DETERMINANTS OF BRAIN DRAIN IN CHINESE FAMILY BUSINESS: A FUZZY-SET QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Huifen (Helen) Cai,Graça Miranda Silva 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7

The paper investigates the Brain Drain in Chinese family business based on a sample of 319 family businesses in China. Using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to uncover different combinations of conditions (pay and welfare, work environment, management style of the leaders, and career planning) that are sufficient to achieve high and low brain drain. The results show that pay and welfare is a necessary but not a sufficient condition by itself to achieve high brain drain. The findings show that three causal recipes are equifinal in achieving high brain drain. The first causal recipe combines high work environment with low level of career planning and with high pay and welfare. The second combines low work environment with high level of career planning and with high pay and welfare. Finally, the third combines high work environment with high level of management style of the leaders and with high pay and welfare. The study also found two causal configurations that are equifinal to achieve low brain drain. Moreover, these combinations are not a mirror of the combinations founded for high brain drain. This study offers several implications to both researchers and business practitioners: It is acquired that in order to prevent brain drain, the pay and welfare of employees should be raised while the management philosophy should pay attention to humans in the first place. Secondly, the leaders need to improve their own quality so as to strengthen the management of family businesses. Finally, a refined human resource system needs to be established. After brain drain, enterprises should perfect their contract constraining mechanism and, bring in suitable talents promptly so that the loss is minimised.

Trajectory of brain-drain and quality of work-life amongst Nigeria’s university lecturers: academic staff union of universities (ASUU) incessant strike in retrospect

Akinwale Olusegun Emmanuel,Kuye Owolabi Lateef,Akinwale Olayombo Elizabeth 경희대학교 글로벌 통상·금융연구원 2023 International Trade, Politics and Development Vol.7 No.2

Brain-drain insurgency has become pervasive amongst professionals and the last option for everyone in the country to realise a sustainable quality of work-life (QWL). All youths now in the country have perceived migrating to the international workspace as a noble idea. This study investigates the incidence of brain-drain and QWL amongst academics in Nigerian universities.To sparkle a clearer understanding concerning factors preventing the QWL amongst Nigeria's lecturers, this study utilised a cross-sectional research design to survey the participants across all departments in federal institutions through an explanatory research approach. This study applied an array of adapted scales to evaluate members of academic staff track of what provoked the incidence of brain-drain amongst Nigerian lecturers and possible influence on their QWL. The study surveyed 431 members of academic staff in Nigerian universities to collect useful data and employed a structural equation model (SEM) to analyse the obtained data.The outcome of this study highlights that there is a horrible condition of service amongst Nigerian lecturers, a poor compensation system, poor academic research funding and lack of autonomy are bane to the QWL experienced in Nigerian tertiary institutions today. This study indicates that poor staff development and inadequate university funding are part of the justification that provoked brain-drain insurgence, and allowed the government to lose their skilled and competent egg-heads in the university to other foreign nations of the world.This study demonstrated that brain-drain has become part of Nigeria's national life given that all professionals are seeking better life where their skills, competence and energy would be valued. Brain-drain was not common until these days amongst academics and fewer studies were noted but this study showed a novel paradigm regarding the QWL and brain-drain trajectory.

지역 인재의 유출 실태 및 결정요인 분석

류장수(Ryu, Jangsoo) 한국지역사회학회 2015 지역사회연구 Vol.23 No.1

This study analyzes the size, the characteristics, and the determinants of provincial brain-drain. For this aim, this study used ‘Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey’(Goms) of Korea Employment Information Service. The major results are as follows. First, 17.3% of students who graduated from provincial high schools have entered to capital region universities, and 34.2% of students who graduated from provincial universities have get their jobs in capital region. Namely, the size of brain-drain was very large. Second, people who stayed in provincial region get the job in smaller firm than brain- drainers toward capital region. And the monthly wage level of people who stayed in provincial region is less than that of provincial brain-drainers. Third, father’s education level, parents’ income, grade point average, score of Toeic turn out to be significant variables to decide provincial brain-drain. To keep provincial brain needs to increase decent jobs in provincial region.

