국내 주요 공항 운영효율성과 초효율성 분석

전민준(JEON, Minjun),한근수(HAN, Keunsoo) 대한교통학회 2020 대한교통학회지 Vol.38 No.6

최근 국내 공항의 급격한 여건 변화로 중앙정부와 많은 지방자치단체에서 공항의 신설, 이전, 확장 등 공항 인프라 확장에 대한 다양한 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 향후 올바른 공항 정책 방향을 수립하기 위해서 현재 운영 중인 국내공항에 대한 투자와 정책이 효과적으로 적용되었는지 적절한 평가가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 운영효율성 관점에서 공항을 평가하기 위해 자료포락분석(DEA)을 활용하여 국내 주요 12개 공항을 대상으로 운영 효율성 측정과 규모수익 분석을 수행한다. 먼저, 분석을 위해 국내 공항을 위계별 · 규모별로 거점공항(대형, 증형). 일반공항(중형, 소형)의 4개의 그룹으로 분류하였다. 분석을 위한 변수 선정에서는 투입요소로 고정운영비, 변동운영비, 종업원 수의 3개 변수를, 산출요소로 여객수와 화물 모두 고려할 수 있는 단위처리량(Work Load Unit, WLU)과 대표적인 재무 지표인 공항수익의 2개 변수를 선택하였다. 다음으로 DEA의 대표적인 분석 방법인 CCR/BCC 모형과 효율적인 DMU 비교가 가능한 초효율성 CCR 모형을 적용하여 국내 공항의 운영효율성을 분석하였다. 그 결과로는 첫째, 대형 거점공항에서 CCR 모형의 효율성이 높게 나타났으며, 중형 거점공항과 중형 일반공항은 일부 공항이 효율적으로, 소형 일반공항에서는 모든 공항의 효율성이 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, BCC 모형의 효율성 분석에서는 CCR모형과 마찬가지로 공항의 규모가 클수록 효율성이 높게 나타났으나, 중 · 소형 일반공항에서 CCR 모형과 결과가 상이하게 나온 공항이 있었으며, 이는 해당 공항이 규모 효율적이지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 효율적 공항 간 초효율성 분석에서는 모든 년도에서 국내 공항 중 제주공항의 운영효율성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 공항의 내부 운영 효율성을 파악하고 공항의 투자 규모를 조정함으로써 현재 공항의 효율적인 운영 방안 수립뿐만 아니라, 미래의 공항의 신설, 확장, 이전 등에도 본 연구가 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. Recent drastic changes in conditions at domestic airports have led the central and many local governments to discuss the expansion of airport infrastructure, including the establishment, relocation and expansion of airports. In order to establish future airport policy directions, an appropriate assessment is needed to ensure that investments and policies for the domestic airports currently in operation have been effectively applied. Therefore, in order to evaluate airports in terms of operational efficiency, this study uses data capture analysis (DEA) to measure operational efficiency and conduct scale return analysis on 12 major airports in Korea. First, for analysis, domestic airports are based on hierarchy and scale (large, enlarged). They were grouped into four groups of general airports (medium and small). In selecting variables for analysis, two variables were selected: fixed operating costs, variable operating costs, and three variables of number of employees; WLU (Work Load Unit), which can take into account both passenger numbers and cargo as factors of calculation; and airport income, a representative financial indicator. Next, the operational efficiency of domestic airports was analysed by applying the CCR/BCC model, a representative analysis method of DEA, and the super-efficient CCR model, which allows efficient DMU comparison. As a result, the efficiency of the CCR model was high at large base airports, while some airports were efficient at medium and medium-sized general airports, and all airports were low at small general airports. Second, the efficiency analysis of the BCC model shows that larger airports, like the CCR model, are more efficient, but there are airports with different CCR models and results at medium and small general airports, which means that the airport is not scale efficient. Third, an efficient inter-airport super-efficiency analysis showed that Jeju Airport has the highest operational efficiency among domestic airports in all years. Based on the results of this study, by identifying the internal operational efficiency of the airport and adjusting the scale of the airport’s investment, this study will not only help establish an efficient operation plan for the current airport, but will also assist in the creation, expansion and relocation of future airports.

