고전류밀도 구리도금공정에서 알시안블루(Alcian Blue) 농도와 기계적 특성과의 상관관계

우태규,Woo, Tae-Gyu 한국재료학회 2020 한국재료학회지 Vol.30 No.4

The current density in copper electroplating is directly related with the productivity; then, to increase the productivity, an increase in current density is required. This study is based on an analysis of changes in surface characteristics and mechanical properties by applying the addition of Alcian Blue (AB, C₅₆H₆₈Cl₄CuN₁₆S₄). The amount of Alcian Blue in the electrolytes is changed from 0 to 100 ppm. When Alcian Blue is added at 20 ppm, a seed layer is formed homogeneously on the surface at the initial stage of nucleation. However, crystals electroplated in electrolytes with more than 40 ppm of Alcian Blue are observed to have growth in the vertical direction on the surface and the shapes are like pyramids. This tendency of initial nucleation formation causes protrusions when the thickness of copper foil is 12 ㎛. Thereafter, a lot of extrusions are observed on the group of 100 ppm Alcian Blue. Tensile strength of groups with added Alcian Blue increased by more than 140% compare to no-addition group, but elongation is reduced. These results are due to the decrease of crystal size and changes of prior crystal growth plane from (111) and (200) to (220) due to Alcian Blue.

Intradermal Alcian-Blue Injection Method to Trace Acupuncture Meridians

성백경,김민수,오가이,강대인,소광섭,Sung, Baeck-Kyoung,Kim, Min-Su,Ogay, Vyacheslav,Kang, Dae-In,Soh, Kwang-Sup KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2008 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.11 No.2

목적 : 본 논문에서는 경락을 추적하기 위한 피내(皮內) 알시안 블루(Alcian blue) 염색 방법을 기술한다. 방법 : 1% 알시안 블루 용액을 31게이지 바늘이 달린 0.5mL 인슐린 주사기를 사용하여 경혈 지점에 피내 주사한 후 실체 현미경하에서 수술, 관찰하였다. 면역조직화학적 방법을 사용하여 해당 조직을 레이저 공초점주사현미경으로 관찰하였다. 결과 : 알시안 블루로 염색되고 피하로 이어지는 실 모양 구조물을 관찰하였다. 이 조직 내에서 특징적인 막대모양 핵 배열 및 $1-2{\mu}m$크기의 데옥시리보핵산 입자가 관찰되었다. 또한 경혈 조직 내에서 풍부한 모세혈관총 및 말초신경 말단, 그리고 약 $300{\mu}m$크기의 소체형 구조물을 확인하였다. 결론 : 경혈 지점의 피내에서 발견된 특징적 실 모양 구조물 및 소체형 구조물은 각각 표층 봉한관 및 소체로 판단된다. Objective In this article, we report on the intradermal Alcian blue staining method for tracing the meridians of acupuncture. Methods 1% Alcian blue solution was injected into acupoints by using a 0.5mL insulin syringe with a 31-gauge needle, then the skin was incised and was observed under a stereoscopic microscope. The specimens were examined by using immunohistochemical methods and were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results A threadlike structure, which was visualized with Alcian blue, existed in dermis layer and proceeded to hypodermis. In this structure, characteristic alignments of rod- shaped nuclei and $1-2{\mu}m$ sized DNA granules were observed. Furthermore, abundant blood capillary plexuses, peripheral nerve endings, and a corpuscle-like structure(about $300{\mu}m$ in diameter) were visualized in the skin tissues of acupoints. Conclusion It was concluded that the specific threadlike and corpuscle-like structures corresponded to superficial Bonghan duct and corpuscle, respectively.

