Socioeconomic Burden of Cancer in Korea from 2011 to 2015

김영애,이예린,박정주,오인환,김호섭,윤석준,박기호 대한암학회 2020 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.52 No.3

Purpose Though the socioeconomic burden of cancer on patients is increasing in South Korea, there is little research regarding the type of cancer that incurs the highest costs. This study analyzed the socioeconomic burden on cancer patients from 2011 to 2015 according to sex and age. Materials and Methods A prevalence-based approach was applied utilizing claim data of the National Health Insurance Service in Korea to estimate the socioeconomic burden of cancer on patients. Patients who received treatment for cancer from 2011 to 2015 were the study subjects. The total socioeconomic burden of their disease and treatment was divided into direct and indirect costs. Results There was an increase of 50.7% for 5 years, from 821,525 to 1,237,739 cancer patients. The cancer costs for men and women increased $8,268.4 million to $9,469.7 million and $3,626.5 million to $4,475.6 million, respectively. Furthermore, the 50-59-year-old age group accounted for a large portion of the total disease cost. Liver, lung, stomach, and colorectal cancers created the heaviest economic burdens on patients. Conclusion Overall, this study indicates new policies for cancer prevention, early detection, and postcancer treatment management are necessary to help limit the costs associated with cancer, especially in the elderly, and provides a foundation for establishing cancer-related health care policies, particularly by defining those cancers with heavier disease burdens.

우리 나라 암질환으로 인한 조기사망의 질병부담

김용익,김창엽,장혜정,윤석준,Kim, Yong-Ik,Kim, Chang-Yup,Chang, Hye-Jung,Yoon, Seok-Jun 대한예방의학회 2000 예방의학회지 Vol.33 No.2

Objective : To estimate the burden of diseases in Korea especially caused by major cancers using the YLL(years of life lost due to premature death) measurement. Methods : First, we determined the parameters: such as age-specific standard life expectancy, age on death, sex, cause of death by analyzing the national death certificate data and life table collected during 1996 provided by the National Statistical Office. Secondly, we estimated the age group-specific YLL by employing standard expected years of life lost(SEYLL). Thirdly, final burden of disease due to premature death was estimated by using YLLs measurement which developed by global burden of disease study group. Results : The burden of premature death by cancer for male was attributed mainly to liver cancer(514.5 person-year), stomach cancer(436.4 person-year), and lung cancer(367.7 person-year). Each of these cancers was responsible for the loss of over 100 person-year based on our YLL measurement. The burden of premature death by cancer for female was attributed mainly to liver cancer(135.1 person-year), stomach cancer(252.1 person-year), and lung cancer(121.8 person-year). Each of these cancers was responsible for the loss of over 100 person year based on our YLL measurement. Conclusion : We found the YLL method employed in this study was appropriate to quantify the burden of premature death. Thereby, it would provide a rational bases to plan a national health policy regarding premature death caused by cancer.

A Single Measure of Cancer Burden in Korea from 1999 to 2010

Cho, Kyoung-Hee,Park, Sohee,Lee, Kwang-Sig,Jang, Sung-In,Yoo, Ki-Bong,Kim, Jae-Hyun,Park, Eun-Cheol Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a single measure of cancer burden (SMCB), which can prioritize cancer sites by considering incidence and mortality. Materials and Methods: Incidence data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Mortality data from 1999 to 2010 were obtained from Statistics Korea. The SMCB was developed by adding incidence and mortality scores. The respective scores were given such that incidence and mortality were classified by ten ranges of equal intervals. Results: According to the SMCB in 2010, stomach cancer ranked $1^{st}$ in males with 20 points, and colorectal cancer was $2^{nd}$ with 11 points. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer were joint $1^{st}$ with 11 points for females. The SMCB for females was less than that for males. The burden of stomach cancer was $1^{st}$ in males from 1999-2010. The incidences of lung cancer and liver cancer decreased, whereas thyroid cancer and colon cancer increased during the period. Breast cancer and thyroid cancer burden showed tendencies to increase in females. Comparison of SMCB with disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and socioeconomic costs in 2005 showed that the top five cancer sites were similar, but there were differences in the size of the cancer burden. Conclusions: The SMCB indicated that the burdens of stomach cancer in males and thyroid and breast cancers in females were large. The single measure showed an advantage, reflected as the equivalent dimensions of incidence and mortality, whereas DALY and economic costs showed tendencies to reflect premature death.