지역인재 유출에 의한 경제력 유출 분석 : 대구 경북지역을 중심으로

박우식,박상우,엄창옥 한국산업경제학회 2011 산업경제연구 Vol.24 No.4

지역인재의 유출이 지역경제와 지역사회의 구조적 문제를 야기한다는 지적은 오래전부터 논의되어 오던 문제이다. 본 연구의 중심과제는 이러한 지적이 실제 대구 경북지역에 어떻게 실현되고 있는가를 추정해보는 일이다. 연구방법은 누구나 쉽게 동의할 수 있는 간단하고 명료한 방법을 사용하기로 했다. 먼저 지역의 인재를 정의하고, 정의된 인재의 순유출규모를 추정한다. 다음으로는 추정된 순유출규모에 대해 경제력 유출효과를 추정하였다. 그 결과 대구 경북지역 지역인재의 수도권 유출이 심화되고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 학력별로 보면, 전문대졸 지역인재보다 4년제 대졸 지역인재의 수도권 유출이 더욱 현저하였음을 확인할 수 있었다. 경력별로 보면, 신규취업으로 인한 유출보다 경력직의 유출이 더욱 심하게 나타났다. 이러한 지역인재의 유출구조는 대구 경북지역의 산업구조나 교육환경뿐만 아니라 삶의 질의 수준을 반영하고 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 본 연구에서는 이러한 지역인재의 순유출규모를 기초로 하여 경제력 유출규모를 추정하여 보았다. 경제력 유출효과를 소비효과, 생산효과 그리고 외부효과 등 세 가지 효과로 나누어 추정하였다. 그 결과 경제력 유출규모는 각각 3∼4천억원 규모로 점점 심화되고 있었다. 세 가지 유출효과를 총합할 경우 경제력의 유출규모는 2008년 GRDP의 1.43%(대구), 1.85%(경북), 1.19%(대경)의 수준에 해당된다. This paper focuses on the hypothesis that 'Brain Drain' deteriorates local economic capacity. From this perspective, we analyzed the structure of the local brain drain and estimated the numerical size of the outflow of economic capacity by brain drain in Daegu-Gyeongbuk Area. For this analysis, we used a simple methodology. Firstly, according to the definition of local talents, we calculated the size of the brain drain. And then, utilizing average consumption and income data, we estimated the outflow of economic capacity by brain drain. We found out that brain drain from Daegu-Gyeongbuk to Capital zone has been getting worse. The outflow of university graduates was much bigger than that of junior college graduates. The outflow of the workers with experience was greater than that of the newly employed. Economic losses by brain drain are estimated to be 1.43% of GRDP for Daegu, 1.85% for Gyoungbuk, and 1.19% for Daegu-Gyeongbuk Area in 2008.

U.S. Immigration Act of 1965 and Asian Brain Drain

이창신(Chang-Shin Lee) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2011 영미연구 Vol.25 No.-

Of the several immigration reforms in the United States, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments in particular has been regarded as the most crucial turning point in immigration policy. It generated the most substantial changes both in quality and quantity of immigrants in the recent history of the U.S. The primary focus of this paper is an analysis of the 1965 Immigration Act and its significant effects upon American society as well we on the affected Asian countries. A major effect of the 1965 Immigration policy was the Asian “brain drain.” This refers to the migration of highly skilled and educated immigrants, especially those from three major Asian countries, Taiwan, the Philippines, and South Korea in the period from 1965 to 1976. While the brain drain in general resulted in economic benefits for the United States, it created major controversy in terms of its moral and economic implications for the sending Asian countries. While the shortterm consequences of the loss of scientists and technicians were probably minimal for some developing countries, the brain drain during 1965-1976 posed increased economic problems in others. As late as 1976, it seemed to threaten to retard the economic development of the home countries by creating shortages of vitally needed, highly skilled personnel. As a major recipient of the brain drain, the United States faced a paradox. On one hand, the United States promoted the economic well-being of Third World countries by foreign aid, technical assistance, and the Peace Corps during the 1960s and 1970s; on the other hand, as the recipient of professionals, scientists and engineers, and medical personnel, it seemed to take away the very kinds of people the developing countries needed to sustain their growth. During the 1960s and 1970s, the brain drain was perceived in Asia and America as threatening the future of economic development of these developing countries.

