연구논문 : 스포츠 동기와 상황 해석에 대한 귀인이론의 고찰

한정선 ( Jeong Seon Han ) 아시아문화학술원 2015 인문사회 21 Vol.6 No.2

본 연구는 스포츠 동기 및 상황 해석에 대한 귀인이론의 적실성과 한계를 고찰하였다. 분석의 초점은 인간행동의 성/패, 정서, 기대 귀인에 두었다. 먼저 이론적 배경으로써, 동기이론을 고찰한 후 귀인이론의 주요 내용을 정리하였다. 다음으로, 인간행동의 성/패, 정서, 기대 귀인을 스포츠 동기 및 상황과 관련하여 그 적실성을 검증해 보았다. 결론 및 제언으로, 귀인이론의 한계를 정리함과 동시에 스포츠 동기 및 상황분석에 대한향후 연구과제를 제시하였다. 본 연구에 따르면, 귀인이론은 인간의 행동을 원인적 측면에서 해석한다. 이러한 해석은 인간행동에 대한 반응을 결정짓는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 귀인이론은 이러한 이론적장점 때문에 스포츠 동기 및 상황 해석에 유용한 측면이 있다. 그러나 스포츠 선수들을 위한 동기증진 조절 방안 수립에는 큰 영향력을 주지 못한다. 특히, 이 이론은 인과차원의 분석이 경험적으로 수행되고 입증되기 어렵다는 점을 간과하였으며, 변수의 다양성을 고려하지 않았다. 또한 기대와 정서의 문제를 다루는데 있어서도 한계를 드러냈다. 귀인이론이 스포츠 동기 및 상황 해석에 대한 이론으로 적실성을 갖기 위해서는 첫째,스포츠 동기 및 현상에 대한 귀인뿐만 아니라 선수들을 위한 동기증진 조절방안 효과를 경험적으로 입증하려는 노력을 해야 한다. 둘째, 다양한 귀인 변수를 선행변수와 귀결변수로 구체화 할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 스포츠 동기 및 상황과 관련된 경험적 분석에 있어서 인과차원의 문제는 측정의 문제보다 분석방법의 문제로 접근하는 것이 더 바람직하다. 넷째, 귀인이론을 근간으로 한 스포츠 동기 및 상황분석은 심리적 결과와 관련된 다양한 정서와 기대 내용을 가정할 필요가 있다. 무엇보다도 기대와 정서 간에 시간적 순서를 정하여 분석하는 것이 타당하다. 다섯째, 인과 귀인 측정에 있어서 신뢰도가 높은 측정 방법을 고안해 내야 한다. This study analyzed the attribution theory``s adaptability to the analysis of sport motivations and situations, and its limitations. The study focused on success-failure, emotion and expectation attributions. First, the motivation theory was considered, followed by the attribution theory. Second, an investigation was made of the adaptability of success-failure, emotion and expectation attributions to sport motivations and situations. Lastly, a presentation was made of the limitations of the attribution theory and the future tasks to analyze sport motivations and situations. The attribution theory analyzes human behaviors in causal terms. This approach plays an important role in determining the responses to human behaviors. This makes the attribution theory useful for the analysis of sport motivations and situations. However, the theory does not have any great influence on how to promote and control the sport motivations of athletes. The theory overlooks that causal analysis is not easily performed and verified, and does not take the diversity of variables into consideration. Besides, it also has limitations in dealing with expectations and emotions. Following efforts are needed for the adaptability of the attribution theory to sport motivations and situations. First, it is necessary to try to empirically show not only the attributions for sport motivations and phenomena, but also the effective measures to promote and control motivations for sport players. Second, it is required to classify attribution variables into preceding and concluding variables. Third, it is desirable to approach cause-effect problems in terms of analysis method. Forth, it is demanded to hypothesize various emotions and expectations related to psychological results for the analysis of sport motivations and situations based on the attribution theory. Above all, it is reasonable to analyze expectations and emotions in a fixed order. Fifth, a more reliable measurement method should be worked out to measure causal attributions.

