가속도계 기반 신체활동 자료수집 및 처리 방법: 문헌분석 업데이트

신진이,이미영,나충현,권선희 한국체육측정평가학회 2024 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.26 No.1

This study presents an updated review of the literature focusing on the validity evidences of ActiGraph accelerometers, with a specific emphasis on data collection and processing methodologies tailored for adult populations. Recommendations for optimal utilization of the ActiGraph device include setting the sampling frequency to the default value of 30Hz and favoring waist placement over wrist placement for enhanced accuracy. For robust data collection, it is advised that participants wear the device for a minimum of four days, encompassing both weekdays and weekends, with a minimum wear time of 10 hours per day. Extended wear, up to 24 hours, is advocated to capture comprehensive data on daily physical activity and sleep patterns. Post data collection, an epoch size of 1 minute is recommended for adult populations. The utilization of the algorithm proposed by Troiano et al. (2008) is endorsed for accurate estimation of physical activity levels, particularly in delineating sleep periods from non-wear intervals. Regarding the determination of physical activity intensity, widely adopted cut-points developed by Freedson et al. (1998) and Troiano et al. (2008) are advocated for waist-worn ActiGraph devices. This study was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea [2021R1A2C2013651] & Korea Disease Control Prevention Agency [A2022-0634]. 이 연구는 성인을 대상으로 ActiGraph 가속도계를 이용하여 신체활동량 측정을 위한 연구를 실시할 때 보다 정확한 자료수집 및 자료처리를 위해 그동안 진행되어온 타당도 검증 연구에 대한 문헌분석을 업데이트하였다. 결과를종합해볼 때, ActiGraph를 이용하기전 선행적으로 샘플링 주파수는 기본 30Hz로 설정하고, 손목보다 허리에 착용할때 상대적으로 정확하다. 착용일수는 주중과 주말을 포함한 적어도 4일이상, 1일 10시간 이상 착용할 때 신체활동량을보다 정확하게 추정한다. 수면을 포함한 일상 생활의 전반적인 신체활동을 측정하기 위해서는 24시간 가속도계 착용을권장한다. 자료수집 후 자료요약 주기는 성인의 경우 1분으로 설정하고, 미착용 분류는 수면시간을 제외한 Troiano et al. (2008) 알고리즘이 보다 정확하다. 신체활동 강도 cut-point 기준은 허리 착용의 경우 Freedson et al.(1998), Troiano et al.(2008)가 여전히 빈도 높게 적용되고 있지만 착용부위에 따라 기준을 다르게 적용해야 한다.

신체활동 측정도구 가속도계 Actigraph 고찰 및 소개

정성민 ( Seong Min Jeong ),김태홍 ( Tae Hong Kim ),박철형 ( Chul Hyeong Park ),김형건 ( Hyung Gun Kim ),제갈윤석 ( Yoon Suk Jekal ) 제주대학교 체육과학연구소 2013 체육과학연구 Vol.19 No.-

Physical activity means movement of body with skeletal muscle that uses energy. Physical activity plays an important role in health promotion in physical, mental and social dimensions. Generally, exercise prescription is necessary since anyone can do exercise safely and efficiently. First step, physical activity assessment is required for efficient exercise prescription with physical activity assessment devices including physical activity questionnaire, pedometer, heart rate monitor or accelerometer. The purpose of the current study was to introduce and review actigraph. Actigraph, an accelerometer, is a non-invasive device of monitoring human activity. This device consists of a timer to start or stop at specific times and to accumulate values for a specific time frame, a memory to store the resulting values and an interface to download the data from memory. However, there are several limitations in the current version of actigraph such as the inaccurate equation to calculate energy expenditure in a variety levels of exercise intensity, the place to wear and the period time of wearing.

