경춘선 숲길의 조류 서식환경 평가 연구

김미후 ( Kim Mi-hu ),오충현 ( Oh Choong-hyeon ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2020 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study is to prepare a plan for improving the bird habitat environment of Linear Park. To this end, after grasping the status of bird habitats on the Gyeongchun Line Forest Road, a representative linear park in Seoul, the habitat environment was evaluated and the correlation with the bird habitat was analyzed to derive a plan to improve the habitat environment. The results for correlation between diversity of birds and habitat environment were as follows. For the habitat environment inside the park, the order of positive correlation was in the order of park area (0.92), number of insect species (0.87), green area ratio (0.77), average width of linear park (0.74), Biotope area ratio (0.73), Immigration planted species (0.57). Also, for habitat environment outside the park, the bird diversity was influenced in the order of area outside the park (0.88), green area ratio of the park (0.76). Thus, in order to enhance the diversity of birds found in the park, the bird habitat environment inside the park needs to expand the park area, secure insect diversity, enhance green area ratio and ecological area ratio, expand the width of linear park, and lower the impermeable layer. For the bird habitat environment outside the park, wider area, green area ratio, and forest area of the park influenced on better bird habitation while lower ratio of road space and building-to-land ratio influenced on higher bird diversity. It is necessary to create an environment inhabitable for various species of birds and to make a healthy and pleasant city urban system for co-existence of human and living creatures.

조류 다양성 확보를 위한 비오톱 평가지표개발

채진확,구태회 한국환경정책·평가연구원 2005 환경정책연구 Vol.4 No.1

This study was aimed at developing an application method of biotope evaluation indexes to secure bird diversity on urban biotope that has high intensity of land use. The main purpose of the study was to plan the effective restoration method of sound urban biotope from the ecological aspects after evaluating the relationship between the biotope evaluation indexes. The biotope area, number of insect species, distance from adjacent road, biotope area index were surveyed on each designated site in order to analyze the evaluation indexes that influenced bird diversity in urban biotope. The analysis of the relationship between biotope evaluation indexes showed the following results number of bird species and number of insect species > number of bird species and biotope area index > number of insect species and biotope area index, that is, the number of insect species and biotope area index had a specific effect on the bird diversity. The equation derived from the above result is ‘number of bird species = 6.124×biotope area index+0.095×number of insect species-1.197’ (R2=0.716, F=27.743, P<0.001) Therefore, even a small area can be helpful for promoting bird diversity in the urban area if the biotope area index and diversity of vertical landscape for insects are maintained. 토지이용 강도가 높은 도시비오톱을 대상으로 조류다양성 확보를 위한 비오톱 면적지수의 활용방안에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 비오톱 평가지표들 사이의 상관관계를 살펴보고 조류다양성을 보호하기 위한 비오톱 평가지표를 개발하여 생태적으로 건전한 도시비오톱의 효과적인 복원방법을 계획하는 데 있다. 도시 비오톱에서 조류 다양성에 영향을 주는 평가지수의 분석을 위해서, 각각의 사이트에 대해 비오톱 면적, 곤충종수, 인접도로와의 거리, 비오톱 면적지수를 조사하였다. 결론적으로, 비오톱평가 지수들 사이의 상관관계는 다음과 같은 결과가 나타났다. 조류종수와 곤충종수 > 조류종수와 비오톱 면적지수 > 곤충종수와 비오톱 면적지수 다시말해, 조류다양성은 실질적으로 곤충종수와 비오톱 면적지수에 의해 영향을 받는다. 결과로부터 얻어진 등식은 조류종수는 6.124×비오톱면적지수+0.095×곤충종수-1.197 이다. 그러므로, 비오톱면적지수와 곤충을 위한 수직적 경관다양성이 유지된다면, 작은 면적의 비오톱이라 할지라도 도시지역에서 조류다양성을 증진시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

연구논문 : 조류 다양성 확보를 위한 비오톱 평가지표개발

채진확 ( Jin Hwak Chae ),구태회 ( Tae Hoe Koo ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2005 환경정책연구 Vol.4 No.1

