capture data in 3D software such as 3ds Max, Blender, and Maya are also upgrading and supplementing with the development of motion capture. However, since the high cost of motion capture and the use and application of motion capture are complicated, there are still many problems that are difficult to apply to the producers who want to utilize motion capture data. I analyzed the system applying the built-in motion capture data centered on Maya software, which is widely used as 3D animation industry, and tried to solve problems and solutions. To solve these problems, I developed SongMocap tool which is a motion capture plug-in tool. We compared the strengths and weaknesses of HumanIK with SongMocap to apply motion capture data to Maya. I applied motion capture data to three characters (Stewart, Mery and a Grandfather character). The result came out well with the results of the imported motion capture data from HumanIK and SongMocap system. However, in case of HumanIK, it was difficult to use because of the complicated process and procedure. SongMocap, on the other hand, is intuitive and sometimes has motion capture actions applied to its characters with a single click of a button, making it easy for beginners to use. 모션 캡쳐는 예전에 비하여 사실적인 구현과 작업 시간의 절감 효과가 있어 게임 분야뿐만 아니라, 영상(VFX), 애니메이션 분야 등 여러 분야에서 널리 사용됨으로써 영상 미디어의 발전에 기여하고 있다. 이와 함께 3D 소프트웨어(3ds Max, Blender, Maya)에서 모션 캡쳐 데이터를 읽어드리는 시스템 역시 업그레이드되고 계속 보완되는 추세이다. 그러나 모션 캡쳐의 사용에는 고가의 비용이 들고, 모션 캡쳐의 사용 방법(예컨대, 리깅된 캐릭터에의 적용 방법) 역시 복잡하다. 따라서 현재까지도 모션 캡쳐의 활용에는 여러 문제점들이 존재한다. 이 논문에서는 모션 캡쳐의 종류 및 절차를 간략히 알아보고, 3D 애니메이션에 많이 사용되는 마야(Maya) 소프트웨어를 중심으로 내재된 모션 캡쳐 데이터를 리깅된 캐릭터에 적용하는 시스템에 대해 분석함으로써 그 문제점을 찾아내고, 그 해결 방안으로서 좀 더 효율적이고 편리한 모션 캡쳐 플러그인 툴(SongMocap 툴)을 개발 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 마야(Maya)에서 직접 촬영한 모션 캡쳐 데이터에서 움직임들을 보여주는 HumanIK와 이 연구에서 직접 개발한 SongMocap 방식으로 실험을 통해 그 장단점을 비교 분석한다. 이때 사용하는 캐릭터들은 인터넷에서 다운받을 수 있는 보편적인 애니메이션 캐릭터들(스튜어트와 메리)과 임의의 캐릭터(할아버지 캐릭터)이다. 모션 캡쳐 데이터를 임의로 리깅된 캐릭터에 적용해 본 결과, 새로 개발한 SongMocap 시스템 툴을 적용한 결과 나타나는 동작 구현들은 HumanIK 못지않게 잘 나타남을 확인하였다. 그러나 HumanIK 같은 경우는 컨트롤러 연결뿐만 아니라 조인트 연결 및 캐릭터 정의 등 과정과 절차가 복잡하고, 특히 조인트 연결 시에는 리깅 관련 많은 지식이 필요했기에 숙련이 되지 않은 작업자에게는 사용하기가 어려운 문제점이 있는 반면에, SongMocap의 경우 모션 캡쳐 데이터와 리깅 캐릭터간의 컨트롤러 연결만 설정해주면 되는 까닭에 미숙련자인 초보자도 쉽게 제작할 수 있도록 절차가 간소하다는 장점이 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

자궁경부종양에서 HPVDNAChip^(�) 및 Hybrid Capture Ⅱ^(TM)검사를 이용한 인유두종 바이러스의 검출

여소진,김달수,남계현,심일구,김태희,이해혁,이권해 대한부인종양 콜포스코피학회 2003 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.14 No.2