ActiGraph를 이용한 고령자 진입 층의 수면행태 분석

이은지(Lee, Eun-Ji),박성준(Park, Sung-Jun) 한국실내디자인학회 2016 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.05

As the life expectancy is lengthened, the active measures to prepare the social entry of pre-elderly group into an aging society is highly necessary. Especially, we have to think about the true meaning and alternative plans for their environmental aspect of space for the pre-elderly. Especially, the majority of time the pre-elderly group spend in their housing is for their sleeping, and the most of the sleep behaviors are done in bedroom. Thus, the role and function of bedroom as a healing agent, should be considered thoroughly. The sleep behavior and sleep disorders are the crucial factors which conclude the quality sleep environment. It should be considered in priority to find the problems of sleep behavior through analyzing the sleep behaviors of pre-elderly group. Therefore, this study is initiated on the purpose of collecting the primary data to form the circumstances of healthy sleep environment through analysis of sleep behavior and sleep disorders of pre-elderly group, for the bedroom as an healing place. The methodology of the study is as follows. First, the study inspects the sleeping habits and sleep disorders of pre-elderly group through literature and preceding research. Second, in reference to "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), this study develops a research tool of evaluation after sleeping. Third, it investigates the physical sleeping environment towards the research targets for sleeping behavior. Fourth, by using ‘ActiGraph’, a tri-axis acceleration sensor, this study inspects the sleeping habits and sleeping behaviors of the research targets and then, initiates the evaluation after sleeping. Lastly, through the analysis of sleeping behavior of the pre-elderly group, this study suggests the research direction for drawing out the elements of healthy bedroom environment planning.

가스분석 결과를 기준으로 동작감지기 엑티칼, 엑티그라프의 타당도

김현민,양윤준,윤영숙,이언숙,이동은,전효진 대한가정의학회 2008 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.29 No.9

Background: Nowadays, decreased physical activity is considered to be a contributor to increase the prevalence of many diseases such as obesity, coronary heart disease and so on. Many researches demonstrated that regular physical activity reduce all cause mortality. To increase the physical activities of the population, accurate estimation of the activities is needed. Actical and actigraph are confirmed as accurate tools to measure physical activities. But the target populations of the validity studies were not Asian people. Therefore, the accuracy of the accelerometers should be confirmed in Asian people. The accuracy of the tools could be different. Therefore head to head comparison study between the tools would be needed. Methods: Thirty volunteers from the community, ages over 20 yrs, were recruited. The participants put on the two accelerometers (Actical, Actigraph) on the waists, secured with elastic belts, and performed a session of rest and three structured activities (two walking speeds, 4 km/hr and 6 km/hr, and one jogging speed, 8 km/hr). During each activity, expired respiratory gases were collected, and oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured by indirect calorimetry (Model Quark β2Ⓡ). The calories measured by gas analyzer and two accelerometers were compared by correlation analysis using SPSS program. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between gas analyzer and two accelerometers was calculated at three structured activities. The r in Actical was 0.747, 0.785, and 0.677, at speed of 4, 6, 8 km/hr, respectively (P<0.05), and the same measures in Actigraph was 0.617, 0.737, and 0.530 (P<0.05), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was also calculated between the two accelerometers, and the r was 0.881, 0.927, and 0.824, at each speed. Conclusion: The Actical and Actigraph are valid tools for measuring physical activities in Korean people. ( 연구배경: 신체 활동이 적음은 비만, 심혈관계 질환 등 많은 질병의 위험인자로 대두되고 있고, 규칙적인 신체활동은 모든 원인의 사망률을 감소시킨다는 연구결과가 있다. 따라서 질병예방과 건강증진을 위하여 신체활동을 권고할 필요가 있고, 이를 위해서는 신체활동량을 정확하게 측정하고 평가할 수 있는 방법이 필요하다. 서구의 연구에서 엑티칼Ⓡ(Mini Mitter company, USA)과 엑티그라프Ⓡ (LLC, USA)는 정확한 신체활동량 측정이 가능한 기구로 평가되고 있지만, 동양인을 대상으로 두 기구의 타당도를 살펴 본 연구는 없다. 따라서 우리나라 성인에서 두 동작감지기의 정확도를 확인하고, 두 기구간의 차이를 평가할 필요가 있다. 방법: 건강한 20세 이상의 성인 지원자를 대상으로 하였다. 참가자들은 허리에 두 개의 동작감지기(엑티칼, 엑티그라프)를 착용한 상태에서, 2단계의 보행속도의 신체활동(4 km/hr, 6 km/hr)과, 조깅속도의 신체활동(8 km/hr)을 수행하였다. 일련의 신체활동을 하는 동안 가스분석기를 통해 산소소모량을 측정하여 소모된 칼로리를 계산하였다. 가스분석기와 두 개의 동작감지기로 측정된 칼로리의 상관계수를 구하여, 각각의 타당도를 평가하였고, 두 동작감지기간 측정값의 차이를 살펴보았다. 결과: 본 연구에서 사용된 두 가지 동작감지기에서 측정된 칼로리와 가스분석기를 통해 측정된 칼로리 사이의 피어슨 상관계수를 구하였다. 그 결과 4 km/hr, 6 km/hr, 8 km/hr의 신체활동 단계별 r값은 각각 엑티칼에서 0.747, 0.785, 0.677로, 엑티그라프에서 0.617, 0.737, 0.530으로 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며, 두 기구간의 측정값 사이에도 그 값이 0.881, 0.927, 0.824로 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 사용된 3차원 동작감지기(엑티칼, 엑티그라프)는 우리나라 성인에서 신체활동량을 평가하기 위한 도구로서 유용하다.