Estimating the Burden of Cancers Attributable to Smoking Using Disability Adjusted Life Years in Indonesia

Kristina, Susi Ari,Endarti, Dwi,Sendjaya, Natalia,Pramestuty, Octy Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.3

Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for many types of cancers. Recent data on selected cancer incidence and mortality related to smoking in the Indonesian population are provided in this study. Morbidity and mortality data were derived from GLOBOCAN 2012 and the population attributable fraction (PAF) was estimated using the standard methodology developed by the World Health Organization. Using these data, we calculated disability adjusted life year (DALY) values for smoking-related cancer. The DALY was estimated by summation of the years lived with disability (YLD) and years life lost due to premature death (YLL). The cancer cases related to smoking in Indonesia numbered 45,132, accounting for 35,580 cancer deaths. The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer can be considered as the highest priority in both men and women. Furthermore the greatest YLD due to smoking in Indonesian men and women were from pancreas and lung cancers. For YLL among men, the highest years lost were from lung and liver cancers. On the other hand, among women lung oral cavity and lip were most important. Based on the DALY indicator, burden priorities for Indonesian men were lung cancer (298,980), liver cancer (60,367), and nasopharynx (46,185), while among Indonesian women they were lung cancer (34,119), cervix uteri (9,213) and pancreas cancer (5,433). In total, Indonesian burden of cancers attributed to smoking was 638,682 DALY. This study provides evidence about the burden of cancers caused by smoking as a rational basis for initiating national tobacco control policies in Indonesia.

The Burden of Cancer in Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Kimman, Merel,Norman, Rosana,Jan, Stephen,Kingston, David,Woodward, Mark Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.2

This paper presents the most recent data on cancer rates and the burden of cancer in the ASEAN region. Epidemiological data were sourced from GLOBOCAN 2008 and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost were estimated using the standard methodology developed within the World Health Organization's Global Burden of Disease study. Overall, it was estimated there were over 700,000 new cases of cancer and 500,000 cancer deaths in ASEAN in the year 2008, leading to approximately 7.5 million DALYs lost in one year. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (98,143), breast (86,842) and liver cancers (74,777). The most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (85,772), liver cancer (69,115) and colorectal cancer (44,280). The burden of cancer in terms of DALYs lost was highest in Laos, Viet Nam and Myanmar and lowest in Brunei, Singapore and the Philippines. Significant differences in the patterns of cancer from country to country were observed. Another key finding was the major impact played by population age distribution on cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer rates in ASEAN are expected to increase with ageing of populations and changes in lifestyles associated with economic development. Therefore, ASEAN member countries are strongly encouraged to put in place cancer-control health care policies, focussed on strengthening the health systems to cope with projected increases in cancer prevention, treatment and management needs.

Estimating the Economic Burden of Premature Mortality Caused by Cancer in Iran: 2006-2010

Karami-Matin, Behzad,Najafi, Farid,Rezaei, Satar,Khosravi, Ardashir,Soofi, Moslem Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.4

Background: Cancer is currently one of the main public health problems all over the world and its economic burden is substantial both for health systems and for society as a whole. To inform priorities for cancer control, we here estimated years of potential life lost (YPLL) and productivity losses due to cancer-related premature mortality in Iran from 2006 to 2010. Materials and Methods: The number of cancer deaths by sex and age groups for top ten leading cancers in Iran were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. To estimate the YPLL and the cost of productivity loss due to cancer-related premature mortality, the life expectancy method and the human capital approach were used, respectively. Results: There were 138,228 cancer-related deaths in Iran (without Tehran province) of which 76 % (106,954) were attributable to the top 10 ranked cancers. Some 63 % of total cancer-related deaths were of males. The top 10 ranked cancers resulted in 106,766,942 YPLL in total, 64,171,529 (60 %) in males and 42,595,412 (40%) in females. The estimated YPPLL due to top 10 ranked cancers was 58,581,737 during the period studied of which 32,214,524 (54%) was accounted for in males. The total cost of lost productivity caused by premature deaths because of top 10 cancers was 1.68 billion dollars (US$) from 2006 to 2010, ranging from 251 million dollars in 2006 to 283 million dollars in 2010. Conclusions: This study showed that the economic burden of premature mortality attributable to cancer is significant for Iranian society. The findings provide useful information about the economic impact of cancer for health system policy/decision makers and should facilitate planning of preventive intervention and effective resource allocation.

암환자 배우자의 돌봄 부담에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구

이인정 ( In Jeong Lee ),한인영 ( In Young Han ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2010 한국가족복지학 Vol.30 No.-

Improvement in cancer survival rates has meant that people are living with the disease longer and receiving successive treatment. The care needs of persons with cancer often lead to family members assuming primary care responsibilities. The increasing reliance on partner to provide practical and emotional support has generated research into care burden. However, little empirical evidence exists investigating partners`care burden of patients with cancer in Korea. Thus, this study assessed the level of the care-burden of partners care to patients with cancer, also it examined the association between four contextual variables (socio-demographic, disease-related functional, psychological and environmental context) and the care burden of providing cares to spouse with cancer. For the purpose of this research, 197 partners of patients with cancer completed questionnaires that measured care-giving burden (Care-giver Reaction Assessment-Korean Version; CRA-K), self-esteem and social support. Results indicated female means on overall care burden were significantly higher than those of male. A positive relationship was found between care burden and ECOG of patients. In a hierarchical regression model, gender, ECOG of patients and social support were found to impact care burden of partners. The results of this study are discussed in term of their implications for clinical interventions to reduce care burden among partners of patients with cancer. The suggestions for future research are discussed also.