이변량 프로빗 모형을 활용한 인력유출 결정요인 분석

박성익(Sungik Park),조장식(Jangsik Cho) 한국데이터정보과학회 2019 한국데이터정보과학회지 Vol.30 No.1

일반적으로 인력유출 결정요인을 분석하기 위해서는 취업자만을 대상으로 분석하게 된다. 이와 같이 취업자를 대상으로 하는 표본선택은 모집단으로부터 연구대상들이 체계적으로 즉, 비무작위적으로 배제됨으로써 표본선택편의가 발생하게 된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 표본선택편의 문제를 해결하기 위해 표본선택 이변량 프로빗 모형을 활용하여 인력유출에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 주요 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인력유출 결정요인 분석에 활용된 표본선택 이변량 프로빗 모형이 통계적으로 유의함을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 여자에 비해서 남자가 취업확률과 인력유출 확률 모두 높게 나타났다. 그러나 연령이 증가할수록 취업확률은 높았지만 인력유출 확률은 낮게 나타났다. 셋째, 전문대에 비해서 4년제 대졸자는 취업확률은 낮았지만 인력유출 확률은 높게 나타났다. 마지막으로 대학소재지가 기타 지역권에 비해서 수도권의 인력유출 확률은 상대적으로 낮게 나타났으며, 임금과 기업규모가 증가할수록 인력유출 확률이 높게 나타났다. In general, only the employed are under study to analyze the determinants of brain-drain. In this way, the selection of samples for the employed will result in a sample selection bias by excluding the research subjects from the population systematically. In this study, we use bivariate probit model with sample selection to solve the problem of sample selection bias. The main results of the analysis are summarized as follows. First, we note that the bivariate probit model with sample selection used to analyze the determinants of brain-drain is statistically significant. Second, the probabilities of male employment and male brain-drain were higher than those of female. However, as the age increases, the probability of employment is high, but the probability of brain-drain is low. Third, the probability of university graduate employment was lower than that of college graduates, but the probability of brain-drain was higher. Finally, the probability of brain-drain in the Seoul metropolitan area is relatively low compared to other areas in the university location, and the probability of brain-drain is higher as the wage and company size increase.

Rewards of reforms: Can economic freedom and reforms in developing countries reduce the brain drain?

Jarand H Aarhus 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2019 International Area Studies Review Vol.22 No.4

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of economic freedom on brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. Previous literature on brain drain has examined social, political and economic determinants. However, no study in the literature so far has studied this proposed relationship. We employ the Economic Freedom Index sourced from the Fraser Institute as a proxy for economic freedom and the rate of moderately skilled and highly skilled emigration functions as a proxy for brain drain. Our sample consists of 142 countries covering the period 1990–2010. We estimate the results using a two-way fixed effects regression estimator. The results show that an increase in economic freedom is strongly associated with lower levels of brain drain from developing countries to rich countries. In addition, we find that long-term benefits associated with more economic freedom outweigh short-term costs of economic reforms when it comes to restricting brain drain.