고전적 ‘기혈’ 개념과 혈관-봉한관 다발구조

배경희,이병천,노지호,한상철,소광섭 한국정신과학학회 2007 한국정신과학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.27 No.-

동양문화권에서 기(氣)는 철학, 문학, 종교, 한의학 등에서 광범위하게 사용되고 있지만 그 정확한 의미는 이해하기 어렵고 아직도 그 개념이 과학적으로 해명되지 않고 있다. 1960년대 김봉한 교수팀이 한의학 경락구조의 실체와 그 안에 흐르는 액체를 규명한 바 있으며, 이 학설은 한의학에서 사용하는 기가 경락을 흐르는 액체와 신호 및 정보의 흐름으로 해석하는 것을 가능하게 한다. 지난 몇 년간 경락의 해부학적인 실체를 찾기 위한 연구가 진행되면서 봉한학설이 재조명되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 대퇴정맥에 Alcian blue와 황련해독탕의 혼합액을 주입하여 혈관의 주변과 피부 및 내부 장기들 특히 흉선의 혈관주위에서 Alcian blue의 청색반점이 줄지어 분포되었음을 관찰하였으며, 복강내에서는 내외봉 한관이 청색으로 염색되는 경우를 보았다. 이 청색의 반점들로 구성되는 줄은 항상 지방, 또는 혈관과 같이 가고 있음을 확인했으며 경혈의 위치에서는 더욱 밀집되어 있음을 입체현미경으로 관찰하였다. 그 조직적인 특성을 실체현미경과 위상차 현미경으로 조사하여 광학현미경사진을 볼 수 있었다. 혈관주변 또는 지방조직 분포된 이 조직은 봉한관의 특성과 일치한다. 한의학 문헌에 의하면 ‘기혈(氣血)’ 이라 하여 기와 혈을 같이 사용하는 경우가 많다. 이는 기의순환이 혈관과 함께함을 의미할 수 있다고 해석 할 수도 있다고 본다. 우리의 연구와 봉한학설에서 봉한관과 혈관이 함께 달리고 있음은 이런 고전문헌에 관한 새로운 해석의 과학적 근거가 될 수 있다. The concept 'Qi' has been widely used in various fields such as philosophy, literature, religion, and traditional medicine in Eastern World. Yet, its meaning is not clearly defined, and its scientific relevance is not understood at all. In 1960's Bonghan Kim's team found that some liquid flowed in the Bonghan duts that corresponded to the acupuncture meridians. This discovery suggested that Qi might be viewed as the liquid, signal, and information that flowed in the Bonghan ducts. In the last several years Bonghan theory has been revived through the research to find the anatomical structure corresponding to the acupuncture meridians. In this study we injected a mixed liquid of Alcian blue and barberry-root extract into the femoral vein of a rat and found appearance of blue spots along some blood vessels in skin, internal organs, and especially in thymus. We also observed 'organ-surface BH-duct and corpuscles' that became blue by the circulation of the injected liquid. The lines of stained cells appeared in the fatty tissue or around blood vessels, and they were highly concentrated at and around acupuncture points. The specimens were examined by using phase contrast microscope and some of them were studied by H&E staining. According to classical literatures the terminologis Qi and Blood were often used together as 'Qi-Blood'. We hypothesized that Qi flow is pertinent to the BH-ducts and the BH-ducts and blood vessels form a bundle structure as two independent circulation systems. Our finding of the line of blue stained spots along the BH-duct is consistent with traditional 'Qi-blood' terminology, and our hypothesis.

Novel circulatory connection from the acupoint Zhong Wan(CV12) to pancreas

김민수,성백경,최천주,김민수,강대인,소광섭,Kim, Min-Soo,Sung, Baeck-Kyoung,Ogay, Vyacheslav,Choi, Chun-Ju,Kim, Min-Su,Kang, Dae-In,Soh, Kwang-Sup KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2008 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.11 No.1