액티그래프를 이용한 항공관제사의 수면/각성행동

서유진(Yoo?jin Seo) 대한인간공학회 2010 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sleep/wake behavior for shiftwork in air traffic controllers (ATCs) using wrist actigraph for ten workers on a continuous full-day three-team three-shift system of forward rotation including on-duty and off-duty periods. The wrist actigraph data were recorded for three days (one shift cycle) for each subject. The mean activity counts during an on-duty period progressively increased from the night, the swing, to the morning shifts. The doze length during on-duty periods showed decreases in the morning and swing shifts as compared to the night shift. Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE) during off-duty periods increased in the morning-1 and swing-night shift compared to the morning-2 shift. Finally, I discussed the role of doze-taking during the burden on night shift ATCs.

보행수 기반 좌식시간 측정의 정확성과 활용 방향

이효,김재명 한국체육측정평가학회 2022 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this study was to test feasibility of step-based sitting time measure and its concurrent validity. Physical activity monitors sub-data of 2014-2015 Korea Nutrition and Health Examination Survey (N=768, age=19-65 years) were processed and analyzed to compare sitting time detected by step counts versus intensity counts (criterion). ROC-AUC=.97 showed that step count is a very accurate way to detect sitting time. The highest accuracy (=90.96%, sensitivity=91.53%, specificity=90.18%) was achieved when step count threshold to distinguish sitting time from light intensity physical activity was set to ˂3 steps/min. In comparison to the intensity-count based sitting time detection, monitor wear time and total sitting time were underestimated, and duration of sitting was overestimated by step count-based detection. The results suggest that step count can be a simple but accurate algorithm to measure sitting time. Future studies should consider employing direct observation and/or inclinometer as criterion measures. 최근 좌식행동을 줄이고자 스마트폰, 웨어러블 장치를 통해 측정한 보행수를 바탕으로 좌식시간을 추정해 사용자에게 피드백하는 어플리케이션이 소개되고 있다. 그러나 보행수를 기반으로 좌식시간을 추정하는 것이 타당한 방법인지에 대한 과학적 근거는 미흡하다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 보행수가 좌식시간을 정확하게 추 정할 수 있는 기준인지 알아보고 수렴타당도 근거를 수집하는 것이었다. 이를 위해 2014-2015년도 국민건강 영양조사 중 19~65세 성인 1,768명의 Actigraph GT3X+ 가속도계 자료를 가공하여 다음과 같이 분석하였 다. 첫째, 단위시간(1분)당 보행수를 기준으로 한 좌식행동 판별 결과가 기존 방법인 신체활동 강도(움직임강도 수로서 99cpm)를 기준으로 판별한 결과와 일치하는 정도를 알아보았다. 그 결과 첫째, ROC-AUC=0.97로 보 행수는 신체활동 강도를 대체할 수 있는 매우 정확한 좌식시간 측정 기준이 될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘 째, 단위시간을 좌식시간으로 판정하는데 보행수 절단점이 2보(3보=저강도 신체활동)일 때 민감도는 91.53%, 특이도는 90.18%, 정확도는 90.96으로 가장 높았다. 셋째, 2보 절단점을 적용했을 때 가속도계 착용시간과 신체활동 강도, 총 좌식시간은 과소추정, 좌식행동 지속시간은 과대추정하게 되는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 상대 오차는 차례대로 각각 12.10%, 6.27%, 11.15%였다. 스마트폰 및 웨어러블 장치에 적용하기 위한 기초연구로 서 본 연구는 보행수가 좌식행동을 측정할 수 있는 간소하면서도 합리적인 기준이 될 수 있다는 점을 시사한 다. 후속연구로 직접관찰법이나 자세변화까지 탐지할 수 있는 신체활동 모니터를 준거측정도구로 한 타당도 검 증, 보행수 기반 알고리즘을 스마트 기기에 적용하기 위한 제반사항 검토를 제안하였다

