Bioavailability of Hydroxycinnamic Acids from <i>Crepidiastrum denticulatum</i> Using Simulated Digestion and Caco-2 Intestinal Cells

Lee, Hee Ju,Cha, Kwang Hyun,Kim, Chul Young,Nho, Chu Won,Pan, Cheol-Ho American Chemical Society 2014 Journal of agricultural and food chemistry Vol.62 No.23

<P>Hydroxycinnamic acids have antioxidant properties and potentially beneficial effects on human health. This study investigated the digestive stability, bioaccessibility, and permeability of hydroxycinnamic acids from <I>Crepidiastrum denticulatum</I> using simulated digestion and Caco-2 intestinal cells. The major compounds of <I>C. denticulatum</I> were determined to be four hydroxycinnamic acids [caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, and 3,5-di-<I>O</I>-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA)] and one flavonoid (luteolin-7-<I>O</I>-glucuronide) by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Hydroxycinnamic acids from <I>C. denticulatum</I> were rapidly released in the stomach and duodenum phase, maximizing the possibility of absorption in the intestinal Caco-2 cells. The digestive stability and bioaccessibility of hydroxycinnamic acids from <I>C. denticulatum</I> were markedly low after simulated digestion and remained minimal in the soluble fraction of the ileum phase. Unlike the four hydroxycinnamic acids, luteolin-7-<I>O</I>-glucuronide was stable in terms of digestive stability and bioaccessibility during simulated digestion. The cell permeabilities (<I>P</I><SUB>app?A?to?B</SUB>/<I>P</I><SUB>app?B?to?A</SUB>) of caftaric acid (0.054) and chlorogenic acid (0.055) were higher than those of chicoric acid (0.011) and 3,5-DCQA (0.006) in general. That of luteolin-7-<I>O</I>-glucuronide was not detectable, showing its low absorption in Caco-2 cells. These results indicate that the rapid release of hydroxycinnamic acids in the stomach and duodenum phase may increase the potential for absorption in Caco-2 cells, and that luteolin-7-<I>O</I>-glucuronide, which was stable in terms of digestive stability and bioaccessibility, has relatively low absorption compared with hydroxycinnamic acids.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jafcau/2014/jafcau.2014.62.issue-23/jf500319h/production/images/medium/jf-2014-00319h_0004.gif'></P>

Nutritional Quality and Variation of Meat and Bone Meal

Hendriks, W.H.,Butts, C.A.,Thomas, D.V.,James, K.A.C.,Morel, P.C.A.,Verstegen, M.W.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.10

Meat and bone meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and bone meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and bone meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and bone meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and bone meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R2) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and bone meal using standard analyses.

Protected Organic Acid Blends as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Finishing Pigs

Upadhaya, S.D.,Lee, K.Y.,Kim, In Ho Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.11

A total of 120 finishing pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of $49.72{\pm}1.72kg$ were used in 12-wk trial to evaluate the effects of protected organic acids on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal micro flora, meat quality and fecal gas emission. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (10 replication pens with 4 pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of: Control (CON/basal diet), OA1 (basal diet+0.1% organic acids) and OA2 (basal diet+0.2% organic acids). Dietary treatment with protected organic acid blends linearly improved (p<0.001) average daily gain during 0 to 6 week, 6 to 12 week as well as overall with the increase in their inclusion level in the diet. The dry matter, N, and energy digestibility was higher (linear effect, p<0.001) with the increase in the dose of protected organic acid blends during 12 week. During week 6, a decrease (linear effect, p = 0.01) in fecal ammonia contents was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends on d 3 and d 5 of fermentation. Moreover, acetic acid emission decreased linearly (p = 0.02) on d7 of fermentation with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. During 12 weeks, linear decrease (p<0.001) in fecal ammonia on d 3 and d 5 and acetic acid content on d 5 of fermentation was observed with the increase in the level of protected organic acid blends. Supplementation of protected organic acid blends linearly increased the longissimus muscle area with the increasing concentration of organic acids. Moreover, color of meat increased (linear effect, quadratic effect, p<0.001, p<0.002 respectively) and firmness of meat showed quadratic effect (p = 0.003) with the inclusion of increasing level of protected organic acid in the diet. During the 6 week, increment in the level of protected organic acid blends decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts and increased (linear effect, p = 0.004) Lactobacillus counts. During 12-wk of experimental trial, feces from pigs fed diet supplemented with organic acid blends showed linear reduction (p<0.001) of E. coli counts and the tendency of linear increase (p = 0.06) in Lactobacillus count with the increase in the level of organic acid blends. In conclusion, 0.2% protected organic acids blends positively affected growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission and meat quality in finishing pigs without any adverse effects on blood parameters.