Objectives : Demonstrating a novel circulatory path from the acupoint(CV12) to the pancreas. Method : Alcian blue(1% solution, $20{\mu}l$, pH 7.4) was injected into the acupoint(CV12). Two hours later the surfaces of internal organs were observed by using a stereomicroscope. Results : Alcian blue arrived and colored the omental fat band(OFB) on the pancreas. The OFB connected the head and tail of the pancreas, the pancreas and the spleen, and the pancreas and the stomach. Conclusion : The existence of a novel circulatory path from the acupoint CV12 to the pancreas and its OFB was demonstrated. 목적 : 피부의 경혈(CV12)로부터 췌장으로 액체가 흘러가는 경로가 있음을 보임. 방법 : 생쥐의 중완혈에 푸른색 염료(Alcian blue) 1% 용액을 주입하고, 2시간이 경과한 후 개복하여 내장장기의 표면들을 실체 현미경으로 관찰한다. 결과 : 췌장 위에 있으며, 췌장의 머리부분과 꼬리부분, 췌장과 위장, 췌장과 비장을 연결해주는 망막상의 지방줄(omental fat band)에 Alcian blue가 도달, 착색되었다. 결론 : 중완혈로부터 췌장을 경과하여 망막상의 지방줄에 이르는 액체 순환경로가 있다.

‘기혈’개념과 혈관외봉한관

배경희,이병천,한상철,소광섭 한국정신과학학회 2007 韓國精神科學學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

기혈(氣血)은 한의학에서 광범위하게 사용되고 있지만 그 정확한 의미는 이해하기 어렵고 아직도 그 개념이 과학적으로 해명되지 않고 있다. 1960년대 김봉한 교수팀이 한의학 경락구조의 실체와 그 안에 흐르는 액체를 규명한 바 있으며, 이 학설은 한의학에서 사용하는 기가 경락을 흐르는 액체와 신호 및 정보의 흐름으로 해석하는 것을 가능하게 한다. 지난 몇 년간 경락의 해부학적인 실체를 찾기 위한 연구가 진행되면서 봉한학설이 재조명되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 대퇴정맥에 Alcian blue와 황련해독탕의 혼합액을 주입하여 혈관의 주변과 피부 및 내부 장기들 특히 흉선의 혈관주위에서 Alcian blue의 청색반점이 줄지어 분포되었음을 관찰하였으며, 복강내에서는 내외봉한관이 청색으로 염색되는 경우를 보았다. 이 청색의 반점들로 구성되는 줄은 항상 지방, 또는 혈관과 같이 가고 있음을 확인했으며 경혈의 위치에서는 더욱 밀집되어 있음을 입체현미경으로 관찰하였다. 그 조직적인 특성을 실체현미경과 위상차 현미경으로 조사하여 광학현미경사진을 볼 수 있었다. 혈관주변 또는 지방조직 분포된 이 조직은 봉한관의 특성과 일치한다. 한의학 문헌에 의하면 ‘기혈(氣血)’이라 하여 기와 혈을 같이 사용하는 경우가 많다. 이는 기의순환이 혈관과 함께함을 의미할 수 있다고 해석 할 수도 있다고 본다. 우리의 연구와 봉한학설에서 봉한관과 혈관이 함께 달리고 있음은 이런 고전문헌에 관한 새로운 해석의 과학적 근거가 될 수 있다. The concept 'Qi' has been widely used in various fields such as philosophy, literature, religion, and traditional medicine in Eastern World Yet, its meaning is not clearly defined, and its scientific relevance is not understood at all. In 1960's Bonghan Kim's team found that some liquid flowed in the BongHan(BH)duts that corresponded to the acupuncture meridians. This discovery suggested that Qi might be viewed as the liquid , signal, and information that flowed in the BongHan ducts. In the last several years BongHan theory has been revived through the research to find the anatomical structure corresponding to the acupuncture meridians. In this study we injected a mixed liquid of Alcian blue and barberry-root extract into the femoral vein of a rat and found appearance of blue spots along some blood vessels in skin, internal organs, and especially in thymus. We also observed 'organ-surface BH-duct and corpuscles' that became blue by the circulation of the injected liquid. The lines of stained cells appeared in the fatty tissue or around blood vessels, and they were highly concentrated at and around acupuncture points. The specimens were examined by using phase contrast microscope and some of them were studied by H&E staining. According to classical literatures the terminologis Qi and Blood were often used together as 'Qi-Blood'. We hypothesized that Qi flow is pertinent to the BH-ducts and the BH-ducts and blood vessels form a bundle structure as two independent circulation systems. Our finding of the line of blue stained spots along the BH-duct is consistent with traditional 'Gi-blood' terminology, and our hypothesis.