국내 주요 공항 운영효율성과 초효율성 분석

전민준(JEON, Minjun),한근수(HAN, Keunsoo) 대한교통학회 2020 대한교통학회지 Vol.38 No.6

최근 국내 공항의 급격한 여건 변화로 중앙정부와 많은 지방자치단체에서 공항의 신설, 이전, 확장 등 공항 인프라 확장에 대한 다양한 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 향후 올바른 공항 정책 방향을 수립하기 위해서 현재 운영 중인 국내공항에 대한 투자와 정책이 효과적으로 적용되었는지 적절한 평가가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 운영효율성 관점에서 공항을 평가하기 위해 자료포락분석(DEA)을 활용하여 국내 주요 12개 공항을 대상으로 운영 효율성 측정과 규모수익 분석을 수행한다. 먼저, 분석을 위해 국내 공항을 위계별 · 규모별로 거점공항(대형, 증형). 일반공항(중형, 소형)의 4개의 그룹으로 분류하였다. 분석을 위한 변수 선정에서는 투입요소로 고정운영비, 변동운영비, 종업원 수의 3개 변수를, 산출요소로 여객수와 화물 모두 고려할 수 있는 단위처리량(Work Load Unit, WLU)과 대표적인 재무 지표인 공항수익의 2개 변수를 선택하였다. 다음으로 DEA의 대표적인 분석 방법인 CCR/BCC 모형과 효율적인 DMU 비교가 가능한 초효율성 CCR 모형을 적용하여 국내 공항의 운영효율성을 분석하였다. 그 결과로는 첫째, 대형 거점공항에서 CCR 모형의 효율성이 높게 나타났으며, 중형 거점공항과 중형 일반공항은 일부 공항이 효율적으로, 소형 일반공항에서는 모든 공항의 효율성이 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, BCC 모형의 효율성 분석에서는 CCR모형과 마찬가지로 공항의 규모가 클수록 효율성이 높게 나타났으나, 중 · 소형 일반공항에서 CCR 모형과 결과가 상이하게 나온 공항이 있었으며, 이는 해당 공항이 규모 효율적이지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 효율적 공항 간 초효율성 분석에서는 모든 년도에서 국내 공항 중 제주공항의 운영효율성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 공항의 내부 운영 효율성을 파악하고 공항의 투자 규모를 조정함으로써 현재 공항의 효율적인 운영 방안 수립뿐만 아니라, 미래의 공항의 신설, 확장, 이전 등에도 본 연구가 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. Recent drastic changes in conditions at domestic airports have led the central and many local governments to discuss the expansion of airport infrastructure, including the establishment, relocation and expansion of airports. In order to establish future airport policy directions, an appropriate assessment is needed to ensure that investments and policies for the domestic airports currently in operation have been effectively applied. Therefore, in order to evaluate airports in terms of operational efficiency, this study uses data capture analysis (DEA) to measure operational efficiency and conduct scale return analysis on 12 major airports in Korea. First, for analysis, domestic airports are based on hierarchy and scale (large, enlarged). They were grouped into four groups of general airports (medium and small). In selecting variables for analysis, two variables were selected: fixed operating costs, variable operating costs, and three variables of number of employees; WLU (Work Load Unit), which can take into account both passenger numbers and cargo as factors of calculation; and airport income, a representative financial indicator. Next, the operational efficiency of domestic airports was analysed by applying the CCR/BCC model, a representative analysis method of DEA, and the super-efficient CCR model, which allows efficient DMU comparison. As a result, the efficiency of the CCR model was high at large base airports, while some airports were efficient at medium and medium-sized general airports, and all airports were low at small general airports. Second, the efficiency analysis of the BCC model shows that larger airports, like the CCR model, are more efficient, but there are airports with different CCR models and results at medium and small general airports, which means that the airport is not scale efficient. Third, an efficient inter-airport super-efficiency analysis showed that Jeju Airport has the highest operational efficiency among domestic airports in all years. Based on the results of this study, by identifying the internal operational efficiency of the airport and adjusting the scale of the airport’s investment, this study will not only help establish an efficient operation plan for the current airport, but will also assist in the creation, expansion and relocation of future airports.