Restriction of linoleic acid inhibition of methanization of piggery wastewater and enhancement of its mineralization by adding calcium ions

Zhang, Lei,Lee, Chang‐,Hee,Jahng, Deokjin John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2011 Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology Vol.86 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND:</B> Linoleic acid, which is a major derivative generated from hydrolysis of vegetable oils, is often found at high concentration in food processing and kitchen wastes. This fatty acid could be introduced into an anaerobic system treating piggery wastewater via co‐digestion strategy. In this study, the effect of CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> on the inhibitory behavior of linoleic acid in the anaerobic digestion of piggery wastewater was investigated.</P><P><B>RESULTS:</B> Linoleic acid exerted strong inhibitory effects on methanization of piggery wastewater with IC<SUB>50</SUB> of 376 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> and 568 mg L<SUP>−1</SUP> for ISR (inoculum substrate ratio) 0.38 and 2.0, respectively. Among tested cations (Na<SUP>+</SUP>, Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, Al<SUP>3+</SUP> and Fe<SUP>3+</SUP>), only Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> effectively reversed linoleic acid inhibition. In addition, it was found that CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> restricted linoleic acid inhibition only when it was added before or immediately after linoleic acid addition. Without CaCl<SUB>2</SUB>, linoleic acid was stoichiometrically transformed to oleic acid, which persisted for a prolonged period. In the presence of CaCl<SUB>2</SUB>, however, linoleic acid was completely converted to methane without accumulation of oleic acid. It was also found that oleic acid was self‐inhibitory to its oxidation to acetate, and CaCl<SUB>2</SUB> removed this inhibition.</P><P><B>CONCLUSION:</B> From these findings, it was concluded that calcium ion not only mitigated linoleic acid inhibition in the anaerobic digestion of piggery wastewater, but also enhanced its mineralization to methane. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry</P>

Ex vivo Digestion of Milk from Red Chittagong Cattle Focusing Proteolysis and Lipolysis

Islam, Mohammad Ashiqul,Ekeberg, Dag,Rukke, Elling-Olav,Vegarud, Gerd Elisabeth Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.4

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed's milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the ${\alpha}_s$-caseins were digested completely while ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from ${\beta}$-casein and almost all the peptides from ${\kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (${\geq}C17:0$) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids $C18:1{\sum}others$ showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of $C18:2{\sum}all$ and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).

AMINO ACIDS DIGESTIBILITY TO PIGS IN VARIOUS FIBER SOURCES : 1. APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF AMINO ACIDS IN ILEAL DIGESTA AND FECES

Nongyao, A.,Han, In K.,Choi, Y.J. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1991 Animal Bioscience Vol.4 No.2

Four fibrous feedstuffs from alfalfa meal (AFM), cassava leaf meal (CLM), rubber seed meal (RSM) and leucaena meal (LM) were included in semi-purified diets for growing pig (45 kg body wt.) at 20%, to investigate the effects of these fiber sources and fractions on amino acid digestibility. Cellulose (C), a purified fiber source was included in another diet at 5% level for comparison. The barrows fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in the digestion trials with latin square design. The digestibilities of amino acids were measured at both terminal ileum and fecal level. NDF and hemicellulose content were the highest in AFM-diet whereas LM-diet had the highest ADF and lignin content. RSM-diet contained the highest crude fiber and cellulose content. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were found the highest with CLM-diet, while LM-diet was the least. At fecal level, control diet and CLM-diet were the highest in amino acid digestibility while AFM-diet was the least. The digestibility of amino acids was higher at ileal than fecal level. The digestibility of arginine was not affected with fiber fractions but was found to be the most disestible across all diets. The most depressed amino acid was methionine at both levels; praline and glycine, in the dispensable amino acid group, were depressed at ileal and fecal level, respectively. Lignin did not depress amino acid digestibility in general but specifically depressed methionine, histidine, isoleucine and threonine digestibility. Cellulose content did not affect amino acid digestibility but undesirable factors might be responsible.

AMINO ACID DIGESTIBILITY AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS FIBER SOURCES AND LEVELS 2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIBER LEVELS AND AMINO ACIDS DIGESTIBILITY

Nongyao, A.,Han, In K.,Choi, Yun J.,Lee, N.H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.4