토지이용 강도가 높은 도시비오톱을 대상으로 조류다양성 확보를 위한 비오톱 면적지수의 활용방안에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 비오톱 평가지표들 사이의 상관관계를 살펴보고 조류다양성을 보호하기 위한 비오톱 평가지표를 개발하여 생태적으로 건전한 도시비오톱의 효과적인 복원방법을 계획하는 데 있다. 도시 비오톱에서 조류 다양성에 영향을 주는 평가지수의 분석을 위해서, 각각의 사이트에 대해 비오톱 면적, 곤충종수, 인접도로와의 거리, 비오톱 면적지수를 조사하였다. 결론적으로, 비오톱평가 지수들 사이의 상관관계는 다음과 같은 결과가 나타났다. 조류종수와 곤충종수 > 조류종수와 비오톱 면적지수 > 곤충종수와 비오톱 면적지수 다시말해, 조류다양성은 실질적으로 곤충종수와 비오톱 면적지수에 의해 영향을 받는다. 결과로부터 얻어진 등식은 조류종수는 6.124 × 비오톱면적지수 + 0.095 × 곤충종수 - 1.197 이다. 그러므로, 비오톱면적지수와 곤충을 위한 수직적 경관다양성이 유지된다면, 작은 면적의 비오톱이라 할지라도 도시지역에서 조류다양성을 증진시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. This study was aimed at developing an application method of biotope evaluation indexes to secure bird diversity on urban biotope that has high intensity of land use. The main purpose of the study was to plan the effective restoration method of sound urban biotope from the ecological aspects after evaluating the relationship between the biotope evaluation indexes. The biotope area, number of insect species, distance from adjacent road, biotope area index were surveyed on each designated site in order to analyze the evaluation indexes that influenced bird diversity in urban biotope. The analysis of the relationship between biotope evaluation indexes showed the following results number of bird species and number of insect species > number of bird species and biotope area index > number of insect species and biotope area index, that is, the number of insect species and biotope area index had a specific effect on the bird diversity. The equation derived from the above result is ‘number of bird species = 6.124 × biotope area index + 0.095 × number of insect species -1.197’ (R2 = 0.716, F = 27.743, P<0.001) Therefore, even a small area can be helpful for promoting bird diversity in the urban area if the biotope area index and diversity of vertical landscape for insects are maintained.

Evaluation of Agri-Environmental Performance of Convention on Biological Diversity Using Winter Paddy Field in Korea

( Deog Bae Lee ),( Sang Hyun Park ),( Kee Kyung Kang ),( Byong Gu Ko ),( Kwang Lai Park ),( Myeong Cheol Seo ),( Jong Gil Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2008 한국환경농학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Winter migratory birds gather in paddy rice fields to feed shed rice grains. The Korean Ministry of Environment has practiced a policy program Contract on Paddy Field Management (CPFM) during winter fallow since 2002. This program starts with a contract between local governments and farmers, and the government pays a differential subsidy to farmers who finish spreading rice straw, cultivating barley, letting the whole rice plant without harvest, and submerging paddy fields for winter migratory birds. As more local governments have operated CPFM program, the total area on the contract and subsidy budget has increased yearly since 2002. This program could have its stable position as a successful policy by giving profits to farmers. With the program extended, the population of winter migratory birds has been greatly. For the evaluation of environmental performance of a policy, we analyzed this CPFM program by introducing some indicators in the form of Driving Force-State-Response Framework. The indicators were composed of 3 categorized indicators; the area of paddy land contracted under this program as `driving force` indicator, population of birds, the number of bird species and the amount of feces as `state` indicators, and the size of monetary support, the number of farmers or local governments participating, and public perception as `response` indicators. The contract area of paddy field under CPFM could be a good biodiversity indicator reflecting potential performance of this policy measure in the light of its linkage to the population of winter migratory birds. And the share of CPFM land of the whole agricultural land might also be used as a useful indicator of policy evaluation for improvement of wildlife diversity. The `state` indicators such as population of birds and the number of bird species could be matched to `driving force` indicator, but the total CPFM area of each site could not reflect the effect of areas under different management practices. However, the amount of bird feces could reflect differences in environmental performance with management practices as `state` indicators. The development of indicators indicating `response` such as farmers` behavior, public perception, and policy makers` willingness is also needed to support a successful implementation and improvement of this policy measure with the development of `performance` indicators integrating all these indicators.