목적 : 인유두종 바이러스는 자궁경부암의 의의있는 원인 인자이다. 이 연구의 목적은 HPVDNAChip??검사를 이용하여 정상, 전암병변, 침윤성 경부암의 인유두종 바이러스의 분포를 알아보고 그 결과를 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM)) 검사와 비교하였다. 연구 방법 : 149명의 대상환자 중 57명은 병변이 없었고, 59명은 전암 병변이었으며, 33명은 침윤성 경부암이었다. HPVDNAChip??검사와 이 검사처럼 아형 66, 69를 제외한 고위험군(HPV-16/18/31/33/35/45/51/52/56/58/59/68) 인유두종 바이러스를 검사할 수 있는 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))검사를 이용하여 연구하였다. 결과 : 두 검사 모두 인유두종 바이러스를 검사하는 데 유용하였고, 결과가 의의있게 일치하였다(kappa value 0.721, p<0.01). Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))검사에서 양성이나 HPVDNAChip??검사에서 음성인 경우는 18명(12.1%)으로 평균 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))값이 120.7±233.0 (mean±SD)이였고, 두 검사 모두 양성인 경우의 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))값은 448.1±732.8 (mean±SD)이였다. Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))검사의 민감도는 94.6%이고, 특이도는 78.9%였고 HPVDNAChip??검사의 민감도는 83.7%이고, 특이도는 89.5%였다. HPVDNAChip??검사는 모두 15가지의 고위험군의 인유두종 바이러스 아형을 알아낼 수 있으며 아형 16이 전암병변(28.8%, 15/59)과 침윤성 경부암(48.5%, 19/33)에서 가장 흔한 아형이었으며 그 다음으로 흔한 아형은 58이었다. 결론 : HPVDNAChip??검사는 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))검사처럼 인유두종 바이러스 검사에 매우 민감하고 유용한 검사이다. HPVDNAChip??검사는 Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(^(TM))검사와 비교할 때, 인유두종 바이러스의 아형과 중복감염에 대한 정보를 준다. 앞으로 HPVDNAChip??검사의 자궁경부암의 선별검사로서의 가치에 대한 연구가 더 필요하다. Objective : Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is well known as one of the major risk HPVDNAChip?? factors for cervical cancer. The purpose of this study is to know HPV genotype distribution in women with normal cervix, precancerous lesion, and invasive cervical cancer by HPVDNAChip?? test. In addition, the result of HPVDNAChip?? test was compared with Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) system for HPV detection. Methods : One hundred forty nine patients were included in this study. 57 women had normal cervix, 59 women had precancerous lesion, and 33 women had invasive cervical cancer. We tested them with two method for detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) by HPVDNAChip?? test and Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) system. Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) test can detect same high-risk HPVs (16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/68) with HPVDNAChip?? test which can detect additional 66 & 69 high risk types of HPV. Results : Both methods for the detection of HPV were useful tests. The correlation between the results of two methods was very significant (kappa value 0.721 [p<0.01]). Positive Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) test and negative HPVDNAChip?? test group were 18 women (12.1%) and average Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) titer value of this group was 120.7±233.0 (mean±SD), positive Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) test and positive HPVDNAChip?? test group were 84 women (54.4%) and average titer was 448.1±732.8. The Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) test showed a sensitivity of 94.6% and a specificity of 78.9% and the HPVDNAChip?? test showed a sensitivity of 83.7% and a specificity of 89.5%. HPVDNAChip?? test detected total 14 genotype of HPV. HPV-16 was 28.8% (15/59) in precancerous lesion and 48.5% (19/33) in invasive cancer, most common in both groups. Next common type HPV-58 was 25.4% (12/59) in precancerous lesion and 9.1% (3/33) in invasive cancer. Conclusion : HPVDNAChip?? test is very sensitive and effective method for detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection as Hybrid CaptureⅡTMtest. In comparison with Hybrid CaptureⅡ^(TM) test, HPV genotype and multiple HPV infection information can be given by HPVDNAChip?? test. Further study will be needed to know the value of screening of cervical cancer by HPVDNAChip?? test in future.