객관적 귀속이론과 구성요건에 해당하는 ‘행위’의 실체요건

김성돈 한국형사법학회 2022 형사법연구 Vol.34 No.3

Modern objective attribution theory formalizes ‘risk creation’ and ‘risk realization’ requirements as prerequisites for objective attribution. These two prerequisites are treated under a single conceptual topology of objective attribution, even in matters at different levels in light of historical understanding of the concept of attribution of classical attribution theory and the development of classical crime theory in the 19th century. For this reason, mainstream jurisprudence of korean criminal law has shown an absolute unbalanced attitude to risk realization requirements associated with causal or 'result' attribution problems in consuming objective attribution theory, and paid little attention to risk creation requirements associated with the interpretation and inclusion of constituent ‘action’. On the other hand, the Supreme Court of Korea has independently evaluated constituent act using similar methods of thinking and standards to examine risk creation requirements without being influenced by objective attribution theory in developing interpretation of constituent act. As a result of observing the target judgments from the perspective of objective attribution theory, it clearly shows the tendency of the Supreme Court to use legal interests as critreria in evaluating constituent act. Only these aspects can be analyzed that the Korean Supreme Court is actually approaching the risk creation requirements of objective attribution theory. However, in order to secure specific validity in interpreting individual constituent act, the Korean Supreme Court often summons various perspectives, standards, or considerations at his own discretion. However, in viewpoint of even securing specific validity should be made within the scope of maintaining legal stability as much as possible, it can be said that the Korean Supreme Court's rulings still do not reach a satisfactory level of formulation and systematization of substantive prerequisites common to each constituent act. In short, it can be said that the Korean Supreme Court shows a strong aspect in the interpretation of ‘detail’ of constituent act, but reveals vulnerability in the ‘general theory.’ If it cannot be denied that it is an academic demand to aim for a higher level of generalization in legal decisions, doctrine of Korean criminal law should provide the Korean Supreme Court with a ‘general theory’ that is lacking, that is, a substantive prerequisite for all criminal constituent act. The general theory that can provide substantial prerequisites for the concept of constituent act is the objective attribution theory, especially the risk creation requirement. In addition to the risk creation requirements proposed in th jurisprudence of German criminal law, this article introduced the possibility and necessity of establishing Korean risk creation requirements. Korean Supreme Court has already shown some of that possibility. This article emphasized the need to make 'K-doctrine' in order to set up the proportional relationship between the protection of legal interests and the guarantee of basic rights of freedom as a substantive prerequisite for the concept of act as a constituent requirement of actus reus. 현대 객관적 귀속이론은 객관적 귀속을 위한 전제조건으로 위험창출 요건과 위험실현 요건을 공식화하고 있다. 이 두 가지 전제조건은 고전적 귀속이론의 귀속개념에 대한 역사적 이해나 19세기 고전적 범죄론의 발전양상에 비추어 볼 때 서로 다른 층위에 있는 문제임에도 객관적 귀속이라는 단일한 개념적 토포스(Topos)하에서 취급되고 있다. 이 때문에 한국 형법학은 객관적 귀속이론을 소비함에 있어 인과관계 내지 ‘결과’ 귀속의 문제와 결부된 위험실현 요건에 절대적인 편식태도를 보여왔고, 구성요건적 ‘행위’의 해석 및 포섭문제와 결부된 위험창출 요건에는 거의 관심을 두지 않았다. 이와는 달리 한국의 대법원은 형법각칙의 다양한 구성요건적 행위개념에 대한 해석론을 전개함에 있어 객관적 귀속이론의 영향을 받음이 없이 독자적으로 위험창출 요건의 심사와 유사한 사고방식과 기준을 사용하여 구성요건적 행위를 평가를 해왔다. 이글은 구성요건해당성 판단에서 위험창출 요건 심사의 의의와 중요성을 부각시키는 동시에 이 요건과 직"E간접적으로 관련성을 가지고 있는 대법원의 판결례들을 객관적 귀속이론의 관점에서 재조명하는 것에 일차적으로 주안점을 두었다. 대상판결들을 객관적 귀속이론의 관점에서 관찰해 본 결과 대법원이 구성요건적 행위평가를 함에 있어 보호법익을 기준으로 하는 경향성을 뚜렷하게 보여주고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 측면만 보면 구성요건적 행위개념에 대한 대법원의 해석도 객관적 귀속이론의 위험창출 요건에 근접해 가고 있는 것으로 분석될 수 있다. 그러나 과실범과 결과적 가중범의 경우 위험창출 요건의 심사와 위험실현 요건의 심사를 엄격하게 구분하지 않은 경우도 있었다. 객관적 위험예측 내지 결과에 대한 예견가능성을 가상적 평균인의 관점에서 판단해 왔지만, 그 판단이 ‘사전판단’에 의한 것인지 ‘사후판단’에 의한 것인지도 밝히지 않고 있는 판결례도 있었다. ‘경험칙’을 내세워 예견가능성을 판단하고는 있지만 그것이 누구의 경험칙인지, 그것이 진정 경험칙인지에 대해 납득이 되지않은 경우도 있었다. 오히려 결론을 선취한 후 거기에 맞추어 예견가능성의 부정 또는 긍정을 선언하고 있는 것이 아니냐는 의구심을 불러일으키게 하고 있다. 행위자의 특수지식과 관련해서 대법원은 태도의 선명성 뿐 아니라 일관성도 놓치고 있는 것 같다. 가장 문제거리가 되는 것은 개별 구성요건적 행위를 해석함에 있어 그때 그때 다른 관점 내지 기준 또는 고려사항을 불쑥 불쑥 끼워넣고 있는 판결례들이다. 물론 수많은 판결들에서 대법원이 법발견을 위한 방법론상 개별 사례들의 특수성을 고려한 구체적 타당성의 확보를 위한 노력을 기울이고 있는 점은 부인하기 어렵다. 그러나 구체적 타당성의 확보도 가능한 한 법적 안정성을 유지하는 범위내에서 이루어져야 한다는 관점에서 보면 대법원의 판결례들이 각각의 구성요건적 행위들에 공통된 실체적 전제조건의 공식화 및 체계화의 수준에는 여전히 만족스러운 수준에 도달하지 못하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 요컨대 대법원은 구성요건적 행위에 대한 해석의 각론에는 강한 면모를 보이지만 총론에는 취약성을 드러내고 있다고 말할 수 있다. 법적 결정에서 더 높은 수준의 일반화를 지향해야 하는 것이 학문적 요구임을 부인할 수 없다면, 한국 형법학은 대법원에게 결 ...