Evaluation of Agri-Environmental Performance of Convention on Biological Diversity Using Winter Paddy Field in Korea

Lee, Deog-Bae,Park, Sang-Hyun,Kang, Kee-Kyung,Ko, Byong-Gu,Park, Kwang-Lai,Seo, Myeong-Cheol,Kim, Jong-Gil The Korean Society of Environmental Agriculture 2008 한국환경농학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Winter migratory birds gather in paddy rice fields to feed shed rice grains. The Korean Ministry of Environment has practiced a policy program Contract on Paddy Field Management (CPFM) during winter fallow since 2002. This program starts with a contract between local governments and farmers, and the government pays a differential subsidy to farmers who finish spreading rice straw, cultivating barley, letting the whole rice plant without harvest, and submerging paddy fields for winter migratory birds. As more local governments have operated CPFM program, the total area on the contract and subsidy budget has increased yearly since 2002. This program could have its stable position as a successful policy by giving profits to farmers. With the program extended, the population of winter migratory birds has been greatly. For the evaluation of environmental performance of a policy, we analyzed this CPFM program by introducing some indicators in the form of Driving Force-State-Response Framework. The indicators were composed of 3 categorized indicators; the area of paddy land contracted under this program as 'driving force' indicator, population of birds, the number of bird species and the amount of feces as 'state' indicators, and the size of monetary support, the number of farmers or local governments participating, and public perception as 'response' indicators. The contract area of paddy field under CPFM could be a good biodiversity indicator reflecting potential performance of this policy measure in the light of its linkage to the population of winter migratory birds. And the share of CPFM land of the whole agricultural land might also be used as a useful indicator of policy evaluation for improvement of wildlife diversity. The 'state' indicators such as population of birds and the number of bird species could be matched to 'driving force' indicator, but the total CPFM area of each site could not reflect the effect of areas under different management practices. However, the amount of bird feces could reflect differences in environmental performance with management practices as 'state' indicators. The development of indicators indicating 'response' such as farmers' behavior, public perception, and policy makers' willingness is also needed to support a successful implementation and improvement of this policy measure with the development of 'performance' indicators integrating all these indicators.

Evaluation of Agri-Environmental Performance of Convention on Biological Diversity Using Winter Paddy Field in Korea

이덕배,박상현,강기경,고병구,박광래,서명철,김종길 한국환경농학회 2008 한국환경농학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Winter migratory birds gather in paddy rice fields to feed shed rice grains. The Korean Ministry of Environment has practiced a policy program Contract on Paddy Field Management (CPFM) during winter fallow since 2002. This program starts with a contract between local governments and farmers, and the government pays a differential subsidy to farmers who finish spreading rice straw, cultivating barley, letting the whole rice plant without harvest, and submerging paddy fields for winter migratory birds. As more local governments have operated CPFM program, the total area on the contract and subsidy budget has increased yearly since 2002. This program could have its stable position as a successful policy by giving profits to farmers. With the program extended, the population of winter migratory birds has been greatly. For the evaluation of environmental performance of a policy, we analyzed this CPFM program by introducing some indicators in the form of Driving Force-State-Response Framework. The indicators were composed of 3 categorized indicators; the area of paddy land contracted under this program as ‘driving force’ indicator, population of birds, the number of bird species and the amount of feces as ‘state’ indicators, and the size of monetary support, the number of farmers or local governments participating, and public perception as ‘response’ indicators. The contract area of paddy field under CPFM could be a good biodiversity indicator reflecting potential performance of this policy measure in the light of its linkage to the population of winter migratory birds. And the share of CPFM land of the whole agricultural land might also be used as a useful indicator of policy evaluation for improvement of wildlife diversity. The ‘state’ indicators such as population of birds and the number of bird species could be matched to ‘driving force’ indicator, but the total CPFM area of each site could not reflect the effect of areas under different management practices. However, the amount of bird feces could reflect differences in environmental performance with management practices as ‘state’ indicators. The development of indicators indicating ‘response’ such as farmers’ behavior, public perception, and policy makers’ willingness is also needed to support a successful implementation and improvement of this policy measure with the development of ‘performance’ indicators integrating all these indicators.