지하수 양수량에 따른 지하수유동 및 포획구간 특성 변화

안승섭 ( Seung Seop Ahn ),박동일 ( Dong Il Park ),오영훈 ( Young Hun Oh ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.7

This study analyzed on characteristics of the ground-water capture zone in coastal areas and mid-mountainous area according to pumping rate. For this study, it targeted Jejudo island where is the volcanic island. To analyze, MODFLOW model and MODPATH model, which are the ground-water flow analysis models, were used. As a result of research, the following conclusions could be obtained. As a result of analyzing influence of a change in pumping time upon length of capture zone, the length of capture zone in coastal area was indicated to be greater in the changing ratio compared to the length of capture zone in mid-mountainous area. Next, in the coastal area, the pumping rate and the capture-zone length are changing similarly. However, in mid-mountainous area, the length of capture zone was indicated to grow when the pumping rate comes to exceed 1,500m3/day. As a result of analyzing influence of a change in pumping time upon capture area, the tendency of a change in the area was indicated similarly in coastal areas and mid-mountainous area. Especially, it could be known that the larger pumping rate leads to the more definite increase in tendency to a change in capture area. Based on this study, it was allowed to be possibly used in the suitable pumping rate in coastal areas and mid-mountainous area of the volcano island in the future. A follow-up research is judged to necessarily analyze the influence of tubular-well group upon capture zone by additionally analyzing a change in capture zone targeting the concentrated tubular well.

Influence of various carbon capture technologies on the performance of natural gas-fired combined cycle power plants

안지호,정지훈,최병선,김동섭 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.3

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has been studied actively in recent years to address global warming. This paper aimed to make a consistent comparison of different capture technologies applied to the natural gas-fired combined cycle (NGCC). Multiple power plant systems based on a standard NGCC using three different carbon capture technologies (post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxycombustion) were proposed, and their net performance was compared. The optimal pressure ratio of the oxy-combustion technology system was obtained. The variations in the net cycle performance of the three systems were compared using the specific CO 2 capture. The net power of the post-combustion capture scheme is lower than that of all other systems, but it has the highest efficiency. However, its biggest disadvantage is a much lower CO 2 capture rate than the oxy-combustion capture which exhibits nearly 100 % capture rate. The conclusion is that the oxy-combustion capture would provide both the highest net efficiency and power output if a high capture rate of over 92 % was required.

Dynamic modeling of a dual fluidized-bed system with the circulation of dry sorbent for CO₂ capture