상당인과관계설의 상당성 판단기준을 위한 상당성의 구체화 작업 시도 : 피해자의 도피행위를 중심으로

이경재 한국형사판례연구회 2013 刑事判例硏究 Vol.21 No.-

Causation in the Criminal Law is very important as it is a part of an element of a crime, especially result crime. Where an accused is charged with a result crime, it is necessary for the prosecution to prove that her act or omission caused the prohibited consequence.Traditionally speaking, there has been several theories to solve the problem of causation. One is a ‘sine qua non’ or ‘but for’ theory, which must be established that the consequence would not have occurred when it did ‘but for’ the accused’s conduct. But the sine qua non theory is said to be not sufficient for it’s ambit is too wide to establish the causation. So comes an ‘adequacy’ theory, which means that when a prohibited consequence occurs whether the relation between the cause in question and the consequence is adequate or reasonable. For a long time the adequacy theory has been the majority in theory and cases in Korea. But nowadays a new theory has appeared before 25 years ago from the German Criminal Law, which is called ‘objective attribution’ theory. It is getting and getting common here. Objective attribution theory means that a prohibited consequence comes from the cause in question.However, even though objective theory is popular among the scholars, adequacy theory is the majority in the criminal cases because of the Japanese criminal law theory. But it has been attacked by some scholars because the meaning of adequacy is somehow abstract or obscure. To overcome the problems of the adequacy theory, it must settle a new way of reasoning. As a one reasoning, there comes so-called ‘Fright and Flight’ theory in Anglo-American Criminal Law. It seems to solve the problems of adequacy theory.