A Study on the Efficiency Analysis of Airports in Korea

Jahid-MD Ferdous Ahmeda(Jahid-MD Ferdous Ahmeda ),Hong-Gyue Park(Hong-Gyue Park) 한국무역연구원 2022 무역연구 Vol.18 No.6

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze airport efficiency using the DEA methodology as airport activities are an important factor to support economic activities and environmental issues. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the DEA methodology, traditional analysis including BCC, CCR, and Super Efficiency analysis have been utilized to analyze the trends of efficiency in economic indexes. The Malmquist Analysis results also show productivity changes before and after COVID-19. This paper conducted research on the efficiency of the Korean airports in operational and environmental aspects. Adopting DEA models, seven variables were selected for analysis. Findings – This paper found that efficient airports are mainly supported by their large business markets, better hinterland connectivity, being a major airport, and effective resource management. Also, comparing the overall productivity of Korean Airports from 2018-2020, it is fair to say that from 2018 to 2019, before COVID-19, internal factors were driving the overall productivity change. Following other airports, Yeosu were successful in enhancing the efficiencies of the internal operation of airports in the 2020 period. It is also notable that, during COVID-19, the level of cargo at Incheon International Airport, and skyrocketed passenger movements at Jeju International Airport affected the level of efficiency. After COVID-19, although internal efficiency was apparently evident as a decisive factor for overall productivity for most airports, some airports (Jeju, Pohang, and Yangyang) focused on external factors such as technology, which was driving the overall productivity change in their operation compared to others in the sample in this study. Research Implications – This study implies that COVID-19effects on global trade have changed the way airports operate, as most airports now focus on and invest in safety instruments as well as cargo support services and auxiliary services. Airports will confront an enormous task in the coming years, and these goals are ideologically compatible with sustainable development goals. Airports are here to endorse sustainable development, as well as facilitate possibilities and connectivity, and the disclosure of ESG business information are the appropriate resource to help expansion and improvement.

대구공항의 효율성 및 규모수익 분석

한근수,전민준 재단법인 대구경북연구원 2020 대구경북연구 Vol.19 No.1

최근대구공항의 통합신공항으로 이전이 확정되면서, 현대구공항에 대한파악이요구된다. 공항운영 효율성을 제고하기위해서는가장 먼저효율성과관련한 적절한변수를선정하여투입대비산출의관점에서 잘 식별해야 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 DEA 방법론을 활용하여 대구공항을 중심으로 국내공항들에대한효율성을파악한다. DEA는다수의투입변수와다수의산출변수의비율로의사결정단위(DMU)들간 상대적인 효율성을 측정하는 비모수적 통계 방법론이다. 본연구에서는투입요소를최소화하는투입지향적(Input-oriented) CCR/BCC 모형을적용하여국내14개공항을대상으로효율성과규모수익을 분석했다. 연구결과, 대구공항의높은운영비가공항효율성을 저해하는 원인으로 분석되었다. 또한 규모 수익은 IRS로 나타나 적정 규모 유지를 통한 효율성제고방안을 수립해야하는것으로 나타났다. 본연구결과를 통해 현대구공항의실태를 파악하여, 효율성 제고 방안을 모색하고, 공항의 적절한 규모의 확장과 최적화된 운영을 도모할 수 있을 것이다 With the relocation of Daegu Airport to a new airport, the present Daegu airport is being asked to be identified. To improve the efficiency of airport operations, appropriate variables related to efficiency should first be selected and well identified from the perspective of input-output. To attain this end, this study utilizes DEA methodology to identify the efficiency of domestic airports around Daegu Airport. DEA is a nonparametric statistical methodology that measures the relative efficiency between decision making units as a proportion of multiple inputs and multiple outputs. Efficiency and scale revenue were analyzed for 14 airports in Korea by applying an input-oriented CCR/BCC model that minimizes input elements. The study found that the high operating costs of Daegu Airport were the reasons that hampered airport efficiency. In addition, the IRS indicates that there is a need to establish measures to improve efficiency by maintaining the right size. Through the results of this study, we will be able to identify the current situation of Daegu Airport, find ways to enhance efficiency, and promote the proper scale of expansion and optimized operation of the airport.