On the International Mobility of the Highly Skilled

Daniel J. Kim(다니엘 김) 한국로고스경영학회 2016 로고스경영연구 Vol.14 No.3

다국적 또는 국제적 요소 이동은 국제 경제학에서 중요한 이슈이다. 그리고 글로벌 세계에서 생산요소 이동이 국내 경제에 끼치는 영향은 특히 심각한 사안이다. 기존의 국제무역론은 요소 이동이 국가의 생산 능력에 끼치는 경제적 영향에는 초점을 두고 있지만, 국내 정치가 경제적 결과에 어떤 영향을 주는지 혹은 요소 이동이 개발도상국의 경제 발전을 저해할 가능성이 있는지 등 다른 중요한 문제들은 대부분 다루지 않는다. 이 논문은 하나의 특정한 종류의 생산 요소인 고숙련 인력의 국제 이동에 관한 이슈를 고찰한다. 이른바 ‘두뇌유출(brain drain)’ 문제는 경제성장론과 개발경제학 두 분야에서 학자들로부터 폭 넓은 관심을 끌고 있다. 고숙련 인력의 이동에 관한 대부분의 이론들은 개발도상국의 경제 성장에 끼치는 ‘두뇌유출’의 영향이나 선진국에 기여하는 ‘두뇌 이득(brain gain)’의 효과를 주로 다룬다. 본 논문은 이러한 이론들을 보다 깊이 이해하기 위하여 두뇌유출에 관한 기존 가설들에 기초하여 이들 이론들을 네 가지 범주로 분류하고 개관적인 설명을 제시하고자 한다. Transnational or international factor mobility is an important issue in international economics. In a global world, the impact of factor mobility on domestic economy is an especially significant matter. Most of the existing trade theories focus on economic impact of factor mobility on the productive capacity of nations, but ignore other important issues such as how domestic politics might alter the results or how factor mobility might hinder economic development in a developing nation. This paper considers the issue of the international mobility of one specific kind of factor of production: the highly-skilled workers. The issue of the so-called “brain drain” draws wide attention from scholars in both growth theory and development economics. Most of the economic theories on mobility of the highly skilled deal mainly with the effects of “brain drain” on economic growth of developing countries or the effects of “brain gain” on developed countries. To gain a greater understanding of these theories, the current paper presents an overview of these theories, classifying them into four categories on the basis of the existing hypotheses on “brain drain.”

On the International Mobility of the Highly Skilled: Understanding the Issue of Brain Drain

다니엘 김 한국로고스경영학회 2016 로고스경영연구 Vol.14 No.3

Transnational or international factor mobility is an important issue in international economics. In a global world, the impact of factor mobility on domestic economy is an especially significant matter. Most of the existing trade theories focus on economic impact of factor mobility on the productive capacity of nations, but ignore other important issues such as how domestic politics might alter the results or how factor mobility might hinder economic development in a developing nation. This paper considers the issue of the international mobility of one specific kind of factor of production: the highly-skilled workers. The issue of the so-called “brain drain” draws wide attention from scholars in both growth theory and development economics. Most of the economic theories on mobility of the highly skilled deal mainly with the effects of “brain drain” on economic growth of developing countries or the effects of “brain gain” on developed countries. To gain a greater understanding of these theories, the current paper presents an overview of these theories, classifying them into four categories on the basis of the existing hypotheses on “brain drain.”

Skilled Migration in Asia: Focusing on Taiwan

Yumiko Nakahara 한국비교경제학회 2019 비교경제연구 Vol.26 No.1

Brain circulation contributed greatly to Taiwan in the 1980s and 1990s because the returnees brought back not only technology but also the business styles and knowledge from the developed countries. In the 21st century, however, there is little expectation of brain circulation and Taiwan is experiencing a shortage of highly skilled human resources. To address this issue, the Taiwanese government has been proactively recruiting workers internationally over the Internet or by dispatching recruiting missions to acquire advanced technologies and fill the shortage of highly skilled human resources. However, Taiwanese workers are leaving Taiwan because a number of Chinese companies or universities are offering high monetary compensation to recruit Taiwanese workers. This trend is also observed in companies from other countries, such as Japan or Singapore, who also seek Taiwanese workers. The movement of skilled workers to and from Taiwan in the 21st century seems to differ slightly from the pre-1980s brain drain and the brain circulation of the 1980s–1990s. The Taiwanese government and companies should make efforts to avoid brain drain.