미세먼지 발생 귀인 프레임과 정보원 신뢰도가 대응행동의도에미치는영향: 감정의 매개효과 및 문화적 세계관과 체면의 조절효과를 중심으로

강유진,김영욱 한국언론정보학회 2019 한국언론정보학보 Vol.98 No.-

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of attribution about particulate matter formation and information source credibility on the preventive behavioral intention and policy-participating behavioral intention based on the attribution theory. In addition, this study examines whether negative emotions have mediating effects and whether such mediating effects of negative emotions are controlled by the cultural worldviews and “Chemyon”, a unique Korean cultural variable. For this, an experiment was conducted with a 2 (causal attribution: internal vs. external) X 2 (source credibility: high vs. low) between-subjects design, and 280 participants were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. As a results, attribution frame of particulate matter formation significantly affected on the behavioral intention. Specifically, participants who received an internal attribution message responded with higher preventive behavioral intention and policy-participating behavioral intention. The anxiety showed mediating effects between attribution frame and preventive behavioral intention when source credibility was low. The cultural worldviews controlled the mediation effects of emotions on the effect of attribution frame and source credibility on the behavioral intention. In order to examine aspects of Korean complex risk coping behaviors, an emic variable, “Chemyon”, was employed. In particular, personal Chemyon was high and had a significant effect on the mediating effect of anxiety. This study empirically verified the influence of attribution frame in promoting public preventive behavior and policy participation regarding risks of particulate matter. In addition, this study has significance in that it explored subjective responses to risk in Korean cultural context by employing both cultural worldviews and Chemyon.

청헌 김증한교수의 도급계약론: 도급건축물의 소유권귀속을 중심으로

이상태 한국민사법학회 2014 民事法學 Vol.69 No.-

Not only many person, for example, landowner · contractor · subcontractor · architect · materialman · engineer · labourer etc., take part in constructing a building, but also the figures of participation are much various. Moreover especially because of the reason that a building is dealt as an independent real estate from land in our legal system, a very big problem arises in determining to whom the ownership on a completed building constructed by many participants attributes. In this article, firstly the contents of Professor Cheongheon Kim Jeung Han’s Theory is examined. He insisted that the person who ordered the work shall acquire the ownership of the building which has been constructed from materials supplied by the contractor for work. On the contrary, our judicial precedents have come to hold to the Theory that in the above case the contractor for work shall acquire the ownership of the completed building and then he can transfer that ownership to the person who ordered the work by delivering that building, unless two parties have made a special contract or there are some other peculiar circumstances. But the aspect of our judicial precedents not only conflict with the existing legal theory for changes in real rights on immovables, but also it turns out at variance with our actual realities and legal affections of common people. Secondly, it is observed that the theory concerning attribution of ownership on the completed building under contract for work may be altered, as the concept of ownership has shifted from the notion of ruling right on a thing itself to the notion of ruling right on the usability of a thing. If the notion of ownership is grasped as the exclusively ruling right on the usability of a thing, then it comes to be easy to understand that, away from the theory of annexing, the ownership of the completed building by the contract for work attributes to the person who ordered the work, not to the contractor for work, and furthermore the relation of ownership can be determined according to the special agreement between the person who ordered the work and the contractor for work. Thirdly, as widening denotation of the contract for work, it is studied that to whom the ownership of the completed building attributes in the event that construction work for building begins but soon construction work is interrupted for some reason, and then a third party takes over the structure under construction and finally he completes a building. By the way, the above matter contains theoretically many difficult legal problems. The cause can be thought that our law does not prepared specific and detailed legislative measures for the legal problems accompanying our peculiar legal system. Our legal system, apart from most countries of Roman legal system, has adopted the principle that the building is also one of independent immovables from land First of all, it wood be better to treat a structure under construction as an independent movables, not attached to land from the beginning of construction. And when a third party purchases or takes over that structure under construction and finally he completes a building, the judicial precedents have tried to handle the matter concerning attribution of ownership on the completed building solely with one standard. That standard is whether the structure under construction can be recognized as an independent building according to the social common notion or not. But this standpoint has a drawback that it can not deal properly with conflicting interests of person concerned. Therefore the attribution of ownership should be judged after synthetic and deep consideration concerning various matters, for instance, who the first builder is, and what kind of legal authority and relation he has, furthermore what kind of legal relation is contracted between the first builder and the third person who takes over a structure under construction and finally completed a building, etc. Howeve...