A number of correlation and regression analyses were performed on data from apparent and true digestibility of amino acids at ileal and fecal level with finishing pigs, in order to investigate whether these amino acid digestibilities could be predicted with certainly degree on their fiber fractions content (chemical analysis). The data comprised 16 diets varying in 4 levels of crude fiber and from 4 fiber sources. The relationships between fiber fractions including crude fiber (CF), NDF, ADF lignin and cellulose contents on apparent and true digestibility of almost all amino acids in both ileal and fecal level were negative, except glutamine at fecal level. In apparent digestibility at ileal level, the correlations of fiber fractions were moderate (r of NDF = 0.53 to 0.63; ADF, 0.50 to 0.77; cellulose, 0.50 to 0.75), with an exception of CF content was relatively high (r of 0.58 to 0.81). The correlations to true digestibility of amino acids were weaker. In case of at fecal level, the higher correlation (negative) was found with NDF than CF content. Estimations of amino acids digestibility were performed using regression equation. The data showed that apparent digestibility of amino acids could be estimated for almost amino acids except arginine, threonine, valine and tyrosine at fecal level and phenylalaine, valine and glycine at ileal level. The best prediction at ileal and fecal level ($r^2=0.55-0.77$ and 0.52-0.76), respectively was obtained with NDF content. Prediction for true digestibility of amino acids, none of fiber fractions could be estimated for arginine, leucine and valine at all collection levels. At ileal level, CF could be used for most of amino acids except phenylalanine, glycine and praline; cellulose, only for lysine and methionine and NDF, only for proline. At fecal level, glutamine digestibility could be estimated only from CF and ADF content. The best predictor at ileal level was ADF content whereas at fecal level was NDF content. These results indicate that lignin content could not be used as predictor for all amino acids at both levels neither in apparent nor true digestibility.

Meat Quality, Digestibility and Deposition of Fatty Acids in Growing-finishing Pigs Fed Restricted, Iso-energetic Amounts of Diets Containing either Beef Tallow or Sunflower Oil

Mitchaothai, J.,Everts, H.,Yuangklang, C.,Wittayakun, S.,Vasupen, K.,Wongsuthavas, S.,Srenanul, R.,Hovenier, R.,Beynen, A.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.7

The influence of dietary beef tallow (BT) versus sunflower oil (SO) on meat quality and apparent digestibility and deposition of individual fatty acids in the whole carcass was investigated in pigs fed diets containing either BT or SO. The diets contained equal amounts of energy in the form of the variable fats and were fed on an iso-energetic, restricted basis. Crude fat in the SO diet was better digested (p<0.001) than in the BT diet. The dietary fat type had no effect on growth performance, physical properties of the carcass and meat quality. The pigs fed the BT diet showed lower (p<0.001) apparent digestibilities for palmitic and linoleic acid, but those of oleic and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid were not affected. The ratio of deposition in the carcass to intake of digestible fatty acids for the whole feeding period was decreased (p<0.01) for oleic and linoleic acid in pigs fed the SO diet. The pigs fed the SO diet instead of the BT diet had a lower (p<0.05) deposition:intake ratio for mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids was increased for the SO diet, but that of mono-unsaturated fatty acids was not different. In conclusion, the iso-energetic replacement of BT by SO had a marked impact on the fatty acid composition of tissues, but did not affect carcass and meat quality traits in spite of the marked difference in the deposition of linoleic acid in adipose tissues, loin muscle and the whole body. In addition, it became clear that the type of dietary fat had marked, specific effects on the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

EFFECT OF PLANT PHENOLIC ACIDS ON CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF MIXED RUMEN POPULATIONS

Ushida, K.,Watase, H.,Kojima, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1990 Animal Bioscience Vol.3 No.1

Influences of plant phenolic acids and their possible metabolites(non-phenolic aromatic acids involved) in the rumen on the cellulolytic activity of mixed rumen populations were examined by a simple in vitro culture technique. Initial concentrations of aromatic acids were 1, 5, 10 and 20 mM/l. All the tested aromatic acids reduced microbial cellulose digestion especially at the higher initial concentration. P-Coumaric acid, ferulic acid and cinnamic acid, those having unhydrogenated propenoic side chain were more inhibitory than were 3-phenylpropinic acid and phloretic acid, those having hydrogenated propanoic side chain. Lag-time for cellulose digestion was prolonged by former three acids by 16 h. Apparent reduction in p-coumaric acid concentration was observed at 24 h when cellulose digestion began. Volatile fatty acid productions from cellulose fermentation were shifted by former three aromatic acids to produce more acetate and less propionate. This suggests that the selection of celluloytic organisms was induced by these aromatic acids.

Ex vivo Digestion of Milk from Red Chittagong Cattle Focusing Proteolysis and Lipolysis

Mohammad Ashiqul Islam,Dag Ekeberg,Elling-Olav Rukke,Gerd Elisabeth Vegarud 아세아·태평양축산학회 2015 Animal Bioscience Vol.28 No.4

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed’s milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; αs1-casein and β-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the αs-caseins were digested completely while β-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion β-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact β-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from β-casein and almost all the peptides from κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (≥C17:0) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids C18:1Σothers showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of C18:2Σall and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).