공간개념을 적용한 국내 공항 효율성 분석 -공항 간 거리가 공항 효율성에 미치는 영향을 중심으로-

신채현,김상혁 한국관광학회 2020 관광학연구 Vol.44 No.4

The purpose of this study is to verify the existence of spatial autocorrelation between the domestic airports in Korea and to examine the spatial effect on the efficiency of airports by using a Spatial Stochastic Frontier Analysis(SSFA). The output variables of airports' efficiency were considered with both the operation performance and the customer service performance to evaluate the efficiency with quantitative and qualitative performance aspects. The sample of this study are 11 regional airports out of a total of 15 regional airports in Korea. The annual data from 2014 to 2018 were gathered from the statistic data of Korea Airports Corporation and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The results show that spatial autocorrelation on the quantitative efficiency did not exist, but qualitative efficiency existed. It indicates that the qualitative efficiency is influenced by the distance between airports. More specifically, the results of SSFA show that the qualitative efficiency would be increased by the distance between airports is getting shorter. It implies that the cluster of airports would be an important factor to increase a qualitative efficiency because the closer distance between airports makes more competitive to attract customers, thereby airports would strive to improve customer service. In conclusion, this study provides a useful information to establish the strategy for reinforcing airports' competitiveness, as well as national policy for opening new airports or expanding airports. 본 연구의 목적은 국내 공항 간 공간적 자기상관성이 존재하는지 규명하고 공간확률변경분석(SSFA)을 적용하여 공간 효과가 국내 공항의 효율성에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 또한, 본 연구는 국내 공항 효율성 측정을 위한 산출변수를 운항실적과 여객실적의 정량적 변수와 고객 만족도 점수와 암행 서비스 모니터링 점수의 정성적 변수로 구분하여 경제적 운영성과와 대고객 서비스 성과에 대한 효율성을 모두 추정하고자 한다. 본 연구의 표본은 국내 15개의 공항 중 자료 수집이 가능한 11개의 공항이며, 실증분석을 위한 자료는 11개 공항들의 5년간(2014-2018) 연도별 데이터로 한국공항공사의 공항별 통계와 국토교통부 통계누리에서 수집하였다. 실증분석결과에 따르면, 국내 공항의 정량적 효율성은 유의한 공간자기상관성이 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 정성적 효율성은 유의한 공간자기상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 국내 공항의 정량적 효율성은 공항간 거리의 영향을 받지 않으나, 정성적 효율성은 공항간 거리에 영향을 받는 것을 의미한다. 특히 SSFA 분석결과에서 보듯이, 국내 공항의 정성적 효율성은 공항 간 거리가 가까울수록 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 국내 지역공항들의 집적화는 고객 만족도 점수와 암행 서비스 모니터링 점수와 같은 정성적 효율성 증대에 중요한 요인이라는 것을 의미한다. 즉, 공항 간 거리가 가까울수록 고객유치에 대한 경쟁이 심화 될 것이며 이를 극복하기 위한 개별 공항의 대고객서비스 수준이 향상되는 효과가 있음을 유추할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 개별 공항의 경쟁력 향상을 전략수립이나 공항 확장 및 신공항 입지 선정과 같은 정부정책 수립 시에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이라고 기대한다.