암환자 가족원의 부담감과 가족기능

박연환,현혜진 성인간호학회 2000 성인간호학회지 Vol.12 No.3

This study examined burdens of primary family caregivers, and family functioning of patients with cancer. In addition, the relationship between two concepts was assessed to develop nursing intervention to reduce the burdens of caregiving, and to improve family functioning. Ninety-two primary family care givers of patients with cancer at a general hospital in Seoul participated in this study. The patients with cancer aged from 19 to 84 yearn with a mean alee of 51 nears, and sixty-one percent were male. About 30 percent of the patients suffered liver and billiard tract cancer. Fifty-six percent of the primary family caregivers were spouses of the patients and 70.7 percent were women. Primary family caregivers' burdens were assessed by the Burden Scale originally developed by Zarit (1980) and Novak & Guest(1989) and modified by Jang (1975) for use in Korea. The instrument consists of six subscales: time-dependent burden, developmental burden. Physical burden, emotional burden, social burden, and financial burden. Family functioning was assessed by the Family APGAR developed by Smilkstein(1978). The results were as follows: 1.The average burden score was 86.1, indicating a moderate level of burden. The time-dependent burden scored highest followed by developmental physical, social, financial, and emotional burdens. The mean score of family APGAR was 9.71; among subjects 82.6% were included in dysfunctional families. 2.Of the characteristics of patients, age, gender, number of admissions, and job were found to be associated with the level of burden. There was no significant difference between patient characteristics and family functioning. Of the characteristics of primary family caregivers, caregiver's perception of patient prognosis was significantly related to the level of burden, and family functioning. Caregiver's sex and age were also related to family functioning. The quality of relationship between a patient and a caregiver was significant situational factors affecting the level of burden, and family functioning. In addition, the income of family. and help from other family members were related to the level of burden. Given the results, it is essential to develop nursing intervention to reduce burden and to improve family functioning, such as support groups.

Psychosocial Response and Symptom Burden for Male Smokers with Lung Cancer

Niu, Zhi-Min,Liang, Chun-Shui,Yu, Min,Wang, Yong-Sheng,Yu, Hai-Xia,Zhang, Qiong-Wen,Wei, Yu-Quan Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.1

Purpose: Cigarette smoking causes many kinds of cancer, and it is more closely related with lung cancer, rather than other cancers. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and ninety percent of the smokers are male in China, but there is little published data concerning the psychological responses in the male smokers with lung cancer and its influence on the symptom burden. The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that male smokers with lung cancer have more positive attitude and less symptom burden, comparing to male non-smokers. Methods: A total of 194 men with cancer in West China Hospital, Sichuan, China, were assessed by self-administered questionnaire. Psychological response was measured by the Chinese version of Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (Mini-MAC), and symptom burden was measured by the physical symptom distress scale from the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL). Results: We found that smokers with lung cancer got higher scores in positive attitude and a smaller symptom burden than non-smokers. Patients with education lower than high school got higher scores of positive attitude compared to college graduate patients (p=0.038). Smokers with lung cancer who knew the potential carcinogenicity of cigarette showed less negative emotions (p=0.011). The psychological response was not affected by age, clinical stage, cell type, smoking duration and amount. Conclusions: Male smokers with lung cancer have a more positive attitude and fewer symptoms, comparing to male non-smokers. Appropriate psychological intervention for non-smokers with lung cancer deserves more attention.

말기 암환자 가족의 부담감에 관한 연구

장숙랑,이선자 대한보건협회 2000 대한보건연구 Vol.26 No.1

The objective of study is to investigate the degree of burdens of family as a pilot study focused on the plan about reducing burdens of family caring for terminal cancer patient and the settlement of hospice concept capable of managing the patient and family, and to analyze the burden level according to socio-demographic, economic, and medical factors in family. August 1, 1998 to November 1 1998., 85 terminal cancer patients and their main caregivers in family were included in our study, and the question survey were performed by concrete questionnare including general characteristics of patient and family, medical aspects of patient, economic state of family, degree of medical cost, and questions for family's burden. The burden score of main caregiver in family is 54.48 and the older were patient and main caregiver, the higher was the burden score. Time, self-advancement, economic burden were especially high among 6 area of burden. In cases of woman caregiver, believer in a religion, daughter caregiver, the burden is significantly low. Among medical characteristics, prolonged illness duration, absence of patient's insight heightened the burdens. Family's burdens according to economic factors were not significant, but in case of medical cost of above 5,000,000 won, caregiver's burdens were significantly increased. As a conclusion, the hospice concept must settle down in our country for the patient's family as well as the terminal cancer patient in order to reduce the burden of family care giver. The various social support system is needed to manage terminal cancer patients for their family.