폭력누범의 재범예측에 관한 탐색적 연구- 귀인특성을 중심으로

김상균 한국범죄심리학회 2019 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this study is to predict the repeat crime of violent recidivism based on attribution characteristics. The recidivism is a career criminal. They can be defined as "dangerous, habitual, or persistent criminals" who commit grave crimes with high frequency over a long period of time. The type of recidivism is to distinguish between intermittent and intensive offenders. In particular, intensivel criminals are interested in participating in criminal activities and avoiding arrest for a long period of time, and their average crime rate is about 10 times that of intermittent criminals. The theory of attribution is an explanation of how one perceives one's actions and causes of another's actions. In this study, I will try to answer the question of whether you are related to attribution characteristics and violent recidivism. There are five dimensions of attribution theory. The dimensions are internal versus external attribution, stability or instability, overall or specific, controllable or uncontrolled, intentional or unintentional. A study by Henderson and Houston (1984): a study by Greenwood (1979); a study by Wells (1980): a study by Gudjonsson (1984): Jones and Nisbet (1971): and Kumer (1987) have demonstrated the correlation between attribution characteristics and violent recidivism. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the attribution characteristics can be an important tool for the re-criminal prediction of violent recidivism. 이 연구의 목적은 귀인특성을 중심으로 폭력누범의 재범을 예측하기 위한 탐색적 연구이다. 누범은 경력범죄자이다. 이들은 장기간 동안 높은 빈도로 중대한 범죄를 범하는 “위험스런, 습관적인 또는 지속적인 범죄자들로 정의할 수 있다. 누범의 유형은 간헐형 범죄자(intermittent offenders)와 전문범죄자(intensive offenders)구분 할 수 있다. 특히 전문범죄자들은 장기간동안 범죄활동에 참여하고 체포를 면하는데 관심을 가지며, 그들의 평균범죄율은 간헐적 범죄자의 약 10배에 달한다고 한다. 귀인이론이란 자신의 행동과 타인의 행동에 대한 원인을 어떻게 지각하는가에 대한 설명이다. 본 연구에서 귀인이 누범과의 상관이 있는가에 대한 질문에 대한 해답을 구하고자 시도할 것이다. 귀인이론에는 5가지의 차원이 있는데, 내부귀인 대 외부귀인, 안정 또는 불안정, 전체적 또는 특정적, 통제가능성 또는 통제불가능성, 의도적 또는 비의도적 차원이다. 누범과 귀인유형의 관계에 관한 Henderson 과 Hewstone(1984)이 행한 연구, Greenwood(1979)의 연구, Wells(1980)의 연구: Gudjonsson(1984)의 연구, Weiner(1980), Jones 와 Nisbett(1971)의 연구, Kumer(1987)의 연구 등에서 귀인유형과 누범과의 상관성을 검증된 바 있다. 따라서 귀인의 특성은 폭력누범의 재범예측에 중요한 도구가 될 수 있음이 확인되었다.