방사적 및 비방사적 접근법을 이용한 국내공항의 효율성 분석

정영인,민경창,하헌구 대한교통학회 2013 대한교통학회지 Vol.31 No.2

This study analyzed relative efficiencies of fourteen airports in Korea with radial and non-radial approaches such as DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis) and SBM(Slack Based Measure) from 2004 to 2011. To suggest an improvement scheme for these airports, we analyzed slack airports and compared then with respective reference airports. To measure efficiency, we used the length of runway, the number of employees, and the size of terminal as input factors, and the number of passengers, the amount of cargo, and the number of flights as output factors. The analysis results showed that efficiencies of most airports had been decreasing and that the gap between efficient airports and inefficient airports was widening. Additionally, most airports had much slacks in its terminal size. It meant that they had been operated with a size not proportionate to their demands and that it is a major cause of inefficiency. 본 연구에서는 방사적 측정방식과 비방사적 측정방식을 사용하여 국내공항의 상대적 효율성을 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 효율성 개선을 위해 비효율을 유발시키는 잔여부문을 분석하였으며, 효율적인 준거대상과의 비교를 통해 개선 방안을 제시하였다. 15개의 국내공항 중 14개의 공항을 분석대상으로 2004년에서 2011년까지의 8개년의 자료를 바탕으로 분석하였으며, 투입요소로는 활주로 길이, 종업원 수, 터미널 규모를 사용하였고, 산출요소로는 여객 수, 화물량, 비행편 수를 사용하였다. 분석결과 국내공항의 효율성은 대부분이 하락하는 추세였으며, 효율적인 공항과 비효율적인 공항의 격차가 매년 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대부분의 국내공항들이 수요대비 거대한 규모로 운영되는 점이 비효율성을 증가 시키는 주요원인이었다.

DEA를 활용한 한·중·일 주요 국제공항의 효율성 분석 연구

백인호,진무위,이향숙 한국물류학회 2020 물류학회지 Vol.30 No.3

In the 21st century, passenger and cargo throughputs at major hub airports in Asia, such as Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Korea and Japan are rapidly increasing. Each of them is fiercely competing to strengthen the position as a hub by expanding infrastructure and improving operational efficiency. Especially, the most remarkable aspect in recent years is the growth of Chinese airports. China's economic growth has played a leading role in the development of the aviation industry. As a result, air traffic in three Northeast Asian countries consisting of Korea, China and Japan is rapidly increasing. Therefore, this study aims to compare and analyze the operational efficiency of 14 major international airports in Northeast Asian countries. The selected 14 major international airports are Incheon International Airport, 9 international airports managed by the China Aviation Administration and 4 international airports regulated by the Japan Airports Ac. The study is conducted employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique. According to the previous researches, the airport area, runway length and the number of opening routes were selected as input variables. The passenger throughput, cargo throughput and the number of flights were selected as output variables. As results, Incheon International Airport, 6 airports in China and 2 airports in Japan were found to be highly efficient. 5 inefficient airports have been found to require improvements in three areas: passenger throughput, cargo throughput and the number of flights. In particular, PEK Airport in China was named as the most influential airport as the benchmark. Compared to China's PEK airport, Incheon International Airport is inferior in passenger throughput and number of flights. Therefore, it is necessary to establish operational strategies to improve airport management based on the excellent airport infrastructure. 21세기에 들어 싱가폴, 홍콩, 중국, 한국, 일본 등 아시아에 위치한 주요 허브공항들의 여객 및 화물 처리량은 급속하게 증가하 고 있으며, 저마다 인프라 확충 및 운영효율 개선을 통해 허브공항으로서의 입지를 다지기 위해 치열하게 경쟁하고 있다. 특히 최 근에 가장 눈에 띄는 것은 중국 공항의 성장이다. 중국의 경제성장은 항공산업의 발전의 견인 역할을 하였으며, 이로 인해 한・중・ 일로 구성된 동북아 3개국의 항공 처리량이 빠르게 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 따라서 본 연구는 한・중・일에 위치한 주요 공항인 인천국제공항, 중국 항공국에서 통합 관리하는 9개 국제공항, 일본 공항법에서 규정하는 1종 공항인 4개 국제공항을 포함한 총 14 개의 주요 동북아 공항을 대상으로 운영 효율성을 비교·분석해 보고자 한다. 분석은 Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) 기법을 활 용하여 진행되었으며, 선행연구를 참고하여 투입변수로 공항부지 면적, 활주로 길이, 개통 노선개수가, 산출변수로 여객 처리량, 화물 처리량, 운항 횟수가 각각 선정되었다. 분석결과, 인천국제공항, 중국의 6개 공항, 일본의 2개 공항 효율성이 높은 것으로 나 타났다. 비효율적인 5개 공항은 공통적으로 여객처리량, 화물처리량, 운항 횟수의 3개 부문에서 많은 개선이 필요한 것으로 파악 되었다. 특히 중국 PEK 공항은 이들 비효율적 공항들에게 벤치마커의 역할을 가장 많이 하는 공항으로 지목되었다. 우리나라 인 천국제공항은 중국의 PEK 공항과 비교해 볼 때 여객처리량이나 운항 횟수 등 실적이 다소 못 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 우 수한 공항인프라를 토대로 보다 효율적 운영이 이루어지기 위한 전략을 제시하였다.