Isolation and Morphological Features of Primo Vessels in Rabbit Lymph Vessels

노영일,이상석,Minsuk Rho,유영민,Sharon Jiyoon Jung 사단법인약침학회 2012 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.5 No.5

Until now, even though intensive research has been dedicated to the primo vascular system (PVS) during these years, no statistical data on primo vessels and primo vessels in lymph flow have been available. Recently, the general morphological features of primo vessels in lymph vessels around the abdominal aorta were identified from microdissections of tissues from New Zealand White rabbits, and with Alcian blue staining, primo vessels in lymphatic vessels could be definitely identified under a digital microscope. The micro-dissected specimens in situ reveal rod-shaped nuclei stained by Acridine orange. The blue-stained nuclei, which were distributed in a broken-lined stripe, formed a tube structure of about 20 mm in diameter. The distance between the nuclei of two cells on neighboring aligned stripes, which is also the diameter of the micro tube, was measured to be about 5w10mm. The average length of the primo vessels was 2.4 mm, with the longest being 5.6 mm. The average size of the primo vessel was 50 mm, and the average diameters of the primo and the lymph vessels were 26.0 mmand 258.5 mm, respectively. Occasionally, without the use of Alcian blue staining,milk-white transparent primo vessels were observed floating in lymph vessels. Thus, we suggest that the PVS might also have an important function connected with the lymph system. We also expect the traditional Korean meridian system to leave its invisible world during the last thousands of years and soon enter the visible scientific world.

늑골에서 발생한 개연골육종의 증례

김성재 ( Sung Jae Kim ),곽호현 ( Ho Hyun Kwak ),박인철 ( In Chul Park ),윤병일 ( Byung Il Yoon ),한정희 ( Jeong Hee Han ) 한국동물위생학회 2012 한국동물위생학회지 (KOJVS) Vol.35 No.2

We report large tumors of the left thoracic cavity, which arose from the ribs, were diagnosed as chondrosarcoma in a 4-year-old male mixed dog. The dog was presented with swelling in the left side of the chest wall and lameness. The masses were found to be circumscribed, whitish-grey, large and firm. The cut surface revealed whitish-grey lobules of varying size with cartilaginous consistency. Those were subsequently metastasized to the lung and mandibular lymph node. Histologically, the tumors were made up of clusters of chondroid cells having pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei with occasional mitosis. A special and immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Chondroid matrix in tumor showed a positive reaction for alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff staining. Immunoreactivity to S-100 proteins was present in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of chondrocytes in tumor. The final diagnosis was grade III chondrosarcoma in the rib, considering histological features in grading criteria.

Isolation and Morphological Features of Primo Vessels in Rabbit Lymph Vessels

Noh, Y.I.,Rho, M.,Yoo, Y.M.,Jung, S.J.,Lee, S.S. Elsevier 2012 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.5 No.5