페이스북(Facebook)에서 뉴스 댓글이 이용자들의 여론 인식, 책임귀인 및 정책 의견에 미치는 영향

최수정(Soojung Choi),정세훈(Se-Hoon Jeong) 사이버커뮤니케이션학회 2017 사이버 커뮤니케이션 학보 Vol.34 No.3

본 연구는 페이스북에서 뉴스의 댓글을 통해 전달되는 댓글 귀인(내적귀인/외적귀인)과 사회적 승인단서(있음/없음)가 이용자들의 여론 지각, 책임 귀인 및 정책 의견에 미치는 영향에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 20-59세 성인 남녀 369명을 대상으로 실험 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 여론 인식에 대한 댓글 귀인(내적귀인/외적귀인)의 효과가 발견되었다. 구체적으로, 외적 귀인 댓글(중독의 원인이 상황이나 환경 및 외부적 요인에 있다고 보는 댓글)에 노출된 뉴스 이용자들은 타인들이 외적 귀인을 할 것(스마트폰 중독의 원인으로 외부 환경을 탓할 것)으로 여론을 인식하는 경향이 나타났으며, 이러한 여론 인식은 자신의 귀인 방식 (외적 귀인)을 통해 궁극적으로 사회적 해결을 지지하는 정책 의견(스마트폰 이용습관 관련 미디어 교육 강화, 스마트폰 이용문화 개선 캠페인 실시 등)으로 이어지는 것으로 나타났다. 이 과정에서 사회적 승인단서의 상호작용은 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 중독처럼 내적 귀인 (이용자 개인)과 외적 귀인 (미디어 산업)으로 논쟁이 되고 있는 이슈를 선정하여, 이에 대한 이용자들의 책임귀인 및 정책의견을 알아보고자 했다는 점에서 뉴미디어 효과, 헬스커뮤니케이션 및 PR 연구 등에 중요한 함의를 가진다고 할 수 있다. This study aims to investigate the effect of news comments on users’ perceived public opinion, attribution, and policy opinion, particularly in Facebook. In this process, the influence of comments on perceived public opinion is examined based on exemplification theory, and the influence of perceived public opinion on attribution and policy opinion is explained by attribution theory. 369 adults were randomly assigned to messages with news comments that made internal vs. external attribution for smartphone addiction. Results showed that the main effect of attribution in news comments on percieved public opinion was found. Perceived public opinion influenced one’s policy opinions mediated by individual attribution. Social endorsement cues did not moderate the effects. By examining the public’s attribuions and policy opinions regarding smartphone addiction, this research has important implications for health communication and PR research.

가상현실 VR 비디오게임에서 햅틱 수트가 미치는 심리적 영향에 관한 연구 : 자기 귀인을 중심으로

안창현,노기영 한국언론학회 2023 한국언론학보 Vol.67 No.3

While research on violence in video games has been conducted in various fields, the question of whether moral guilt can affect enjoyment of video games has been developed in the context of affective disposition theory (Hartmann & Vorderer, 2010; Zillmann & Cantor, 1976; Zillmann, 2006). However, the research on the impact of self-attribution in the context of utilizing virtual reality VR game content has not yet been sufficiently studied, but its importance cannot be ignored and requires further study. Recently, the variable of self-attribution in relation to guilt and enjoyment of video games has received attention as one of the important variables that can elaborate the psychological mechanisms of users. The goals of this study are to: 1) apply affective disposition theory-based video game research to the context of virtual reality VR game content, and to further apply and validate the presence of mind discussion and variables related to virtual reality; 2) examine the effectiveness of a VR haptic suit in relation to existing theoretical variables; and 3) test the effect of self-attributed variables, which may be significant in both affective disposition theorizing and affective disposition theory. In particular, this study aimed to test the effect of the VR haptic suit as an independent variable and how it affects the psychological experience of VR game users. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, this study found that the effects of wearing the haptic suit on presence and self-attribution were consistent with existing research on presence and the rubber hand illusion. Specifically, we can posit that the haptic suit's vibration is a reaction to proprioceptive information that is sent to the arms, torso, and other body parts, and is thus unrelated to self-attribution, which is more associated with optical illusions (Botvinick & Cohen, 1998; Haans, & IJsselsteijn, 2007). Second, this study found that the presence of the suit itself had an indirect effect on presence, which in turn affected enjoyment. The following highlights the importance of this study. First, this study combined and expanded on the issue of presence by applying the emotionally based theory of video games to the setting of virtual reality VR games. For instance, the two-dimensional screens used as video game stimuli in earlier studies (Grizzard et al., 2014; Weaver & Lewis, 2012; Holl et al., 2020) had little theoretical possibilities for combining the concepts of presence and self-attribution. Second, the impact of the haptic suit on presence in a virtual reality VR game was empirically confirmed by this study. As a continuation of theoretical discussions about the sense of embodiment, it is apparent that haptic suits can be a significant experimental tool to evaluate both presence and self-attribution.