유해산출물을 고려한 국내 공항 효율성 측정에 관한 연구

강달원,정동훈,전승준 한국항공운항학회 2018 한국항공운항학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Recently, Intense competition is expected to bring about continuous change with the rapid global aviation industry. In particular, domestic passenger demand has been steadily increasing over the past five years, with domestic and international shipments growing at a CAGR of 8.4% and 10.0%, respectively. In addition to the economic value of the airport, social interest due to greenhouse gas emissions is also rising. In this study, we analyzed the efficiency of airport operation by using DEA model(Directional Technology Distance Function) considering undesirable output for 14 airports in Korea. As a result of analysis, all airports except Gimhae, Yangyang, Cheongju and Yeosu were analyzed as efficient airports. However, only Gimpo, Gimhae, Jeju, Muan, Daegu and Gwangju were analyzed as efficient airports considering the undesirable output.

대형항공사의 장거리 노선 효율성 분석에 관한 연구: 인천공항을 중심으로

최두원,신태진,김태후 한국무역연구원 2020 무역연구 Vol.16 No.4

Purpose This study analyzes the efficiency of long-rage routes of domestic full service carriers operating at Incheon International Airport in South Korea and provide directions for the enhancement of efficiency and competitiveness of routes. Design/Methodology/Approach This study collected data from homepages of airlines and OAG (Official Airline Guide) analyzer. The DEA analysis was performed using the number of flight operations, total flight distance, and supply of seats as input variables, and sales revenue and RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilometers) as output variables. Findings Results reveal that three international long-range routes (A Airlines’ Incheon~Frankfurt, Incheon~Barcelona and K Airlines’ Incheon~Zurich routes) were the most efficient routes out of 63 routes analyzed. In addition, K Airlines’ Incheon~Dallas, Atlanta, and Seattle routes had the lowest efficiency. At the same time, if the efficiency of 63 routes was divided into two groups, A and K Airlines, and averaged, K Airlines had more than twice the number of routes compared to A Airlines, but overall efficiency of the routes covered by A Airlines was higher. Research Implications This Implies that routes with relatively low efficiency were more efficient if the number of flights, total annual distance and supply of seats were reduced. In addition, in order to build more efficient routes, airlines have to benchmark high-efficiency routes to control the number of flight operations, total flight distance, supply of seats and total supply of seats, and marketing strategies to increase average fare and increase boarding rate.

A Benchmarking of Operational Efficiency in Asia Pacific International Cargo Airports

정태원,안우철,Su-min JEON,Vinh Van THAI 한국해운물류학회 2015 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.31 No.1

This paper compares operational efficiency of major cargo airports in the Asia Pacific region. The multi-dimensional scaling cluster analysis by R-square method was used as the benchmarking tool to provide airport management with a means to examine various aspects of their operational efficiency against those of other airports. Ten operational efficiency factors for the clustering and efficiency estimation of airports in the Asia Pacific region were used in a regression model to overcome the complexity of multi-dimensional scaling approach. The resulting classification is used to identify the efficiency benchmarks of leading air cargo airports which have implications for Incheon airport in Korea.