강릉일대 수계의 조류다양성 연구

박정미,최순규,김수일 한국교원대학교 환경과학연구소 2004 환경연구논문집 Vol.- No.8

본 연구는 2001년 10월부터 2002년 9월까지 월2회, 강원도 강릉시 수계의 조류다양성을 조사하였다. 주요 조사지역은 연곡천 하구, 경포호수, 남대천 하구일대이다. 조사 기간 중 이 지역에서 관찰된 조류는 총 14목 37과 127종이었고, 최대 개체수는 47,617개체였다. 전 조사지역에서 대표적인 우점종은 괭이갈매기(Larus crassirostris), 청둥오리(Anas platyrhynchos), 갈매기(Larus canus), 흰뺨검둥오리(Anas poecilorhyncha)로 나타났다. 월별로 관찰된 조류의 개체수는 12월에 8,232개체로 가장 높았고, 월별 종수는 4월에 60종으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 철새 이동시기인 봄과 가을에는 수금류(waterfowl), 갈매기류(gulls)와 더불어 섭금류(wader)가 관찰되어 종 다양성 및 종 풍부도가 높게 나타났다. 각 조사지별 우점도를 비교해 보면, 연곡천 하구에서는 섭금류나 수금류에 비해서 주로 갈매기류가 우점하였다. 경포호에서는 수금류와 갈매기류가 우점하였으며, 남대천하구에서도 수금류와 갈매기류가 우점 하였다. 대표적으로 우점했던 그룹 중 갈매기류는 15종 30,325개체가 관찰되었으며, 이 지역 전체조류 중에서 63.69%로 가장 높은 비율을 보였다. 또 다른 우점 그룹인 수금류는 22종 13,446 개체가 관찰되었으며, 전체 관찰 조류의 28.24%에 해당된다. 관찰된 조류 중 천연기념물은 9종, 환경부 지정 멸종 위기종 4종, 보호 대상종 10종이 관찰되었으며, 국제보호조류도 8종이 관찰되었다. The bird surveys were conducted twice a month, from October 2001 to September 2002. Three major study sites: Kyoungpo lake, Yeongok river estuary and Namdae river sites. The birds observed in this area were belonged to 14 order 37 family 127 species. The total number of maximum count was 47, 617 individuals during one year length study period. The evaluation result showed that Black-tailed Gull(Larus crassirostris). Mew Gull(Larus canus), Mallard(Anas platyhynchos) and Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) were dominant species in the areas. For species richness by monthly account, the highest individuals, 8,232, was observed in December, for the species diversity by each month comparison, the most species, 60, were observed in April. During the birds' spring and autumn migration seasons, the species diversity was higher, especially for wader, waterfowls and gulls in proportion. Dominance record compared for each study sites showed that gulls were mostly dominant at Yeongok river estuary than wader and waterfowls, and waterfowls and gulls were dominant at Kyoungpo lake. Likewise, waterfowls and gulls were dominant group at Namdae estuary site. As for gulls, a major dominant group, 30,325 individuals of 15 species were observed, marking the highest percentage(63.99%) of all the regional bird community. Another dominant group was waterfowls, 13,446 individuals of 22 species were observed, which is 28.24 percent of all. Of all birds observed in the areas, nine species were legally protected as Natural Monument, four species were protected as endangered species and 10 species as protection species designated by the Ministry of Environment. Eight species were Red Data species of international importance.