GT9X의 타당도, 신뢰도 검증

박우석,강성기,홍성봉 한국체육측정평가학회 2024 한국체육측정평가학회지 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구는 GT9X의 신체활동 단계별 추정치의 차이를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 실험 대상자는 34명으로 선정하였으며, 준거 검사 도구로는 K4b²를 사용하였다. 에너지소비량을 측정하기 위해 사용된 프로토콜은 앉기, 누워 있기, TV 시청하기, 3.2km/h 트레드밀, 걸레질하기, 4.8km/h 트레드밀, 8km/h 트레드밀, cool down 등 8가지 활동으로진행하였으며 각 활동이 끝난 후 5분씩 휴식을 취하였다. 이에 따라 나타난 결과는 독립 t-test와 Bland Altman plot을 이용하여 타당도를 검증하였으며, 상관분석을 이용하여 결과를 제공하였다. 또한 GT9X의 신뢰도 검증을위해 one-way(4RM) ANOVA를 사용하였다. 연구결과, 중강도 활동인 3.2km/h 트레드밀, 4.8km/h 트레드밀, cool down에서 신체활동 추정의 타당도 있는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. GT9X는 앉아서 하는 활동을 할 때 신체활동을과소평가하는 것으로 나타났지만, 3.2km/h 트레드밀, 4.8km/h 트레드밀에서 적용 가능한 것으로 나타났다. Bland-Altman 결과, 누워있는 자세는 8km/h 트레드밀에서 작은 편차의 신뢰구간을 보였으며, 1개 또는 2개를제외한 모든 자료가 신뢰구간에 포함되었다. GT9X를 이용하여 신체 활동량을 추정할 때 오차를 줄이기 위해서는측정하려는 활동에 따라 부착 위치를 선택해야 하며, 부착 위치 선택 후 측정된 VM 값을 에너지소비량으로 환산해야함을 알 수 있다. The purpose of this study is to verify the difference in the estimated value of GT9X physical activity stages. 34 participants were selected as experimental subjects, and K4b² was used as a reference test tool. The protocol used to measure energy expenditure was conducted with eight activities: sitting, lying down, watching TV, 3.2km/h treadmill, mopping, 4.8m/h treadmill, 8km/h treadmill, and cool down, and a 5-minute rest was taken after each activity. The results were verified for validity using independent t-test and Bland Altman plot, and the results were provided using correlation analysis. In addition, one-way(4RM) ANOVA was used to verify the reliability of GT9X. The results of the study confirmed the validity of physical activity estimation in moderate-intensity activities such as 3.2km/h treadmill, 4.8km/h treadmill, and cool down. GT9X was found to underestimate physical activity during sedentary activities, but was applicable to 3.2km/h treadmill and 4.8km/h treadmill. The Bland-Altman results showed a small confidence interval for the supine position on the 8 km/h treadmill, and all data except one or two were included in the confidence interval. In order to reduce the error when estimating physical activity using GT9X, it is necessary to select the attachment location according to the activity to be measured, and after selecting the attachment location, the measured VM value should be converted into energy expenditure.