생명보험소비자의 불평행동 결정요인 및 불평유형별 영향요인에 관한 연구 - 귀인이론을 바탕으로 -

조혜진,나혜림 한국소비자정책교육학회 2018 소비자정책교육연구 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구는 귀인이론을 기반으로 하여 생명보험소비자의 불평행동 여부 결정요인은 무엇인지, 나아가 불평행동 유형별 영향요인에는 어떠한 것들이 있는지를 분석하고자 한 탐색적 연구이다. 분석을 위해 최근 3년 이내 생명 보험에 가입한 경험이 있는 보험소비자 1,225명의 조사자료를 활용하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 생명보험 관련 소비 자불만을 경험할 확률은 객관적 보험이해력 수준이 낮고, 주관적 보험이해력이 높을수록, 보험소비 관련 걱정 및 후회를 많이 할수록, 내적귀인성향을 가진 사람이, 그리고 보험회사에 대한 인식이 부정적일수록 더 높아지는 것 으로 나타났다. 한편 남성에 비해 여성이, 최종학력 수준이 낮을수록, 불만 발생의 원인을 대리인에서 찾는 사람 에 비해 그렇지 않은 사람이, 정보탐색행동을 적극적으로 할수록 불평행동을 할 확률이 더 높은 것으로 나타났 다. 둘째, 귀인이론에 바탕을 두고 불만과 불평행동 여부 결정요인 및 유형별 영향요인을 분석한 결과, 외적 귀 인성향 중 대리인에의 귀인은 불평행동 여부 및 불평행동 유형 중 직접불평과 부정적 구전에 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 셋째, 생명보험소비자의 불평행동 영향요인은 유형별로 차이가 있었다. 직접 불평에 영향을 미치는 요인은 사회․인구학적 특성, 귀인성향 특성, 보험가입 및 탐색관련 특성인 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 제3자 개 입 불평행동의 결정요인은 사회․인구학적 특성, 지식관련 특성, 불만 발생 원인에 대한 인식 특성, 보험가입 및 탐색관련 특성인 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 마지막으로 부정적 구전에 영향을 미치는 요인은 외적 귀인성향이 유일한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 생명보험소비자가 왜 불평행동을 하는지를 불만족에 대한 귀인을 중심으로 분석하고, 보험소비자의 만족 및 불만족 여부를 살펴보는 것에서 나아가, 이들의 불평행동을 심층적으로 분석하였다. 연구결과는 금융소 비자 및 금융 교육적ㆍ실무적 측면에서 함의를 도출했다는 데에 의의가 있으며 향후 보험정책 수립의 기초자료로 활용될 것을 기대한다. This study analyzes factors affecting dissatisfaction and complaint behavior of insurance consumers and further investigates determinants of complaint behavior, through the attribution theory. For this study, utilized research data of 1,225 insurance consumers who have experience of buying a life insurance within the most recent three years. The results of this study are as follows. First, the less consumers objective understand in insurance, the higher consumers subjective understand in insurance, the more consumers worry and regret about insurance consumption, the more consumers search internal attribution patterns to find the cause of dissatisfaction, and the more consumers get negative awareness of insurance company are more likely to experience consumer dissatisfaction related to insurance. Meanwhile, male as compared to female, the lower the highest leveling of schooling, those who do not lay the blame the cause of occurrence of complaint on the insurance agent than those who are not, the more they show information seeking behavior, there is a higher change of showing complaint behavior. Second, as a result of analysis on the complaint, complaint behavior and determinants of complaint types based on the attribution theory, this study revealed that internal attribution patterns affect occurrence of complaint, whereas among the external attribution patterns, attribution to insurance agent affect occurrence of complaint behavior and types. In other words, consumers searching the cause of complaint occurrence inside one’s own self have a higher probability to experience complaint, whereas it does not affect complaint behavior, which can be interpreted that in case consumers aware that the cause of insurance-related complaint is in one’s own self, they judge they should solve the problem themselves, so such consumers do not take active complaint behavior. Next, among the external attribution patterns, those who search for the cause of complaint in insurance agent have lower change of showing complaint behavior than those who are not, and more concretely, such consumers have lower probability to take complaint behavior and negative word of mouth(WOM) behavior directly as compared to the ones who deal it by not dealing with it. The cause can be found in our country’s special environment of insurance contract that buying insurance through acquaintances take the majority. In case of buying insurance by the introduction of an acquaintance, the consumer worry about aggravation in relation with or damaging the acquaintance if he or she takes a complaint behavior or proceeds with direct complaint and negative WOM behavior, so it is judged that most consumers do not file complaints despite they actually have ones. Accordingly, objective and transparent institutional complement is considered necessary in the course of insured consumers’ raising of complaint and settlement of it. Lastly, determinants of the types of insurance consumers‘ complaint behavior differed by types. First, among the factors affecting complaints directly are socio-demographic characteristics, characteristics of attribution patterns and characteristics related to insurance contract and search. Next, determinants of third-party intervening complaint behaviors include socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge-related characteristics, recognition characteristics about the cause of occurrence of complaint and characteristics related to insurance contract and search, and lastly, external attribution patterns are one and only among the factors that affect negative word of mouth.