Ju, Youngsan,Lee, Chang-Ha Elsevier 2019 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.241 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture processes with the circulation of dry sorbents, the regeneration energy as well as the capture efficiency are the key factors determining the overall energy efficiency of the CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture. In an aspect of repeated circulation and regeneration of a sorbent, a dynamic model for a dual fluidized-bed system was developed, which includes a fast fluidized-bed carbonator and a bubbling fluidized-bed regenerator. A potassium carbonate-based sorbent for CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture was applied in the fluidized-bed system and rigorous kinetic models for the carbonation and regeneration reactions were adopted. The validity of the developed model was confirmed by accurately predicting the experimental results from the dual fluidized-bed system at various operating conditions. The CO<SUB>2</SUB> removal performance was found to slightly deteriorate from 52.8 to 51.9% during continuous cyclic operation when the regeneration was carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere at 150 °C. However, when CO<SUB>2</SUB> gas was used for the regeneration under the same conditions, the capture performance dropped to 18.6% owing to partial regeneration of the sorbent. A case study for the regeneration condition was conducted using a CO<SUB>2</SUB>-rich gas to find the effective regeneration condition. The regeneration conversion under CO<SUB>2</SUB> atmosphere could be improved by increasing the regeneration gas velocity and regeneration temperature. At a regeneration temperature of 160 °C, the capture performance was found to be 73.2%, with the energy required to capture one mole of CO<SUB>2</SUB> being 234.8 kJ/mol-CO<SUB>2</SUB>. To reduce the energy requirement to less than 200 kJ/mol-CO<SUB>2</SUB> in the dual fluidized-bed system, a granulated sorbent, satisfying the physical and chemical stability for fluidized-bed operation, should be developed for the regeneration below 145 °C with the same working capacity (0.46 mol/kg-solid). Alternatively, the working capacity should be improved by 30% at the regeneration temperature of 160 °C. The developed model can be further used for improving capture performance and energy efficiency.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A dual fluidized-bed system using K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>-based sorbent for CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture was modeled. </LI> <LI> The model predicted the capture efficiencies well at various operating conditions. </LI> <LI> Dynamic behaviors of fast and bubbling fluidized-beds using sorbents were analyzed. </LI> <LI> An energy-efficient regeneration condition under CO<SUB>2</SUB>-rich flow was evaluated. </LI> </UL> </P>

Understanding mobile document capture and correcting orientation errors

Oh, Jeungmin,Kim, Joohyun,Kim, Myungjoon,Choi, Woohyeok,Lee, SangJeong,Lee, Uichin Elsevier 2017 International Journal of Human-Computer Studies Vol.104 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Smartphone cameras are increasingly used for document capture in daily life. To understand user behaviors, we performed two studies: (1) an online survey (n=106) to understand general smartphone camera usage behaviors related to information capture, as well as participants' experiences of orientation errors, and (2) a controlled lab study (n=16) to understand detailed document capture behaviors and to identify patterns in orientation errors. According to our online survey, 79.30% of the respondents reported experiencing orientation errors during document capture. In addition, our lab study showed that more than 90% of landscape capture tasks result in incorrect orientation. To solve this problem, we systematically analyzed the user behavior during document capture (e.g., video sequences and photographs taken or hand grip used) and propose a novel solution called ScanShot, which detects document capture time to help users correct orientation errors. ScanShot tracks the direction of gravity during document capture and monitors the users rotational or tilting movements of to update changes in orientation automatically. Our results confirm that document capture with 93.44% accuracy; in addition, our orientation update mechanism can reduce orientation errors by 92.85% using a gyroscope (for rotation) and 81.60% using an accelerometer (for micro-tilts).</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We study user behavior of document capturing using mobile camera by online study (n=106) and in-lab experiment (n=16). </LI> <LI> We analyze the erroneous orientation problem during document photo capturing. </LI> <LI> We propose a technique devised for inferring the user's document capture intention. </LI> <LI> We device two methods for correcting orientation errors while document capturing. </LI> <LI> The proposed methods show that more than 80% of error are be corrected. </LI> </UL> </P>

Simulation and exergetic evaluation of CO₂ capture in a solid-oxide fuel-cell combined-cycle power plant

Petrakopoulou, Fontina,Lee, Young Duk,Tsatsaronis, George Elsevier 2014 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.114 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The incorporation of fuel cells into power plants can enhance the operational efficiency and facilitate the separation and capture of emissions. In this paper a fuel-cell unit, consisting of solid-oxide fuel-cell stacks, a pre-reformer, and an afterburner is incorporated into a combined-cycle power plant with CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture. The thermodynamic performance of the plant is examined using an exergetic analysis and it is compared with a conventional combined-cycle power plant (reference plant) without CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture, as well as with other plants with CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture.</P> <P>The inefficiencies of the chemical reactions taking place in the fuel-cell unit are found to be the main source of exergy destruction among the plant components. However, the additional power generated in the fuel-cell stacks and the afterburner enhances the overall efficiency and compensates for the energy needed for the capture and compression of the carbon dioxide. When compared with the reference plant and with alternative capture technologies, the solid-oxide fuel-cell plant with CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture operates more efficiently and appears to be a thermodynamically promising approach for carbon capture.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An exergetic analysis is used to identify the thermodynamic irreversibilities of a power plant. </LI> <LI> The plant includes a solid-oxide fuel-cell unit and CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture. </LI> <LI> Additional power generated in the fuel-cell unit enhances the power output of the plant. </LI> <LI> The power plant results in a high efficiency compared both to conventional and other CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture plants. </LI> <LI> High irreversibilities are found for the solid-oxide fuel cell. </LI> </UL> </P>