Reversed Hand Movement during Sleep in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Hong Jun Jeon,Jee Hyun Ha,Seung-Ho Ryu,Jaehak Yu,Doo-Heum Park 대한신경정신의학회 2018 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.15 No.9

ObjectiveaaPrevious findings suggest that hand movement laterality is reversed during sleep. The present study aimed to verify this phenomenon and evaluate whether the extent of reversal is correlated with the severity of sleep apnea. MethodsaaA total of 184 participants (mean age: 44.5±13.0 years; 81.5% males) wore actigraphs on both hands during sleep, and nocturnal polysomnography was simultaneously performed. ResultsaaActigraphic indices of hand movement were significantly higher for the left hand than those for the right hand (p<0.001), including total activity score, mean activity score, mean score in active periods and fragmentation index. Additionally, calculated differences between the fragmentation index for the left versus right hands were significantly correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, r=0.149, p=0.032). The AHI was not significantly correlated with differences in hand movement between both hands movement assessed by total activity score (r=0.004, p=0.957), mean activity score (r=0.011, p=0.876), mean score in active periods (r=-0.080, p=0.255). ConclusionaaMore severe symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea was associated with larger degree of hand movement reversal at night. This result support the theory that homeostatic deactivation occurs in the dominant hemisphere during sleep.

Motor Activity in Adult Patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Ole Bernt Fasmer,Kristin Mjeldheim,Wenche Førland,Anita L. Hansen,Steven Dilsaver,Ketil J. Oedegaard,Jan Øystein Berle 대한신경정신의학회 2015 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.12 No.4

ObjectiveaaHyperactivity is a core symptom of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but limited information is available on analysis of activity patterns in this disorder. The aim of the study was to analyze motor activity during daily living in adult patients with ADHD. MethodsaaPatients (n=76) from the private psychiatric practice of two of the authors were recruited, and were compared to patients with other psychiatric disorders and to normal controls. Actigraphs were used to record motor activity for six days, with one minute intervals, and data were analysed using linear and non-linear mathematical methods. ResultsaaFor short recording periods (300 minutes) the activity levels of ADHD patients do not differ from normal controls, but the autocorrelation (lag 1) is lower and Fourier analysis shows higher power in the high frequency range, corresponding to the period from 2–8 min. During recordings for six days there are no significant differences between ADHD patients and the control groups. The combined and inattentive subgroups differ only in the six days recordings. The Fourier analyses show that the combined type has lower power in the high frequency range, corresponding to the period from 4–8 hours, and in the analysis of rhythms the intra-daily variability is lower, compared to the inattentive type. ConclusionaaAdult ADHD patients do not show evidence of hyperactivity, but have levels of activity similar to normal controls. However, on several measures ADHD patients display altered activity patterns, indicating that the regulation of motor activity in this disorder is different from controls.

가속도계를 이용한 미취학아동의 신체활동 평가 - 자료요약주기의 재통합 측정치와의 비교를 포함하여 -

김지연 ( Ji-yeon Kim ),최연정 ( Yeon-jung Choi ),주문정 ( Mun-jeong Ju ),김은경 ( Eun-kyung Kim ) 대한영양사협회 2016 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.22 No.3

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity of preschool children using an accelerometer and investigate differences related to epoch length setting during use of the accelerometer. Subjects of the study were 26 children (12 boys and 14 girls) at the age of 5, enrolled in one preschool located in Gangneung. From 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. (7 hours period), every child wore a total of four accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X + , USA), including three attached to the left hip (with epoch length set at 5 seconds, 15 seconds, and 30 seconds). For comparison purposes, a forth was attached to the opposite position, with epoch length set at 5 seconds. Data collected using 15s epoch and 30s epoch (single larger epoch) were compared with those obtained after reintegration of 5s to 15s epoch, 5s to 30s epoch, and 15s to 30s epoch, respectively (smaller epochs reintegrated). According to the results of this study, there were no significant differences in VM between 30s epoch and 5s to 30s epoch reintegrated and in MVPA (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), between 15s epoch and 5s to 15s epoch reintegrated. From the Bland-Altman plot, reintegration of 15s to 30s epoch in VM and reintegrations of 15s to 30s epoch and 5s to 15s epoch in MVPA can be recommended for assessing physical activity in preschool children. Further research is needed into the reintegration method while using an accelerometer for assessment of energy expenditure in children.