인지진단이론에 근거한 TIMSS 2011의 과학 결과 분석을 통한 인지 속성의 국제비교

김지영 ( Jiyoung Kim ),김수진 ( Soojin Kim ),동효관 ( Hyokwan Dong ) 한국과학교육학회 2015 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 학생들의 인지적 속성의 특징을 인지진단이론에 근거하여 국제적인 수준에서 비교 분석하고 우리나라 교육에 주는 시사점을 찾는 것이다. TIMSS 2011의 평가틀에 근거하여 9개의 인지 속성을 추출하였고 TIMSS 2011의 과학 문항 216개에 대해 각 문항이 어떠한 인지 속성들을 요구하는지 판단하여 Q행렬을 작성하였다. 총 5차례의 검토와 수정을 반복하여 타당도를 점검하고 최종적인 Q행렬을 작성한 후, 다층 IRT 분석을 실시하여 인지 속성에 따른 국가별 특성을 파악하였다. 분석을 통해 나타난 우리나라의 인지적 속성을 TIMSS 2011의 과학성취도 상위 15개국과 비교한 결과 우리나라 학생들에게 모형사용하기, 자료분석하기, 결론도출하기, 평가 및 정당화하기는 쉬운 속성에 해당하였고 회상/인식하기, 설명하기, 분류하기, 통합하기, 가설설정 및 실험설계하기는 어려운 속성에 해당하였다. 우리나라 학생들이 가장 쉬워하는 인지 속성은 자료해석하기였고 가장 어려워하는 인지 속성은 설명하기였다. 우리나라의 경우 쉬운 인지 속성의 대부분은 비교국 중에서 가장 쉽게 여기고 어려운 인지 속성은 가장 어렵게 여기는 것으로 나타나 극단적인 특성을 보였다. 따라서 특정한 인지 속성이 많이 활용되도록 하기 보다는 여러가지 인지 속성이 골고루 활용되도록 과학 교육과정과 과학 교과서를 구성할 필요가 있겠다. This research purports to find out the characteristics of Korean students cognitive attributes and compare it with that of high-achieving countries who took TIMSS 2011 based on the Cognitive Diagnostic Theory. Based on TIMSS 2011 Science framework, nine cognitive attributes were extracted and the researcher analyzed that 216 of the TIMSS 2011 science items require these attributes. This analysis was conducted to come up with a Q-matrix. After producing the Q-matrix, multi-level IRT was used to figure out each countries` characteristics for each of the cognitive attribute. According to the study results, four attributes, such as ‘Use Models,’ ‘Interpret Information,’ ‘Draw Conclusions,’ and ‘Evaluate and justify’ were easier attributes for Korean middle school students. However, the other five attributes such as ‘Recall/Recognize’, ‘Explain’, ‘Classify’, ‘Integrate’, ‘Hypothesize and Design’ were considered as harder attributes compared to other countries. Korean students also considered ‘Interpret Information’ as the easiest attributes, and ‘Explain’ as the hardest attributes of all. For Korean students, those attributes considered to be easy were the easiest and hard attributes as the hardest compared to other countries, showing very extreme cases. Therefore, to give students more meaningful learning experience, it is better to use all the attributes altogether rather than use specific attributes while constructing Science curriculum or textbooks.