인도적 들개 포획 방법 및 도구의 활용

박소라(Sora Park) 한국동물보건학회 2023 한국동물보건학회지 Vol.2 No.1

Feral dogs are not friendly to people and are very difficult to capture, unlike stray dogs in Korea. In addition, various problems caused by feral dogs are on the rise, so capture and adoption are urgently needed, but it is difficult to capture. The use of the COLLARUM® Canine Capture Device is considered to be a very useful live capture tool in the domestic situation where it is difficult to capture feral dogs. This capture tool meets international humanitarian capture standards and is already widely used in Australia and other places where feral dogs cause ecological problems, so its effectiveness and safety have been verified. It is easy to install and move, so it is possible to install many of them in places where it is difficult to use a capture frame, such as a mountain area, which is the main wild dog habitat in Korea. As described above, COLLARUM® can be installed in almost any place, including mountainous areas, so it is possible to safely capture feral dogs as well as stray dogs, enabling effective management of abandoned animals. Therefore, it is considered to be the equipment that should be most actively considered for domestic introduction and local government distribution in order to manage the population of wild dogs and increase the capture rate.

이산화탄소 포집과 저장에 관한 법적 쟁점 -포집을 중심으로-

이순자 ( Soon Ja Lee ) 한국환경법학회 2015 環境法 硏究 Vol.37 No.1

세계는 에너지 생산을 위해 화석연료를 사용하고 있고, 이로 인해 지구온난화를 가속화 시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그래서 세계는 대기중의 이산화탄소의 농도를 낮추는 방안으로 다양한 정책을 펼치고 있다. 그 중에서 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장에 관한 연구가 활발하며, 이를 제도적으로 뒷받침하기 위하여 법령을 제정한 나라가있다. 우리나라는 이산화탄소 포집 및 저장에 관한 법률을 제정하려고 한다. 법률을 제정시 고려할 점과 포집에 관련한 쟁점들을 아래와 같이 살펴보았다. 첫 번째 법률명을 「이산화탄소 포집 및 저장에 관한 법률」로 할 것인지 아니면 전환과 재활용도 포함하도록 법률명을 「이산화탄소 포집 및 처리에 관한 법률」로제정할 것인지에 대해 고려해 보아야 한다. 두 번째로는 포집한 이산화탄소 스트림(stream)은 이산화탄소를 포집해야 하는 사업자에게 미치는 영향이 크다. 따라서 법률에서 어떻게 정의를 해야 하는지에 대한 내용을 담았다. 세 번째로는 이산화탄소 스트림의 폐기물 내지 유해폐기물 여부에 대한 논의를 하였다. 현행 법령에서 이산화탄소 스트림은 폐기물이고 유해폐기물은 아니다. 하지만 이를 규율할 법령이 필요하다. 네 번째로는 이산화탄소 포집의무자를 누구로 할 것인지에 대해 알아보았다. 포집의무자를 신규로 건설하는 화석연료를 사용하는 발전사업자로 한정할 것인가? 아니면 일정량 이상의 이산화탄소를 배출하는 사업자까지 확대할 필요성이 있는가에 대한 논의와 기존의 이산화탄소를 많이 배출하는 사업자에게 포집의무를 부과시헌법적 문제를 야기할 수 있어서 헌법재판소의 결정에 대해 살펴보았다. 기후변화에 대응하기 위하여 이산화탄소를 포집하고 처리하는 정책을 펼치는것은 우리의 선택이다. 이를 집행하기 위한 법률을 제정시에는 다양한 의견을 검토하고 반영하는 것이 필요하다. The world is still relying on fossil fuel for energy production, and this in turn is known to be accelerating global warming. As a result, the world is adopting a variety of policies to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. Among those polices, active research is being conducted on the technology of capturing and storing CO2, and various states are providing legislative support to facilitate further research. Korea is considering the enactment of an “Act on CO2 Capture and Storage.” This paper analyzes the issues that need to be considered when establishing the act. First, it needs to be decided whether the title of the legislation should be an “Act on CO2 Capture and Storage” or an “Act on CO2 Capture and Disposal.” The latter title will include the notions of conversion and recycling. Second, the carbon dioxide capture stream can have a great impact on the operators who are obligated to capture carbon dioxide. This paper looks over how carbon dioxide capture stream should be defined. Third, this paper discusses whether the CO2 stream should be considered as waste or hazardous waste. According to current legislation, the CO2 stream does not fall into the scope of hazardous waste. However, legislation is needed for its regulation. Fourth, this paper looked over the issue of to whom the obligation of CO2 capture should be designated. Should the obligator be limited to newly constructed fossil fuel generators? To decide whether operators emitting CO2 over a certain scale should be obligated as well, this paper analyzes a relevant Korean Constitutional Court decision to determine whether there are constitutional complications if existent large scale CO2 emitters are included. Deciding whether the CO2 capture and disposal policy is our response to climate change is our choice to make. For the implementation of this policy, the process of examining and reflecting various opinions need to be done.