Until now, even though intensive research has been dedicated to the primo vascular system (PVS) during these years, no statistical data on primo vessels and primo vessels in lymph flow have been available. Recently, the general morphological features of primo vessels in lymph vessels around the abdominal aorta were identified from microdissections of tissues from New Zealand White rabbits, and with Alcian blue staining, primo vessels in lymphatic vessels could be definitely identified under a digital microscope. The micro-dissected specimens in situ reveal rod-shaped nuclei stained by Acridine orange. The blue-stained nuclei, which were distributed in a broken-lined stripe, formed a tube structure of about 20 μm in diameter. The distance between the nuclei of two cells on neighboring aligned stripes, which is also the diameter of the micro tube, was measured to be about 5~10μm. The average length of the primo vessels was 2.4 mm, with the longest being 5.6 mm. The average size of the primo vessel was 50 μm, and the average diameters of the primo and the lymph vessels were 26.0 μm and 258.5 μm, respectively. Occasionally, without the use of Alcian blue staining, milk-white transparent primo vessels were observed floating in lymph vessels. Thus, we suggest that the PVS might also have an important function connected with the lymph system. We also expect the traditional Korean meridian system to leave its invisible world during the last thousands of years and soon enter the visible scientific world.

갑상선 유두상 구조에 Alcian blue, Cytokeratin, AgNOR 및 PCNA 염색의 진단적 의의

한주호,윤기중,문형배 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1995 圓光醫科學 Vol.11 No.1

The papillary structures are occasionally found in the adenomatous goiter, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland and papillary thyroid carcinoma. These papillary lesions are difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid diseases by the hematoxylin-eosin stain. This study was aimed to differentiate between benign and malignant papillary structures in the thyroid diseases by the PAS, alcian blue(pH2.5), cytokeratin, nuclear organizer region(AgNOR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) stains. The tissue sections were taken from 10 cases of papillary lesions in the benign thyroid disease(8 cases of hyperplastic goiter and 2 cases of follicular adenoma) and 13 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. The results were as follows. 1. The neutral mucin by the PAS stain was present in the 1 cases of 10 benign papillary lesions(10.0%) and 2 cases of 13 malignant papillary lesions(15.4%). 2. The acid mucin was not stained in the stroma of the all benign papillary lesions, and moderately or strongly stained in the 6 cases of 13 malignant papillary lesions(46.2%) by the alcian blue stain(pH2.5). 3. The cytokeratin was weakly positive in the benign papillary lesions and positive in the 7 cases of 13 malignant papillary lesions(53.8%). 4. The mean number of AgNOR was 1.24±0.31 in the benign papillary lesions and was 1.33±0.05 in the malignant papillary lesion. 5. The percentage of the PCNA positive cells was 1.0±0.4% in the benign papillary lesions and was 12.1±3.0% in the malignant papillary lesions. Above results indicate that the alcian blue(pH2.5), cytokeratin and PCNA stains were helpful methods for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant papillary lesions in the thyroid diseases.

흡입마취제가 토끼의 하부호흡기도 점액분비세포에 미치는 영향

박우대,배춘식 한국임상수의학회 1999 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Excess secretion of goblet cell stimulated by inhalation anesthetics have side effects during operation or postoperative care. Mucosubstances, which are almost secreted by goblet cells in the epithelium of the respiratory tract, are secreted by a direct irritation of inhalation anesthetics. This study was carried out to compare the differences of mucus secretion on lower respiratory tract stimulated by ethyl ether, halothane and isoflurane. Total of 24 rabbits were used as experimental animals. The trachea and the 1st bronchi were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. After embedding in paraffin, the specimens were sectioned to a thickness of 6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and PAS-H, Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0 stains were performed for the observation of the composition and the quantity of the mucus. The results were as follows; Ethyl ether and isoflurane irritated the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. Ethyl ether irritated more than isoflurane. Halothane irritated the mucous membrane, but its effect was minimal and had little influences during operation. In the specimens stained with PAS-H, Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0, the mucosubstance lining the cilia and in the goblet cells of the trachea and 1st bronchi were the strongly PAS-H reactive mucosubstances, moderately Alcian blue pH 2.5 and Alcian blue pH 1.0. The PAS-H reactive mucosubstance were polysaccharides, neutral mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins, glycoproteins and glycolipids. Trachea was easily affected than bronchi by inhalation anesthetics. Consequently, it is suggested that because halothane does not irritates respiratory mucosal secretion, its application may be efficient to the depressed respiratory system.