차귀도의 조류상

오홍식 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2003 基礎科學硏究 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 2002년 2월~9월에 차귀도에 서식하는 조류의 서식현황을 조사하였다. 조사기간동안 관찰된 조류는 모두 39종이었다. 서식현황별로는 텃새가 21종으로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 여름철새가 8종, 겨울철새가 7종이었으며, 나머지 3종은 통과조류였다. 우점종으로는 재갈매기 Larus argentatus, 괭이갈매기 Larus crassirostris, 흰뺨검둥오리 Anas poecilorhyncha, 가마우지 Phalacrocorax capillatus, 칼새 Apus pacificus, 바다직박구리 Monticola solitarius 등이었다. 종 다양도 지수 (H￣)는 3.95-4.31, 종 풍부도 지수는 4.650이었다. 관찰된 조류중법적 보호조류는 환경부가 지정한 멸종 위기조류인 매 Falco peregrinus와 보호조류인 솔개 Milvus migrans, 새홀리기 Falco subbuteo 등3종이었다. A bird survey conducted in Chagwido Island from February to September 2002. A total of 39 bird species was recorded including forest, shrubgrassland and water birds. Among the total 39 species, 21 resident, 8 summer visitor 7 winter visitor, and three passenger migrant were identified in migratory pattern categories. Main bird species are Phalacrocorax capillatus, Anas poecilorhyncha, Larus crassirostris, Larus argentatus Monticola solitarius, Shannon-Weaver species diversity indices (H￣) ranged from 3.95 to 4.31, and the index of bird species richness was 4.650. Three species (Falco peregrinus, Mulvus migrans and Falco subbuteo) - the protected wildlife species designated by the Ministry of Environment was also observed.

Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia

Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti,Dyah Ayu Hewajuli,Atik Ratnawati,Risza Hartawan 대한수의학회 2020 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.21 No.4

Background: The live bird market (LBM) plays an important role in the dynamic evolution of the avian influenza H5N1 virus. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to monitor the genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in LBMs in Indonesia. Methods: Therefore, the disease surveillance was conducted in the area of Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Jakarta Province, Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. Subsequently, the genetic characterization of the H5N1 viruses was performed by sequencing all 8 segments of the viral genome. Results: As a result, the H5N1 viruses were detected in most of LBMs in both bird' cloacal and environmental samples, in which about 35% of all samples were positive for influenza A and, subsequently, about 52% of these samples were positive for H5 subtyping. Based on the genetic analyses of 14 viruses isolated from LBMs, genetic diversities of the H5N1 viruses were identified including clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 as typical predominant groups as well as reassortant viruses between these 2 clades. Conclusions: As a consequence, zoonotic transmission to humans in the market could be occurred from the exposure of infected birds and/or contaminated environments. Moreover, new virus variants could emerge from the LBM environment. Therefore, improving pandemic preparedness raised great concerns related to the zoonotic aspect of new influenza variants because of its high adaptivity and efficiency for human infection.

Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia

Dharmayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi,Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu,Ratnawati, Atik,Hartawan, Risza The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2020 JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Vol.21 No.2

Background: The live bird market (LBM) plays an important role in the dynamic evolution of the avian influenza H5N1 virus. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to monitor the genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in LBMs in Indonesia. Methods: Therefore, the disease surveillance was conducted in the area of Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Jakarta Province, Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. Subsequently, the genetic characterization of the H5N1 viruses was performed by sequencing all 8 segments of the viral genome. Results: As a result, the H5N1 viruses were detected in most of LBMs in both bird' cloacal and environmental samples, in which about 35% of all samples were positive for influenza A and, subsequently, about 52% of these samples were positive for H5 subtyping. Based on the genetic analyses of 14 viruses isolated from LBMs, genetic diversities of the H5N1 viruses were identified including clades 2.1.3 and 2.3.2 as typical predominant groups as well as reassortant viruses between these 2 clades. Conclusions: As a consequence, zoonotic transmission to humans in the market could be occurred from the exposure of infected birds and/or contaminated environments. Moreover, new virus variants could emerge from the LBM environment. Therefore, improving pandemic preparedness raised great concerns related to the zoonotic aspect of new influenza variants because of its high adaptivity and efficiency for human infection.