Selective capture based high-speed optical vehicular signaling system

Teli, Shivani,Chung, Yeon-Ho Elsevier 2018 SIGNAL PROCESSING-IMAGE COMMUNICATION - Vol.68 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present article introduces a high-speed optical vehicular signaling system using a distinct and unique capturing strategy called <I>selective capture</I> (SC). The proposed scheme performs the SC within the frame while capturing, not after the frames are captured, thereby reducing the capturing area and thus increasing the camera capture speed. One of the major challenges in optical camera communication (OCC) based vehicular signaling system is low data transmission rate, due to a low sampling rate of a camera receiver, compared with very high-speed modulation of light emitting diodes (LEDs) used as the transmitter. We propose this SC-based technique for a high-speed optical vehicular signaling system. Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed scheme while analyzing various parameters such as margin setting to calculate a total SC area, considering the movement of a vehicle along the roadside, inter-vehicle distance measurement and LED detection from a Raspberry Pi camera (RaspiCam) module. The SC is performed using template matching technique on the RaspiCam module and then the margin is added with the SC to obtain the total SC area. This total SC area is utilized for capturing the taillights of the leading vehicle ( L V ). The optical vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) signaling system utilizes two 4 × 4 red LED arrays mounted on L V as the taillights and a RaspiCam mounted on the following vehicle ( F V ). It is found that the use of RaspiCam set with the total SC area to capture the taillights significantly increases the capture speed of RaspiCam from 120 frames per second (fps) to 435 fps, yielding an efficient and high-speed V2V signaling with flicker-free taillights. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed optical V2V provides a data rate of up to 6.912 kbps and achieves acceptable bit error rate performance at a distance of up to 175 cm.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> High-speed optical vehicular signaling system using <I>selective capture</I> is proposed. </LI> <LI> High rate, high performance and inter-vehicle distance measurement are provided. </LI> <LI> Selective capture significantly increases capture speed from 120 fps to 435 fps. </LI> <LI> At a 640 × 480 resolution, a high data rate of 6.912 kbps is achieved up to 175 cm. </LI> </UL> </P>